Questions 1 through 4 are based on the following excerpt.

This excerpt is from “The Tell-Tale Heart” by Edgar Allan Poe.

“TRUE! — nervous — very, very dreadfully nervous I had been and am; but why will you say
that I am mad? The disease had sharpened my senses —not destroyed — not dulled them.
Above all was the sense of hearing acute. I heard all things in the heaven and in the earth. I
heard many things in hell. How, then, am I mad? Hearken! and observe how healthily — how
calmly I can tell you the whole story.

It is impossible to say how first the idea entered my brain; but once conceived, it haunted me
day and night. Object there was none. Passion there was none. I loved the old man. He had
never wronged me. He had never given me insult. For his gold I had no desire. I think it was
his eye! yes, it was this! He had the eye of a vulture — a pale blue eye, with a film over it.
Whenever it fell upon me, my blood ran cold; and so by degrees — very gradually — I made
up my mind to take the life of the old man, and thus rid myself of the eye forever.

Now this is the point. You fancy me mad. Madmen know nothing. But you should have seen
me. You should have seen how wisely I proceeded — with what caution — with what
foresight — with what dissimulation I went to work! I was never kinder to the old man than
during the whole week before I killed him. And every night, about midnight, I turned the latch
of his door and opened it — oh so gently! And then, when I had made an opening sufficient
for my head, I put in a dark lantern, all closed, closed, that no light shone out, and then I
thrust in my head. Oh, you would have laughed to see how cunningly I thrust it in! I moved it
slowly — very, very slowly, so that I might not disturb the old man’s sleep. It took me an hour
to place my whole head within the opening so far that I could see him as he lay upon his
bed. Ha! would a madman have been so wise as this? And then, when my head was well in
the room, I undid the lantern cautiously — oh, so cautiously — cautiously (for the hinges
creaked) — I undid it just so much that a single thin ray fell upon the vulture eye. And this I
did for seven long nights — every night just at midnight—but I found the eye always closed;
and so it was impossible to do the work; for it was not the old man who vexed me, but his
Evil Eye. And every morning, when the day broke, I went boldly into the chamber, and spoke
courageously to him, calling him by name in a hearty tone, and inquiring how he had passed
the night. So you see he would have been a very profound old man, indeed, to suspect that
every night, just at twelve, I looked in upon him while he slept.

Upon the eighth night I was more than usually cautious in opening the door. A watch’s
minute hand moves more quickly than did mine. Never before that night had I felt the extent
of my own powers — of my sagacity. I could scarcely contain my feelings of triumph. To think
that there I was, opening the door, little by little, and he not even to dream of my secret
deeds or thoughts. I fairly chuckled at the idea; and perhaps he heard me; for he moved on
the bed suddenly, as if startled. Now you may think that I drew back — but no. His room was
as black as pitch with the thick darkness, (for the shutters were close fastened, through fear
of robbers,) and so I knew that he could not see the opening of the door, and I kept pushing
it on steadily, steadily. I had my head in, and was about to open the lantern, when my thumb
slipped upon the tin fastening, and the old man sprang up in bed, crying out — “Who’s
there?” I kept quite still and said nothing. For a whole hour I did not move a muscle, and in
the meantime I did not hear him lie down. He was still sitting up in the bed listening;—just as
I have done, night after night, hearkening to the death watches in the wall."

1. The narrator’s personality can best be described as

(A) kind, unbalanced, and passionate.

(B) timid, kind, and passionate.
(C) kind, passionate and compulsive.
(D) cunning, unbalanced, and compulsive.

2. According to the passage, why does the narrator want to kill the old man?

(A) because the old man insulted him

(B) so he would never have to look at the old man’s diseased eye ever again
(C) to steal the old man’s gold
(D) because he hated the old man’s pet vulture

3. Why was the narrator unable to carry out his decision to kill the old man during the first
week every time he opened the old man’s bedroom door?

(A) The narrator was having second thoughts about murdering the old man.
(B) The old man was asleep, so the narrator could not see the “Evil Eye” that he wanted to
get rid of.
(C) He couldn’t open the bedroom door without waking the old man.
(D) He still needed to know where the old man kept his gold.

4. What does the narrator do when the old man springs up in bed and cries out, “Who’s
there?”

(A) He quickly retreats and quietly closes the door.

(B) He stands perfectly still for over an hour.
(C) He apologizes to the old man for disturbing him.
(D) He springs at the old man and strangles him to death.

Questions 5 through 8 are based on the following excerpt.

The following excerpt is from 3D Printing For Dummies by Kalani Kirk Hausman and
Richard Horne (Wiley).

An amazing transformation is currently underway in manufacturing, across nearly all types of

products — a transformation that promises to remake the future into a sustainable and
personally customized environment. In this fast-approaching future, everything we need —
from products to food, and even our bodies themselves — can be replaced or reconstructed
rapidly and with very minimal waste. This is not the slow change of progress from one
generation of iPhone to the next but instead a true revolution, mirroring the changes that
introduced the world to the Industrial Age and then brought light and electricity to our homes
and businesses.

This will not be a “bloodless coup” by any means; any truly fundamental change that spans
all aspects of the global economy will, by its nature, be disruptive. But traditional inefficient
ways of producing the next year’s model will surely give way to entirely new opportunities
impossible to imagine before. The technology behind this transformation is referred to as
additive manufacturing, 3D printing, or direct digital manufacturing.

By whatever name, in the coming decade this technology will be used to construct
everything from houses to jet engines, airplanes, food, and even replacement tissues and
organs made from your own cells! Every day new applications of 3D printing are being
discovered and developed all over the world. And even in space: NASA is testing designs
that will function in zero gravity, on the airless moon, and even to support human exploration
of other planets like Mars. Hold on tight, because in the chapters ahead we cover a lot of
incredibly new and fantastic technologies — and before the end, we show you how you can
get involved in this amazing transformation yourself by building and using a 3D printer at
home.

So, what is “additive manufacturing,” you might ask? Additive manufacturing is a little like the
“replicators” in the Star Trek universe, which allow the captain to order “Tea, Earl Grey, hot”
and have a cup filled with liquid appear fully formed and ready for consumption. We are not
quite to that level, but today’s 3D printers perform additive manufacturing by taking a 3D
model of an object stored in a computer, translating it into a series of very thin layers, and
then building the object one layer at a time, stacking up material until the object is ready for
use.

3D printers are much like the familiar desktop printer you already use at work or in your
home to create copies of documents transmitted electronically or created on your computer,
except that a 3D printer creates a solid three-dimensional object out of a variety of materials,
not just a simple paper document.

Since the time of Johannes Gutenberg, creating multiple printed documents has brought
literacy to the world. Today, when you click the Print button in a word processor application,
you merge the functions of writers, stenographers, editors (spellcheck), layout, illumination
(coloring and adding in images), and press reproduction all into a single task, and with the
click of a few more buttons, you can post the document you create onto the Internet and
allow it to be shared, downloaded, and printed out by others all over the world.

3D printing does the exact same thing for objects: Designs and virtual 3D models for
physical objects can be shared, downloaded, and then printed out into physical form. It’s
hard to imagine what Johannes Gutenberg would have made of that.

5. According to the initial paragraph of the passage, what two advantages will additive
manufacturing have over traditional manufacturing methods?

(A) Although it produces more waste, it will be cheaper and faster than traditional methods.
(B) Although it is slower, it is cheaper and produces less waste than traditional methods.
(C) It is sustainable and personally customizable.
(D) It will be cheaper and personally customizable.

6. Why do the authors warn that the revolution brought about by this new technology “will not
be a ‘bloodless coup’”?

(A) It will be disruptive as it brings swift changes to all aspects of the economy.
(B) It will bring gradual changes to only some parts of the economy.
(C) New technologies always cause injuries or deaths before all the kinks have been ironed
out.
(D) It will cause the government to fall, and some leaders may be executed.

7. According to the passage, which of the following is a true statement?

(A) A 3D printer stores an object in a cupboard, translating it into a series of very thick slices,
and then builds the object two layers a time.
(B) A 3D printer stores an object in a computer, translating it into a series of very thin slices,
and then builds the object one layer at a time.
(C) A 3D printer stores an object in a computer, translating it into a series of very thick slices,
and then builds the object several layers at a time.
(D) A 3D printer stores an object in a computer, translating it into a series of very thin slices,
and then builds the object five layers at a time.

8. Why do the authors end the excerpt with the sentence “It’s hard to imagine what
Johannes Gutenberg would have made of that”?

(A) to show that Gutenberg was a secretive person whose thoughts were difficult to read
(B) to show that Gutenberg would have expected additive manufacturing to have happened
sooner rather than later
(C) to show that Gutenberg would not have approved of 3D printing
(D) to show how amazed Gutenberg would be to see how far printing has progressed since
his time

Questions 9 through 15 are based on the following excerpts.

Excerpt from Barack Obama’s First Inaugural Address, January 20, 2009

1 In reaffirming the greatness of our nation we understand that greatness is never a given. It
must be earned. Our journey has never been one of short cuts or settling for less. It has not
been the path for the faint-hearted, for those that prefer leisure over work, or seek only the
pleasures of riches and fame. Rather, it has been the risk-takers, the doers, the makers of
things—some celebrated, but more often men and women obscure in their labor—who have
carried us up the long rugged path towards prosperity and freedom.

2 For us, they packed up their few worldly possessions and traveled across oceans in
search of a new life. For us, they toiled in sweatshops, and settled the West, endured the
lash of the whip, and plowed the hard earth. For us, they fought and died in places like
Concord and Gettysburg, Normandy and Khe Sahn.

3 Time and again these men and women struggled and sacrificed and worked till their hands
were raw so that we might live a better life. They saw America as bigger than the sum of our
individual ambitions, greater than all the differences of birth or wealth or faction.

4 This is the journey we continue today. We remain the most prosperous, powerful nation on
Earth. Our workers are no less productive than when this crisis began. Our minds are no
less inventive, our goods and services no less needed than they were last week, or last
month, or last year. Our capacity remains undiminished. But our time of standing pat, of
protecting narrow interests and putting off unpleasant decisions—that time has surely
passed. Starting today, we must pick ourselves up, dust ourselves off, and begin again the
work of remaking America.

5 For everywhere we look, there is work to be done. The state of our economy calls for
action, bold and swift. And we will act, not only to create new jobs but to lay a new
foundation for growth. We will build the roads and bridges, the electric grids and digital lines
that feed our commerce and bind us together. We’ll restore science to its rightful place and
wield technology’s wonders to raise health care’s quality and lower its cost. We will harness
the sun and the winds and the soil to fuel our cars and run our factories. And we will
transform our schools and colleges and universities to meet the demands of a new age. All
this we can do. All this we will do.

6 Now, there are some who question the scale of our ambitions, who suggest that our
system cannot tolerate too many big plans. Their memories are short, for they have forgotten
what this country has already done, what free men and women can achieve when
imagination is joined to common purpose and necessity to courage. What the cynics fail to
understand is that the ground has shifted beneath them, that the stale political arguments
that have consumed us for so long no longer apply.

7 The question we ask today is not whether our government is too big or too small, but
whether it works—whether it helps families find jobs at a decent wage, care they can afford,
a retirement that is dignified. Where the answer is yes, we intend to move forward. Where
the answer is no, programs will end. And those of us who manage the public’s dollars will be
held to account, to spend wisely, reform bad habits, and do our business in the light of day,
because only then can we restore the vital trust between a people and their government.

Excerpt from Barack Obama’s Second Inaugural Address, January 21, 2013

1 We, the people, still believe that every citizen deserves a basic measure of security and
dignity. We must make the hard choices to reduce the cost of health care and the size of our
deficit. But we reject the belief that America must choose between caring for the generation
that built this country and investing in the generation that will build its future. For we
remember the lessons of our past, when twilight years were spent in poverty, and parents of
a child with a disability had nowhere to turn. We do not believe that in this country, freedom
is reserved for the lucky, or happiness for the few. We recognize that no matter how
responsibly we live our lives, any one of us, at any time, may face a job loss, or a sudden
illness, or a home swept away in a terrible storm. The commitments we make to each
other—through Medicare, and Medicaid, and Social Security—these things do not sap our
initiative; they strengthen us. They do not make us a nation of takers; they free us to take the
risks that make this country great.

2 We, the people, still believe that our obligations as Americans are not just to ourselves, but
to all posterity. We will respond to the threat of climate change, knowing that the failure to do
so would betray our children and future generations. Some may still deny the overwhelming
judgment of science, but none can avoid the devastating impact of raging fires, and crippling
drought, and more powerful storms. The path towards sustainable energy sources will be
long and sometimes difficult. But America cannot resist this transition; we must lead it. We
cannot cede to other nations the technology that will power new jobs and new
industries—we must claim its promise. That’s how we will maintain our economic vitality and
our national treasure —our forests and waterways; our croplands and snowcapped peaks.
That is how we will preserve our planet, commanded to our care by God. That’s what will
lend meaning to the creed our fathers once declared.

3 We, the people, still believe that enduring security and lasting peace do not require
perpetual war. Our brave men and women in uniform, tempered by the flames of battle, are
unmatched in skill and courage. Our citizens, seared by the memory of those we have lost,
know too well the price that is paid for liberty. The knowledge of their sacrifice will keep us
forever vigilant against those who would do us harm. But we are also heirs to those who won
the peace and not just the war, who turned sworn enemies into the surest of friends, and we
must carry those lessons into this time as well.

4 We will defend our people and uphold our values through strength of arms and rule of law.
We will show the courage to try and resolve our differences with other nations
peacefully—not because we are naïve about the dangers we face, but because engagement
can more durably lift suspicion and fear. America will remain the anchor of strong alliances in
every corner of the globe; and we will renew those institutions that extend our capacity to
manage crisis abroad, for no one has a greater stake in a peaceful world than its most
powerful nation. We will support democracy from Asia to Africa; from the Americas to the
Middle East, because our interests and our conscience compel us to act on behalf of those
who long for freedom. And we must be a source of hope to the poor, the sick, the
marginalized, the victims of prejudice—not out of mere charity, but because peace in our
time requires the constant advance of those principles that our common creed describes:
tolerance and opportunity; human dignity and justice.

9. Which best summarizes the main idea expressed in the first paragraph of Obama’s First
Inaugural Address?

a. Luck made the United States a successful and great nation.

b. Those who worked hard and took risks shaped America.
c. The United States is a great nation and hard work will keep it so.
d. Obama feels very fortunate to have been elected president.

10. Which sentence’s meaning is strengthened by the “men and women [who] sacrificed and
struggled” mentioned in the first three paragraphs in Obama’s First Inaugural Address?
a. “Our capacity remains undiminished.”
b. “For everywhere we look, there is work to be done.”
c. “We’ll restore science to its rightful place, and wield technology’s wonders to raise
healthcare’s quality and lower its cost.”
d. “Their memories are short, for they have forgotten what this country has already done,
what free men and women can achieve when imagination is joined to a common purpose,
and necessity to courage.”

11. What is Obama’s purpose in beginning each of the first three paragraphs of his second
inaugural address with “We, the people”?

a. to show American pride

b. to stress past successes in order to prove the country does not need to change
c. to quote the Preamble
d. to emphasize the theme of betterment in the United States of America

12. What is the effect of repeating the words generation and build to compare “the
generation that built this country” with the “generation that will build the future?”

a. because Obama is talking about the same people

b. to create a connection between the past and the future
c. because he thinks the next generation will be better than the last
d. to emphasize that both generations still have work to do

13. Which of the following does not support Obama’s claim in his Second Inaugural Address
that Americans feel an obligation to future generations?

a. “For we remember the lessons of our past, when twilight years were spent in poverty, and
parents of a child with a disability had nowhere to turn.”
b. “We will respond to the threat of climate change, knowing that the failure to do so would
betray our children and future generations.”
c. “Time and again these men and women struggled and sacrificed and worked till their
hands were raw so that we might live a better life.”
d. “We will defend our people and uphold our values through strength of arms and rule of
law.”

14. Where will Obama support democracy, according to his Second Inaugural Address?

a. in the Americas
b. worldwide
c. in Europe
d. in the Middle East

15. Which of the following sentences from the Second Inaugural Address best fits into the
theme of the First Inaugural Address?
a. “They do not make us a nation of takers; they free us to take the risks that make this
country great.”
b. “That’s what will lend meaning to the creed our fathers once declared.”
c. “We, the people, still believe that enduring security and a lasting peace do not require
perpetual war.”
d. “We must make the hard choices to reduce the cost of health care and the size of our
deficit.”

Questions 16 through 25 are based on the following excerpt.

The following excerpt is from YouTube Channels For Dummies by Rob Ciampa and
Theresa Moore (Wiley).

Anyone that wants to show off their video prowess or share their vision with the world can
hang a virtual shingle on YouTube by starting their own channel. SEE QUESTION 16 These
days, you can multiply those stubby digits by 100 million to count the number of YouTube
channels. SEE QUESTION 17

Having more than 500 million channels can make getting noticed on your channel feel like
searching for a virtual needle in an online haystack. SEE QUESTION 18 But it’s not all bad
news — you also have an advantage over your counterpart in the 1940s. SEE QUESTION
19 Today? Not so much. In fact, if you just want a platform for presenting some of your video
work, YouTube can make that possible without you having to fork over one thin dime.

Knowing that YouTube is free should reduce some of your worries — at least from a financial
perspective. Couple that with the size and diversity of the YouTube audience — and the
endless number of topics that interest them — it’s easy to believe that you have a fair
chance of success for your channel. That’s true, up to a point — the point being that, if you
want your channel to thrive, you need to provide your viewers with compelling content.

SEE QUESTION 20 But content merely makes up the first part of the equation; the rest
depends on how you bring viewers to that content — YouTube is free, video production
certainly is not. Unless you want to shell out money from your own pocket, you need to
generate some funds to produce content for your channel. In the world of YouTube, one
major way to generate such funds is through advertising revenue — SEE QUESTION 21
How much depends on your needs and ambitions, but increased revenue can lead to better
production values, which brings it all back to more revenue.

SEE QUESTION 22

Like snowflakes on a winter day, or episodes of Law and Order, there are more topics that
viewers can appreciate on YouTube than any human can count. SEE QUESTION 23

On the downside, you’re not the only one hoping to get noticed on YouTube. Many others
with the very same intention are looking to build an audience for their YouTube channels,
too. (SEE QUESTION 24 The number exceeds the number of those pre-approved credit
card applications that plague your mailbox, so we’re talking lots.)

Your journey on YouTube begins with knowing your strengths. Some users relish
documenting the quirks of their existence to the gentle amusement of others. Others have
some type of expertise to share. SEE QUESTION 25 — the list could go on and on. Even
businesses realize it’s a great place to inform consumers about their products or provide a
great level of customer service. Regardless of your passion, a potential audience is waiting
for you.

16. Select the best sentence from among the given choices.

(A) Of course, when television began, us humans had more toes than the TV had channels.
(B) Of course when television began we humans had more toes than the TV had channels.
(C) Of course when television began us humans had more toes than the TV had channels.
(D) Of course, when television began, we humans had more toes than the TV had channels.

17. Select the best sentence from among the given choices.

(A) That make running a successful YouTube channel seem a bit more daunting.
(B) That makes running a successful YouTube channel seem a bit more daunting.
(C) That make run a successful YouTube channel seemed a bit more daunting.
(D) That makes run a successful YouTube channel seemed a bit more daunting.

18. Select the best sentence from among the given choices.

(A) Yet, regardless of the steep increase in competition, the intention has always been the
same — getting people to watch your channel.
(B) Yet, irregardless of the steep increase in competition, the intension has always been the
same — getting people to watch your channel.
(C) Yet, irregardless of the steep increase in competition, the intention has always been the
same — getting people to watch your channel.
(D) Yet, regardless of the steep increase in competition, the intension has always been the
same — getting people to watch your channel.

19. Select the best sentence from among the given choices.

(A) Back then, it takes a great deal of capital to get started on television.
(B) Back then, it will take a great deal of capitol to get started on television.
(C) Back then, it took a great deal of capital to get started on television.
(D) Back then, it took a great deal of capitol to get started on television.

20. Select the best sentence from among the given choices.

(A) Say that your channel needs to host solid content that people actually want to see seems
as glaringly obvious as saying a hamburger joint must make a good burger in order to
surviving.
(B) Say that your channel needs to host solid content that people actually want to see seems
as glaringly obvious as saying a hamburger joint must make a good burger in order to
survive.
(C) Saying that your channel needs to host solid content that people actually want to see
seems as glaringly obvious as saying a hamburger joint must make a good burger in order to
surviving.
(D) Saying that your channel needs to host solid content that people actually want to see
seems as glaringly obvious as saying a hamburger joint must make a good burger in order to
survive.

21. Select the best completion of the sentence from among the given choices.

(A) — and it came as no surprise that the more viewers you can attract, the greater your
potential to generate advertising revenue.
(B) — and it should come as no surprise that the more viewers you can attract, the greater
your potentially to generate advertising revenue.
(C) — and it should come as no surprise that the more viewers you can attract, the greater
your potential to generate advertising revenue.
(D) — and it came as no surprise that the more viewers you can attract, the greater your
potentially to generate advertising revenue.

22. Select the best sentence from among the given choices.

(A) But before one starts worrying about all that money you’re going to make, lets take a look
at what it takes to get started on a YouTube channel for you or your business.
(B) But before you start worrying about all that money your going to make, lets take a look at
what it takes to get started on a YouTube channel for you or your business.
(C) But before you start worrying about all that money you’re going to make, let’s take a look
at what it takes to get started on a YouTube channel for you or your business.
(D) But before one starts worrying about all that money you’re going to make, let’s take a
look at what it takes to get started on a YouTube channel for you or your business.

23. Select the best sentence from among the given choices.

(A) And since you all ready love making videos and most like exhibit some expertise or
viewpoint to share with the world, YouTube may be your best creative outlet.
(B) And since you already love making videos and most likely exhibiting some expertise or
viewpoint to share with the world, YouTube may be your best creative outlet.
(C) And since you all ready love making videos and most likely exhibit some expertise or
viewpoint to share with the world, YouTube may be your best creative outlet.
(D) And since you already love making videos and most likely exhibit some expertise or
viewpoint to share with the world, YouTube may be your best creative outlet.

24. Select the best sentence from among the given choices.

(A) “How many”? you ask.

(B) “How many?” you ask.
(C) “How many you ask”?
(D) “How many,” you ask?

25. Select the best completion of the sentence from among the given choices.

(A) Then you have performers whom regard the video hosting site as his personal stage
(B) Then you have performers who regard the video hosting site as their personal stage
(C) Then you have performers whom regard the video hosting site as their personal stage
(D) Then you have performers who regard the video hosting site as his personal stage

Questions 26 through 28 are based on the following passage.

Excerpt from Chamber of Commerce brochure

Dilly’s Deli provides a dining experience like no other! A rustic atmosphere, along with
delicious food, provide an opportunity to soak up the local flavor. Recently relocated to the
old market area, Dilly’s is especially popular for lunch. At the counter, you can place your
order for one of Dilly’s three daily lunch specials or one of several sandwiches, all at
reasonable prices. Once you get your food, choose a seat at one of the four charming
communal tables. By the time you are ready to carry your paper plate to the trash bin, you
have experienced some of the best food and one of the most charming companies our city
has to offer.

Restaurant review

Yesterday, I was exposed to what has been called “a dining experience like no other.” At
lunchtime, Dilly’s Deli is so crowded, I wondered when the fire marshal had last visited the
establishment. The line snaked out the door to the corner, and by the time I reached the
counter, I was freezing. I decided on the hamburger steak special; the other specials being
liver and onions or tuna casserole. Each special is offered with two side dishes, but there
was no potato salad left and the green beans were cooked nearly beyond recognition. I
chose the gelatin of the day and what turned out to be the blandest coleslaw I have ever
eaten. At Dilly’s, you sit at one of four long tables. The couple sitting across from me was
having an argument. The truck driver next to me told me more than I wanted to know about
highway taxes. After I had tasted all of the food on my plate, I rose to leave, whereupon one
of the people working behind the counter yelled at me to clean up after myself. Throwing
away that plate of food was the most enjoyable part of dining at Dilly’s.

26. Which of the following illustrates the restaurant critic’s opinion of the food at Dilly’s Deli?

a. “At Dilly’s, you sit at one of four long tables.”

b. “At lunchtime, Dilly’s Deli is so crowded, I wondered when the fire marshal had last visited
the establishment.”
c. “After I had tasted all of the food on my plate, I rose to leave, whereupon one of the
people working behind the counter yelled at me to clean up after myself.”
d. “Throwing away that plate of food was the most enjoyable part of dining at Dilly’s.”
27. The main purpose of the restaurant review is to

a. tell people they probably don’t want to eat at Dilly’s Deli.

b. make fun of couples who argue in public.
c. recommend the hamburger steak special.
d. warn people that Dilly’s Deli tends to be crowded.

28. The main purpose of the Chamber of Commerce brochure is to

a. profile the owner of Dilly’s Deli.

b. describe in detail the food served at Dilly’s Deli.
c. encourage people to eat at Dilly’s Deli.
d. explain the historical significance of the Dilly’s Deli Building.

Questions 29 through 32 are based on the following passage.

No longer is asthma considered a condition with isolated, acute episodes of bronchospasm.

Rather, asthma is now understood to be a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways—that
is, inflammation makes the airways chronically sensitive. When these hyperresponsive
airways are irritated, airflow is limited, and attacks of coughing, wheezing, chest tightness,
and breathing difficulty occur.

Asthma involves complex interactions among inflammatory cells, mediators, and the cells
and tissues in the airways. The interactions result in airflow limitation from acute
bronchoconstriction, swelling of the airway wall, increased mucus secretion, and airway
remodeling. The inflammation also causes an increase in airway responsiveness. During an
asthma attack, the patient attempts to compensate by breathing at a higher lung volume in
order to keep the air flowing through the constricted airways, and the greater the airway
limitation, the higher the lung volume must be to keep airways open. The morphologic
changes that occur in asthma include bronchial infiltration by inflammatory cells. Key effector
cells in the inflammatory response are the mast cells, T lymphocytes, and eosinophils. Mast
cells and eosinophils are also significant participants in allergic responses, hence the
similarities between allergic reactions and asthma attacks. Other changes include mucus
plugging of the airways, interstitial edema, and microvascular leakage. Destruction of
bronchial epithelium and thickening of the subbasement membrane is also characteristic. In
addition, there may be hypertrophy and hyperplasia of airway smooth muscle, increase in
goblet cell number, and enlargement of submucous glands.

Although causes of the initial tendency toward inflammation in the airways of patients with
asthma are not yet certain, to date the strongest identified risk factor is atopy. This inherited
familial tendency to have allergic reactions includes increased sensitivity to allergens that
are risk factors for developing asthma. Some of these allergens include domestic dust mites,
animals with fur, cockroaches, pollens, and molds. Additionally, asthma may be triggered by
viral respiratory infections, especially in children. By avoiding these allergens and triggers, a
person with asthma lowers his or her risk of irritating sensitive airways. A few avoidance
techniques include: keeping the home clean and well ventilated, using an air conditioner in
the summer months when pollen and mold counts are high, and getting an annual influenza
vaccination. Of course, asthma sufferers should avoid tobacco smoke altogether. Cigar,
cigarette, or pipe smoke is a trigger whether the patient smokes or inhales the smoke from
others. Smoke increases the risk of allergic sensitization in children, increases the severity of
symptoms, and may be fatal in children who already have asthma. Many of the risk factors
for developing asthma may also provoke asthma attacks, and people with asthma may have
one or more triggers, which vary from individual to individual. The risk can be further reduced
by taking medications that decrease airway inflammation. Most exacerbations can be
prevented by the combination of avoiding triggers and taking anti-inflammatory medications.
An exception is physical activity, which is a common trigger of exacerbations in asthma
patients. However, asthma patients should not necessarily avoid all physical exertion,
because some types of activity have been proven to reduce symptoms. Rather, they should
work in conjunction with a doctor to design a proper training regimen, which includes the use
of medication.

In order to diagnose asthma, a healthcare professional must appreciate the underlying

disorder that leads to asthma symptoms and understand how to recognize the condition
through information gathered from the patient’s history, physical examination, measurements
of lung function, and allergic status. Because asthma symptoms vary throughout the day, the
respiratory system may appear normal during physical examination. Clinical signs are more
likely to be present when a patient is experiencing symptoms; however, the absence of
symptoms upon examination does not exclude the diagnosis of asthma.

29. Why does a person suffering from an asthma attack attempt to inhale more air?

a. to prevent the loss of consciousness

b. to keep air flowing through shrunken air passageways
c. to prevent hyperplasia
d. to compensate for weakened mast cells, T lymphocytes, and eosinophils

30. The passage suggests that in the past, asthma was regarded as which of the following?

a. a result of the overuse of tobacco products

b. a hysterical condition
c. mysterious, unrelated attacks affecting the lungs
d. a chronic condition

31. Why might a patient with asthma have an apparently normal respiratory system during
an examination by a doctor?

a. Asthma symptoms come and go throughout the day.

b. Severe asthma occurs only after strenuous physical exertion.
c. Doctor’s offices are smoke free and very clean.
d. The pollen and mold count may be low that day.

32. What is the reason given in this article for why passive smoke should be avoided by
children?
a. A smoke-filled room is a breeding ground for viral respiratory infections.
b. Smoke can stunt an asthmatic child’s growth.
c. Smoke can heighten the intensity of asthma symptoms.
d. Breathing smoke can lead to a fatal asthma attack.

Questions 33 through 35 are based on the following passage.

Greyhound racing is the sixth most popular spectator sport in the United States. Over the
last decade, a growing number of racers have been adopted to spend their retirement as
household pets, once their racing careers are over.

Many people hesitate to adopt a retired racing greyhound because they think only very old
dogs are available. Actually, even champion racers only work until they are about
three-and-a-half years old. Because greyhounds usually live to be 12 to 15 years old, their
retirement is much longer than their racing careers.

People worry that a greyhound will be more nervous and active than other breeds and will
need a large space to run. These are false impressions. Greyhounds have naturally sweet,
mild dispositions, and while they love to run, they are sprinters rather than distance runners
and are sufficiently exercised with a few daily laps around a fenced-in backyard.

Greyhounds do not make good watchdogs, but they are very good with children, get along
well with other dogs (and usually cats as well), and are affectionate and loyal. They are
intelligent, well-behaved dogs, usually housebroken in only a few days. A retired racing
greyhound is a wonderful pet for almost anyone.

33. Based on the tone of the passage, the author’s main purpose is to

a. teach prospective owners how to transform their racing greyhound into a good pet.
b. show how the greyhound’s nature makes it equally good as racer and pet.
c. encourage people to adopt retired racing greyhounds.
d. objectively present the pros and cons of adopting a racing greyhound.

34. Which of the following is implied by the passage?

a. The public is more aware of greyhounds than they used to be.

b. Greyhounds are more competitive than other dogs.
c. Greyhound racing should not be allowed.
d. People who own pet rabbits should not adopt greyhounds.

35. According to the passage, a retired racing greyhound available for adoption will most
likely be

a. happy to be retiring.
b. easily housebroken.
c. a champion, or else it would have been euthanized.
d. less high-strung than those that are not available for adoption.

Question 36 is based on the following passage.

Petition: Ban Drilling for Resources in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge

To: U.S. Congress

We, the undersigned, and A Greener America are urging members of the U.S. Congress to
protect the nearly 9 million acres of unspoiled coastal plain and mountains in Alaska’s Arctic
National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR). For many years, this land has been protected, but recently
there has been a renewed call for accessing the oil in the Alaskan wilderness to boost the
national economy and increase security. Today, more than 80% of Alaska’s state revenues
result from the oil and gas business, a direct effect of tapping into Alaska’s rich energy
reserves. Once again, economic interests in oil drilling and production of natural gas and
coal are vying with environmental concerns, and the ANWR is in danger. The damage that
could be done to the ecosystem would simply be too great.

Recently, new oil and gas extraction methods have led to drilling projects beginning in other
states, and the debate has resumed in Congress over whether to permit drilling in the
ANWR. Because of these new drilling projects, we do not need the oil from this untouched
wilderness. Therefore, Congress must prevent the destruction of the ANWR immediately to
achieve the following objectives:

- protect the wilderness from drilling processes that cause oil spills and generate waste
material
- continue to preserve the breeding and feeding grounds of native animal species such
as caribou, snow geese, and polar bears
- prevent the displacement of Alaska Natives that would be affected by oil and gas
drilling activities
- maintain the stability of local economies that rely on this land for subsistence and
tourism

We urge the U.S. Congress to prevent any future removal of natural resources in the ANWR.

36. What is the primary purpose of the petition?

A to convince Congress to oppose drilling for oil and gas in ANWR

B to convince Congress to support the protection of wildlife in the ANWR area
C to convince Congress that environmental needs take precedence over economic ones
D to convince Congress that an increase in drilling for oil and gas is a danger to the
ecosystem

Questions 37 through 42 are based on the following excerpt.

Excerpt from Steve and the Steam Engine by Sara Ware Bassett

1 The Hollow for which they were bound lay in a deserted stone quarry where a little arm of
the river had penetrated the barrier of rocks and, gradually flooding the place, made at one
end a deep pool; from this point the water spread itself over the meadows in a large, shallow
pond. Had the spot been nearer the town it would doubtless have been overrun with skaters;
but as it was isolated, and there was a larger lake near the center of the village, few persons
took the trouble to seek out this remote stretch of ice.

2 This morning it lay desolate like a gleaming mirror, not a human being marring its solitude.

3 “We shall have the place all to ourselves!” exclaimed Mr. Ackerman. “There will be no
spectators to watch me renew my youth, thank goodness!”

4 Quickly the skates were strapped on and the young people shot out into the sunshine and
began to circle about. More cautiously Mr. Tolman and his guest followed.

5 “I wouldn’t go into the quarry,” shouted Mr. Tolman, “for I doubt if it has been cold enough
yet to freeze the ice very solidly there. There are liable to be air holes where the river makes
in.”

6 “Oh, we fellows have skated in the quarry millions of times, Dad,” Stephen protested. “It is
perfectly safe.”

7 “There is no way of telling whether it is or not,” was the response, “so suppose for to-day
we keep away from it.”

8 “But—”

9 “Oh, don’t argue, Stevie,” called Doris. “If Dad doesn’t want us to go there that’s enough,
isn’t it?”

10 “But half the fun is making that turn around the rocks,” grumbled Stephen, in a lower tone.
“I don’t see why Dad is such a fraid-cat. I know this pond better than he does and—”

11 “If your father says not to skate there that ought to go with you,” cut in Dick. “He doesn’t
want you to—see? Whether it is safe or not has nothing to do with it.”

12 “But it’s so silly!” went on Stephen. “Why—”

13 “Oh, cut it out! Can it!” exclaimed the East Side lad. “Your dad says No and he’s the
boss.”

14 The ungracious retort Steve offered was lost amid the babble of laughter that followed,
and the skaters darted away up the pond. Indeed, one could not long have cherished ill
humor amid such radiant surroundings. There was too much sunshine, too much sparkle in
the clear air, too much jollity and happiness. Almost before he realized it Stephen’s irritation
had vanished and he was speeding across the glassy surface of the ice as gay as the gayest
of the company.

15 He never could explain afterward just how it happened that he found himself around the
bend of the quarry and sweeping with the wind toward its farther end. He had not actually
formulated the intention of slipping away from the others and invading this forbidden spot.
Nevertheless, there he was alone in the tiny cove with no one in sight. What followed was all
over in a moment,—the breaking ice and the plunge into the frigid water. The next he knew
he was fighting with all his strength to prevent himself from being drawn beneath the jagged,
crumbling edge of the hole. To clamber out was impossible, for every time he tried the thin
ice would break afresh under his hands and submerge him again in the bitter cold of the
moving stream. Over and over he tried to pull himself to safety but without success. Then
suddenly he felt himself becoming numb and helpless. His teeth chattered and he could no
longer retain his hold on the frail support that was keeping his head above water. He was
slipping back into the river. He was not going to be able to get out!

16 With a piercing scream he made one last desperate lunge forward, and again the ice that
held him broke and the water dashed over his ears and mouth.

17 When he next opened his eyes it was to find himself in his own bed with a confusion of
faces bending over him.

18 “There!” he heard some one say in a very small, far-away voice. “He is coming to himself
now, thank God! It was chiefly cold and fright. He is safe now, Tolman. Don’t you worry!
You’d better go and get off some of your wet clothing, or you will catch your death.”

37. Drag and drop the events into the chart to show the order in which they occur in the
excerpt.

(a) The lake ice breaks.

(b) Stephen objects to his father.
(c) Stephen is at home.
(d) The quarry is deserted.

38. What can readers infer about the skating trip?

A. Stephen deliberately planned to disobey his father by skating around the quarry.
B. Stephen’s father was the one who pulled him from the water.
C. The quarry was deserted because it had a reputation for being unsafe.
D. The trip was planned for the purpose of restoring Mr. Ackerman’s health.

39. Which quotation from the story best supports the idea that Dick’s father is not the only
adult in the skating party?

A. “There will be no spectators to watch me renew my youth, thank goodness!”

B. “Quickly the skates were strapped on and the young people shot out into the sunshine
and began to circle about.”
C. “If your father says not to skate there that ought to go with you,” cut in Dick.”
D. “He is safe now, Tolman. Don’t you worry!”

40. Which definition best matches the use of the word “cherished” in paragraph 14?

A. preserved
B. embraced
C. harbored
D. honored

41. Based on the details in the story, what can readers tell about Dick?

A. He is Stephen’s brother, and warns Stephen to obey their father.

B. He is the son of Mr. Ackerman, who is friends with Stephen’s father.
C. He disagrees with Stephen about whether the quarry is safe to skate around.
D. He and Stephen have different views of parental authority.

42. Read the following sentence from paragraph 1.

The Hollow for which they were bound lay in a deserted stone quarry where a little arm of
the river had penetrated the barrier of rocks and, gradually flooding the place, made at one
end a deep pool; from this point the water spread itself over the meadows in a large, shallow
pond.

The detailed description of the landscape enhances the story by

A. giving some evidence for the claim that some parts of the ice may be safer than others.
B. establishing the geological history of The Hollow.
C. introducing the skating area that lies near the village.
D. showing that the group had to cross a river before arriving at the skating area.

Questions 43 through 45 are based on the following passages.

Should American Cities Adopt a Commission Form of Government? by Leverett S.

Lyon

The Affirmative:

1 During the last quarter-century, municipal organization has trended toward concentration of
powers. Some cities have recognized the wisdom of such action, but have unwisely
attempted to concentrate only the executive power whereas the real solution lies in
concentrating all governmental authority in one responsible body.

2 So evident is the need for this solution that there is now a charter revision committee
meeting in New York to consider eliminating the separate council entirely, and creating in its
place a small commission possessing both legislative and administrative authority.
3 What is true of New York is true of scores of other cities. Within the past two years more
than a dozen states have provided for a commission form of government, while within the
past year more than a dozen cities have thrown away their old forms and assumed the
commission system.

4 The success of a separate legislative body in state and national government is the only
excuse for its retention in our cities, yet such a government is unsuited to modern
municipalities. Unlike the state, the work of a city is largely administrative and of a business
character, and does not require a separate council to legislate. We do not find, as in the
state, the necessity of a large and separate body to represent the various localities. The city
has a large population living in a restricted territory; in the state it is scattered.

5 The present principle of separation makes possible concentration of power, without a

corresponding concentration of responsibility. When one branch of the government
dominates, checks and balances between the departments are lost. The system of checks
and balances failed in New York, where the mayor is supreme, and where the city has been
plundered of sums estimated at 7 percent of the total valuation of real estate. It failed in St.
Louis, where the council dominated, and where “Boss Butler” paid that body $250,000 to
pass a street railway franchise. Neither did it work in Philadelphia, which has been plundered
of an amount equal to 10 percent of her real estate valuation.

6 Therefore, we must concentrate municipal authority; we must co-ordinate departments,

eliminate useless boards and committees and fix individual responsibility. This, we propose
to do by establishing a commission form of government, where all governmental authority is
vested in one small body of men, who individually act as the heads of administrative
departments, but who collectively pass the needed legislation. Thus, instead of a council
with restricted powers and divided authority, we have a few men assuming positions of
genuine responsibility, as regards both the originating and enforcing of laws.

The Negative:

7 We do not defend the evils of present city organization. We believe that far-reaching
reforms must be instituted. The issue then is, does the commission form offer a satisfactory
solution of our municipal problems?

8 In many forms today, as the gentlemen have depicted, the relations between the legislative
and executive departments are such that responsibility cannot be fixed. But every
conspicuous example of municipal success is based upon the proper correlation between
these departments. Municipal success in Europe is an established fact. There we find the
cabinet form, in which governing power is vested in the legislative body, which then
delegates administrative functions to the cabinet. Charleston, S. C., Elmira, New York, Los
Angeles, Cal., are a few of the typical American cities which have successfully adopted the
mayor and council form by utilizing the model charter of the National Municipal League.

9 Therefore, in whatever form, the principle of a proper division of functions must be

embodied. The Affirmative must admit that, after fifteen years of misrule under the
commission form in Sacramento, the freeholders by unanimous choice again adopted
distinct legislative and administrative bodies; and that the commission form has lately
operated but a few years in a few small cities.

10 Evils in our cities are due to bad social and economic conditions, and to state interference
in purely local affairs. In the United States the city may not act except where authorized by
the state. In Europe the city may do anything it is not forbidden to do, and municipal success
there is based on this freedom. The European city makes its own local laws, not in conflict
with, but in addition to, state law. But in the United States the state legislature failed to
distinguish between matters of interest to the state government and those of exclusive
interest to the cities.

11 The remedy lies in restoring to the city its proper field of legislation. Already thirty states
have passed constitutional amendments granting greater legislative powers to the cities.
Five states now allow cities to amend their own charters. But in direct opposition to this
movement for municipal home rule, the commission form takes the last step in the
destruction of the city’s legislative body and fosters continued state interference. President
Eliot says that the functions of the commissioners will be defined by the state.

12 We have shown the real causes of municipal evils, and they are to be remedied without
tampering with the fundamental principles proved by time and experience. The Affirmative
say: change the fundamental principle. The Negative say: retain the principle of distinct
legislative and administrative bodies, but observe a proper correlation between them. We
would remedy bad social and economic conditions, and, most important of all, give the city
greater freedom in powers of local self-government.

43. What evidence does the Affirmative use to support their claims?

Drag and drop four pieces of evidence into the chart.

Claim Evidence Evidence

1. The need for

concentrating all
power into a
commission is
evident.

2. When one branch of

the government
dominates, checks
and balances
between the
departments are lost.

(a) There is a charter revision committee meeting in New York.

(b) More than a dozen cities have thrown away their old forms.
(c) Some cities have lost funds due to a corrupt administration.
(d) The city has a large population living in a restricted territory; in the state it is scattered.
(e) The council in St. Louis took a bribe to pass a street railway franchise.
(f) During the last quarter-century, municipal organization has trended toward concentration
of powers.

44. Which detail in the Negative’s argument supports the idea that there are disadvantages
associated with the commission form of government?

A. “…a few of the typical American cities which have successfully adopted the mayor and
council form by utilizing the model charter of the National Municipal League…” (paragraph 8)
B. “…the freeholders by unanimous choice again adopted distinct legislative and
administrative bodies…” (paragraph 9)
C. “Evils in our cities are due to bad social and economic conditions…” (paragraph 10)
D. “…the commission form has lately operated but a few years in a few small cities.”
(paragraph 9)

45. How does the Negative build the argument that the Affirmative’s position is incorrect?

A. The Negative brings up alternative city models that the Affirmative fails to acknowledge.
B. The Negative denies the Affirmative’s assertion that general city government is in need of
reform.
C. The Negative calls into question the use of the sample cities presented by the Affirmative.
D. The Negative demonstrates that the Affirmative is uninformed about the true workings of
city government.