12/6/23, 9:52 AM CHA23-AR-01243R2

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Manuscript # CHA23-AR-01243R2 (DOI: 10.1063/5.0168714)

Current Revision # 3
Other Versions CHA23-AR-01243 CHA23-AR-01243R CHA23-AR-01243R1
Decision Publish as is / 13-Nov-2023
Submission Date 12-Nov-2023 03:03:00 Days to Render Final Decision: 116
Current Stage Manuscript Sent to Production Days in Folder: 21
Modeling the role of renewable energy to mitigate the atmospheric level of carbon dioxide along with
Title
sustainable development
Manuscript Type Article
Permissions No, no figures/tables have been previously published.
Focus Issue N/A
Subject Area
Topical Keywords bifurcation analysis , ecology , mathematical modeling
Category Mathematics: bifurcation theory
1 Prof. A. K. Misra (corr-auth)
Authors
2 Ms. Anjali Jha
In the past few decades, the use of fossil fuels has increased dramatically due to industrialization in
developing nations. The elevation of carbon dioxide (CO2) has become a serious concern for the entire
world. Therefore, most countries want to reduce the use of fossil fuels by transitioning to renewable
energy sources. In this research work, we formulate a nonlinear mathematical model to study the interplay
between atmospheric CO2, human population, and energy production through traditional energy sources
(coal, oil, and gas) and renewable energy sources (solar, wind, hydro). For the model formulation, we
consider that the atmospheric level of CO2 increases due to human activities and energy production
through traditional energy sources. Additionally, we consider that the dependency of the human population
Abstract shifts from traditional to renewable sources of energy as the atmospheric level of CO2 increases. Through
the model analysis, we have obtained a condition that implies a change in the equilibrium level of CO2 by
increasing the deployment rate of renewable energy sources. This condition demonstrates that the
atmospheric level of CO2 can be reversed from its current level through sufficient deployment of renewable
energy sources. Moreover, for a certain critical value of the growth rate parameter of renewable energy,
three interior equilibria may exist. This situation indicates the presence of hysteresis, which implies that the
system may undergo discontinuous jumps between different stable steady states. Furthermore, we discuss
an optimal control problem to minimize atmospheric CO2, simultaneously minimizing the cost of the
considered strategy.
Editor Assigned
S. Devi (University of Allahabad), Arni S.R. Rao (Augusta University), U. Ghosh (University of Calcutta), N.
Author Reviewer Suggestions to Include Bairagi (Jadavpur University), Konstantin Blyuss (University of Sussex Department of Mathematics), Farai
Nyabadza (University of Johannesburg Department of Mathematics)
Author Reviewer Suggestions to Exclude N/A
Applicable Funding Sources Department of Science & Technology, Government of India : DST/INSPIRE Fellowship/2018/IF180791
Issue 31-Dec-2023
No Generated Statement
Data Availability Statement
View Data Availability Statement Response
Dear sir, As we know that the energy production through traditional sources (especially fossil fuel burning)
causes an increase in atmospheric level of carbon dioxide. Due to this, various countries are taking
necessary steps for the introduction of renewable energy sources in the interest of the environment and
sustainable development. For the model formulation, we have considered that as the atmospheric level of
CO2 increases, the population switches towards renewable sources of energy. The main question that we
want to answer through this study is: How does this shift from traditional to renewable sources influence
Manuscript Significance the future concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide? In the attached manuscript, we have answered
this important question through the analysis of the formulated model. In this study, we have shown, for
the first time, that the results of deploying renewable sources can be deviated from our expectations. We
have derived a parametric condition under which the atmospheric level of CO2 can be reversed from its
present level by increasing the deployment rate of renewable energy sources. We hope that this
manuscript is most suitable for your journal. We look forward to hear from you at your earliest
convenience. With regards, A.K. Misra
The Corresponding Author of a manuscript is required to advise the Editor when a revision of the
manuscript carries a change in authorship (addition, deletion, or a change in order), and to explicitly cite
the changes. In addition, if a change is made, all authors (including any that have been removed) will be
Authorship Change Statement
sent an email containing a link which they will be required to follow in order to register their approval or
disapproval of the change.
Authorship HAS NOT changed from the previous version of the manuscript.

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12/6/23, 9:52 AM CHA23-AR-01243R2
Invited Submission No
Has your manuscript been edited by an English language editing service?
English Language Editing
No
Ethics Approval No experiments on animal or human subjects were used for the preparation of the submitted manuscript.
Copyright License Release Date Not Received
Electronic Forms 1 of 1 forms complete - A. K. Misra (Corr): completed on 12-Sep-2023 (AIPP Standard LTP Form)

Stage Start Date

Manuscript Sent to Production 14-Nov-2023 17:35:10
Manuscript Ready for Publication 13-Nov-2023 13:48:00
Decision Sent to Author 13-Nov-2023 13:48:00
Decision Letter Being Prepared 13-Nov-2023 11:59:40
Editor Decision Completed 13-Nov-2023 11:59:39
Waiting for Potential Reviewer Assignment 13-Nov-2023 11:49:11
Editor Assigned 13-Nov-2023 11:49:11
Potential Associate Editor Accept 13-Nov-2023 11:49:11
Potential Associate Editor Assigned 13-Nov-2023 11:49:11
Deputy Editor Assigned 13-Nov-2023 11:49:11
Waiting for Deputy Editor Assignment 13-Nov-2023 11:49:11
Initial QC Complete 13-Nov-2023 11:49:11
Initial QC Started 12-Nov-2023 03:03:01
Deputy Editor Assigned 12-Nov-2023 03:03:01
Author Approved Converted Files 12-Nov-2023 03:03:00
Waiting for Author Approval of Converted Files 12-Nov-2023 03:02:30
Preliminary Manuscript Data Submitted 12-Nov-2023 03:00:32
Waiting for File Conversion 12-Nov-2023 03:00:23
Preliminary Manuscript Data Submitted 12-Nov-2023 02:54:10

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