ch2 - Kinematics

CHAPTER 2
Kinematics
Chapter 2 Kinematics
2.1 Distance and Displacement

2.2 Speed, Velocity and Acceleration
2.3 Graphs of Motion
2.4 Acceleration due to Gravity
Learning Outcome
At the end of this section, you should be able to:
• understand and distinguish between scalar and vector
quantities.
Scalars and Vectors

Scalars and vectors are two types of physical
quantities.
Scalar quantities Vector quantities

Have only magnitude Have both magnitude and
direction
Examples include
Examples include distance,
displacement, velocity,
speed, mass, energy and time acceleration and force
How is distance different

from displacement?
Distance versus Displacement

Distance Displacement
• Total length covered by moving • Straight-line distance covered by
object, along the path taken moving object, regardless of path
• Direction of motion does not matter taken
• SI unit: metre (m) • Direction needs to be specified,
relative to a reference point
• SI unit: metre (m)
A 5 km B
What is the
N
distance travelled 7 km What is the
from A to B? 10 km
displacement?
Distance travelled by car:

Displacement of car:
• either 7 km
• 5 km (due east of A)
• or 10 km
What if the object moves back to A along the same path? (i.e. A B A)
Distance versus Displacement

Distance Displacement
• Total length covered by moving • Straight-line distance covered by
object, along the path taken moving object, regardless of path
• Direction of motion does not matter taken
• SI unit: metre (m) • Direction needs to be specified,
relative to reference point
• SI unit: metre (m)
A 5 km − 5 km B
N
What is the new 7 km + 7 km What is the new
distance? 10 km + 10 km
displacement?
Distance travelled by car:

Displacement of car:
• either 14 km
• 0 km (back at A)
• or 20 km
Question
1m
1m D C
(a) What is the

distance travelled
from A to F?
A B (b) What is the
displacement from
A to F?
E F N
What is negative
displacement?
Positive and Negative Displacement

• For an object moving in a straight line, assign one direction
from the reference point as positive.
• The opposite direction is then negative.
• Positive−negative directions are assigned for convenience.
Example
N
C −2 km A 5 km − 5 km B
− +
Displacement of car
= −2 km (or 2 km due west of A)

Learning Outcomes
• distinguish between speed and velocity;
• find average speed using distance travelled

;
time taken
• state what uniform acceleration is;
• calculate the value of an acceleration using
change in velocity
;
time taken
• interpret examples of non-uniform acceleration.
What is Speed?
• Speed is the distance moved per unit time.
• Speed = distance travelled

time taken
• It is a scalar quantity (like distance).
• SI unit: metre per second (m s–1)
Speed = Average Speed?

• The term “speed” that we use is usually the average
speed, which assumes that the object travels at the
same speed throughout the entire distance.
Average speed = total distance travelled

total time taken
• In reality, the speed may change from moment to

moment, throughout the distance travelled.
The ‘Triangle’ Method

This simple method will help you to remember the
relationship between speed (v), distance (d) and time (t).
v t

• d = vt
d
v t

• d = vt
d
d
• v=
t
v t

• d = vt
d d
• v=
t
v t d
• t=
v
Worked Example
A bike travels at a constant speed of 10.0 m s–1. It takes
2000 s to travel from Jurong to East Coast. Determine the
distance between the two locations.
Jurong
East Coast
Solution
Speed v = 10 m s–1
Time t = 2000 s
Distance d = vt
= (10 m s–1)(2000 s)
= 20 000 m or 20 km
Worked Example
Tom travels 105 km in 2.5 hours before stopping for a half-hour
lunch. He then continues another 55 km for an hour. What was
the average speed of his journey in
(a) km h–1?
(b) m s–1?
Solution
(a) Average speed = total distance
total time
= (105=+4055)km
kmh–1
(2.5 + 0.5 + 1) h
(b) 40 km h–1 = 40 km
1h
3
= (40)(10 ) =m11.1 m s–1
(1)(60)(60) s
What is Velocity?
 Velocity is the rate of change of displacement.
 Velocity = displacement (linear distance)

time taken
• It is a vector quantity (like displacement).

• SI unit: metre per second (m s–1) URL
What is the
difference between
speed and velocity?
Remember displacement is
also a vector quantity?
Velocity as a Vector Quantity

• Velocity has both magnitude and direction.
• Velocity measures speed in a specified direction.
Constant speed in same direction = constant velocity
Constant speed, direction changed = velocity changed
Example
N
–1 Speed : 5 m s–1
Speed :5ms
Direction : North
Direction : East
Velocity : 5 m s–1
Velocity : 5 m s–1 east
north
Average Velocity
It is the average rate of change of displacement
for any time interval.
total displacement
Average velocity =
total time taken
Worked Example
A car takes half an hour to travel 7 B
A 5 km
km from A to B. What is its
(a) average speed in km h−1?
7 km N
(b) average velocity in km h−1?
− +
Solution
(a) Average speed (b) Taking due east of point A as
positive, average velocity
= total distance travelled
total time taken = total displacement
Δd total time taken
=
Δt Δs
=
Δt
= 7 km
= 14 km h−1
0.5 h = 5 km
= 10 km h−1
0.5 h (Part 1/3)
Worked Example
The car takes another half an hour
to move back to A along the same A 5 km − 5 km B
path. What is its
(a) new average speed? N
7 km + 7 km
(b) new average velocity? − +
Solution
(a) Average speed (b) Taking due east of point A as
positive, average velocity
= total distance travelled
total time taken = total displacement
Δd total time taken
=
Δt = Δs
Δt
= 14 km
= 14 km h−1
1h = 0 km
= 0 km h−1
1h (Part 2/3)
Worked Example
The car takes another 15 minutes to reach point C. What is
its average velocity?
N
C −2 km A 5 km − 5 km B
− +
Solution Remember, velocity

can be negative!
Taking due east of point A as positive,
average velocity
= total displacement
total time taken
= Δs Can we have
Δt negative speed too?
= −2 km
= −1.6 km h−1
1.25 h (Part 3/3)
Question
A truck makes a delivery trip from town A to town B
in 15 minutes, and then from town B to town C in
45 minutes. The distances between the towns are
shown on the map. Determine the average velocity
for the entire journey (from towns A to C).
A
50 km
30 km
B C
40 km
What is Acceleration?
• Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity.
• Acceleration = change in velocity = Δv

time taken Δt
• It is a vector quantity (like displacement and velocity).

• SI unit: metre per second per second (m s–2)
What is Acceleration?
An object accelerates when its velocity changes.
Example
N
Speed : 5 m s–1 C
B
Direction : East
Velocity : 5 m s–1 east A
A B C
Change in speed Change in direction Change in speed and
• Speed : 10 m s–1 • Speed : 5 m s–1 direction
• Direction: East • Direction: North • Speed : 10 m s–1
• Velocity : 10 m s–1 east • Velocity : 5 m s–1 north • Direction: North
• Velocity : 10 m s–1 north
Acceleration versus Deceleration
Acceleration Deceleration
Occurs when • Refers only to when
• velocity increases velocity decreases
(i.e. positive acceleration), • Also called retardation
or
• velocity decreases
(i.e. negative acceleration)
Uniform Acceleration
Uniform acceleration is the constant rate of change
of velocity.
v–u
Acceleration a = = Δv
tv – tu Δt
where u = initial velocity;

v = final velocity;
tu = time at which an object is at initial velocity u;
tv = time at which an object is at final velocity v;
∆v = change in velocity;
∆t = time interval between tu and tv.
Uniform Acceleration
Uniform acceleration occurs when the change (increase
or decrease) in velocity per unit time is the same.
–1 –1 –1 Velocity
Positive, uniform +20 m s +20 m s +20 m s
Change
acceleration
 Velocity increases at
constant rate 0 m s–1 20 m s–1 40 m s–1 60 m s–1 Velocity
Time/s
Velocity
Negative, uniform –20 m s–1 –20 m s–1 –20 m s–1 Change
acceleration
 Velocity decreases at
constant rate 60 m s–1 40 m s–1 20 m s–1 0 m s–1 Velocity
Time/s
Worked Example
The velocity of a car changes from 15 m s–1 to 10 m s–1
in 1.2 s. Determine its acceleration.
Solution
Acceleration a = Δv
Δt
= v–u
tv – tu
= (10 – 15) m s–1

1.2 s
= – 4.2 m s–2 The car is slowing down, so
acceleration should be negative.
Worked Example
A stationary truck accelerates with an acceleration of
1 m s–2 for 15 seconds. Determine the final velocity.
Solution
Given: initial velocity u = 0 m s–1
acceleration a = 1 m s–2
time taken t = 15 s
a = Δv = v – u
Δt t
v = at + u
= (1 m s–2)(15 s) + 0 m s–1
= 15 m s–1
Non-uniform Acceleration
Non-uniform acceleration occurs when the change (increase
or decrease) in velocity per unit time is not the same.
Velocity
+30 m s–1 +20 m s–1 +10 m s–1
Change
0 m s–1 30 m s–1 50 m s–1 60 m s–1 Velocity

Time/s
Velocity
–20 m s–1 –10 m s–1 –30 m s–1 Change

Time/s
Question
Describe the motion of the car below, in terms of its
speed and acceleration.
Velocity
+30 m s–1 –20 m s–1 +40 m s–1
Change

Time/s

Learning Outcomes
• plot and interpret a displacement–time graph;

• plot and interpret a velocity–time graph;
• deduce information about motion from the shape of a
displacement–time graph;
• deduce information about motion from the shape of a
velocity–time graph;
• determine displacement by calculating the area under
a velocity–time graph.
Displacement–Time Graphs
(Object at Rest)
Displacement/m
Time/s 0 1 2 3 4 5
75 75 75 75 75 75
Displacement/m
0 0 0 0 0 0
Velocity/m s–1
Starting A Time/s
point O
• Graph is a horizontal line (zero gradient)

• Displacement is constant for every second
(Object at Uniform (Constant) Velocity)
Displacement/m
Time/s 0 1 2 3 4 5
0 25 50 75 100 125
Displacement/m
0 25 25 25 25 25
–1
Velocity/m s
Time/s
A B
• Graph is a straight line with constant gradient
• Displacement increases by 25 m every second
(Object at Increasing (Non-uniform) Velocity)
Displacement/m
0 1 2 3 4 5
Time/s
0 5 20 45 80 125
Displacement/m
0 5 10 15 20 25
–1
Velocity/m s
Time/s
A B
• Graph has an increasing gradient
• Velocity increases
(Object at Decreasing (Non-uniform) Velocity)
Displacement/m
Time/s 0 1 2 3 4 5
0 45 80 105 120 125

Displacement/m
–1
0 45 40 35 30 25
Velocity/m s
Time/s
A B
• Graph has a decreasing gradient
• Velocity decreases
Velocity is given by the gradient of a
displacement−time graph.
Displacement/m
Δs
Δt
Time/s
(Instantaneous Velocity of Object)
Displacement/m
Instantaneous velocity
➋ • describes how fast an
Δd2
object is at a particular
time;
➊ Δt2
Δd1 • equals the gradient of the
Time/s tangent, at a specific time
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12
on the displacement−time
Δt1 graph.
➊ ➋
At t = 5 s, instantaneous velocity is At t = 10 s, instantaneous velocity is
Δs1 (100 – 0) m Δs2 (290 – 125) m –1
Δt1 = (7.5 – 2.5) s = 20 m s
–1
Δt2 = (12 – 8) s = 41.25 m s
(Deducing the Motion of an Object)
• For a car moving on straight road, assign N
- its reference point: at X (0 m);
- its direction: taking due east of X as X − +
positive.
• The gradient of the tangent at each point Displacement/m
on graph gives the instantaneous velocity.
- Zero gradient = zero velocity (stationary)
- Positive gradient = displacement and
velocity towards the right
- Negative gradient = displacement and
velocity towards the left Time/s
(Deducing the Motion of an Object)
Displacement/m
Region Characteristics Deduction
A Horizontal straight Stationary at 40 m to C
(zero gradient)
line (Zero the right of X
B gradient,
Positive gradient east (positive
Moving right
B D
straight line
Straight line direction away from X)
with uniform velocity E
C Tangent with zero Zero instantaneous A
gradient velocity (stationary) at G
100 m to the right of X Time/s
C to Region with west
Moving left (negative
(negative
F negative gradient direction towards X)
with changing velocity
N
D, E, Gradient decreases Velocity decreasing
F from D to E to F from D to E to F
X
G Horizontal straight
Horizontal straight Stationary at 20 m to
line
line the right of X 0 20 40 60 80 100
Displacement/m
Activity (Group)
Objective
To deduce the motion of an object
Displacement/m
Region Characteristics Deduction
A C
B
B
B D
C E
C A F
of X G
Time/s
C
C to
to
F
F N
) with changing velocity
D, E,
F X − +
G
) 0 20 40 60 80 100
Displacement/m
Displacement/m
Velocity–Time Graphs
(Object at Rest)
0 1 2 3 4 5
Time/s
Displacement/m 20 20 20 20 20 20
Velocity/m s–1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Time/s
Velocity/m s–1
The displacement−time graph shows that
the object is at rest, 20 m from the starting
point, from t = 0 s to t = 5 s.
The velocity−time graph shows

• a horizontal, straight line on the x-axis;
• zero acceleration. Time/s
Displacement/m
(Object at Uniform Velocity)
0 1 2 3 4 5
Time/s
Velocity/m s–1
The displacement−time graph shows an

object moving at uniform velocity.

• a horizontal, straight line;
• zero acceleration. Time/s
Displacement/m
(Uniform Acceleration)
0 1 2 3 4 5
Time/s
Velocity/m s–1
object moving with increasing velocity.

• that velocity increases by 10 m s−1
every second;
• a positive and constant gradient
Time/s
(constant acceleration).
Velocity–Time Graphs Displacement/m
(Uniform Deceleration)
0 1 2 3 4 5
Time/s
Displacement/m 0 45 80 105 120 125
Velocity/m s–1
object moving with decreasing velocity.

• that velocity decreases by 10 m s−1
every second;
• a negative and constant gradient
(constant deceleration). Time/s
(Increasing Acceleration)
Time/s 0 1 2 3 4 5
Velocity/m s–1 0 2 8 18 32 50
Velocity/m s–1

• that the increase in velocity increases
with time;
• a positive and increasing gradient;
• increasing acceleration.
Time/s
(Decreasing Acceleration)
Time/s 0 1 2 3 4 5
Velocity/m s–1 0 18 32 42 48 50
Velocity/m s–1

• that the increase in velocity decreases
with time;
• a positive and decreasing gradient;
• decreasing acceleration.
Time/s
(Instantaneous Acceleration)
Velocity/m s–1
Instantaneous acceleration
at t = 3 s is
(4,30) Δv (30 – 5) m s−1
=
Δv Δt (4 – 2) s
Δt = 12.5 m s–2
(2,5)
Time/s
C
Displacement
2.3 Graphs of Motion = area under graph
= 1 (5 s)(50 m s–1)
2
Velocity/m s–1 = 125 m
(Area under Graph)
To find the displacement, calculate
the area under a velocity−time graph C
over the time period.
Time/s
D
Velocity/m s–1 Velocity/m s–1 Velocity/m s–1 Displacement
= area under graph
A B = 1 (5 s)(50 m s–1)
Displacement Displacement 2
= area under graph = area under graph = 125 m
= (0 m s–1)(5 s) = (10 m s–1)(5 s)
=0m = 50 m
D
A B
Time/s Time/s Time/s
Speed–Time Graphs versus Velocity–Time Graphs

B
t = t1 Velocity/m s–1
Speed/m s–1
v=0
u A C u A
A1 B A2 h A3 B t2
0 Time/s 0 Time/s
t1 t2 t1 A4
+
A C –u C
t=0 t = t2
− v=u v = –u
• Ball tossed vertically

Total distance travelled Total displacement
upwards
= total area under graph = total area under graph
= A1 + A2 • Falls freely, negligible air = A3 + A4
=h+h resistance = h + (–h)
= 2h =0
• Assign upward direction
from ground as positive
IT Activity
Objectives
1.Discover the relationships between position
(displacement), velocity and time.
2.Simulate the various scenarios presented earlier in the
displacement−time and velocity−time graphs.
(Part 1/3)
IT Activity
Instructions
1.In groups, go to http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/moving-man URL
2.Click the “Charts” tab in the upper left of the screen. You are now looking at
position−time (displacement−time), velocity−time and acceleration−time graphs.
3.Click and try out the various controls and buttons in the application window. You
should familiarise yourself with the following controls:
• Position, velocity and acceleration sections
- Make the man move using the slider arrow or manually key in the values.
- Use the magnifying glass to adjust the scale of the graph axes.
• Record and playback functions
- Practise pausing after every second (or after approximately one second).
- Remember to pause and clear the graphs between new settings (or the graph will continue).
- In playback mode, you can see vertical bars in the graphs. Click and drag the bar back and
forth to see what happens at different moments in time.
• Velocity and acceleration sections
- Click on “Show Vector” boxes to see arrows on the moving man that show the direction and
magnitude of velocity and acceleration.
• Walls
- Remove the walls by clicking on the red box with the white cross on one of them. Then, the
moving man will not hit and be stopped by the walls.
(Part 2/3)
IT Activity
Instructions
4.To re-create the various types of motion (and graphs) shown in the previous slides,
try the following settings:
Uniform Uniform Uniform Decreasing Increasing
At rest
velocity acceleration deceleration acceleration acceleration
Position
(Displacement) 2 0 0 0 0 0
/m
Velocity
0 1 0 3 0 0
/m s–1
2 (for 1 s)
1 (for 1 s)
1.5 (for 1 s)
Acceleration 2 (for 1 s)
0 0 1 –1 1 (for 1 s)
/m s–2 3 (for 1 s)
0.5 (for 1 s)
4 (for 1 s)
0 (for 1 s)
Pause at 5 s Pause at 3 s Pause every Pause every
Remarks - - to study and 6 s to second to second to
graphs study graphs adjust setting adjust setting
5. You may want to sketch the graphs you obtain from other different settings and
discuss them.
(Part 3/3)

Learning Outcomes
• state that the acceleration of free fall near to the

Earth’s surface is approximately 10 m s–2;
• describe the motion of free-falling bodies with and
without air resistance;
• apply the term terminal velocity when describing
the motion of falling bodies.
If we drop a heavy object and a light object
from the same height at the same time, which
will hit the ground first?
A Heavy object first? B Both at the same time?

Contrary to the widely accepted claim made by Aristotle

that a heavier object falls faster than a lighter object,
I discovered that all objects, regardless of mass or size,
fall at the same acceleration due to the Earth’s gravity. Galileo Galilei
(1564–1642)
Galileo’s Discovery
• Acceleration due to gravity g is a constant.
• For objects close to the Earth’s surface,
g = 9.8 m s–2.  g is
approximately 10 m s–2.
Objects Falling without Air Resistance
To put Galileo’s discovery to the test, watch

these two videos:
URL 1 URL 2
Objects Falling without Air Resistance

• Free fall happens only in vacuum (no air resistance).
• The only force acting on a free-falling object is its weight.
 The direction of force and motion is downward (towards
the centre of the Earth).
• Objects falling without air resistance experience a
constant increase in velocity under Earth’s gravity.
Acceleration due to gravity g is a constant.
The velocity–time graph has a constant gradient.
• Acceleration is not dependent on the mass or size of an
object.
v/m s–1
40
constant gradient = constant acceleration
30
20 Objects Falling without Air Resistance
10
t/s
0 1 2 3 4
Time Forces
Type of motion Acceleration
At interval involved
0s Wf rest Wh 0s •Velocity increases:
Wf (feather) zero to 10 m s–1
to 10 m s–2
1s Wh (hammer) •Δv = 10 m s–1
Wf 10 m s–1 Wh
1s
1s •Velocity increases: 10 m s–2
Wf (feather) 10 to 20 m s–1
to (constant
Wf 20 m s–1 2s Wh (hammer) •Δv = 10 m s–1 acceleration)
Wh
2s
2s •Velocity increases: 10 m s–2
Wf (feather) 20 to 30 m s–1
to (constant
3s Wh (hammer) •Δv = 10 m s–1 acceleration)
Wf 30 m Wh
3s s–1 3s •Velocity increases: 10 m s–2
Wf (feather)
to 30 to 40 m s–1 (constant
Wh (hammer)
Wf 40 m s –1 Wh 4s •Δv = 10 m s–1 acceleration)
4s
Activity (Group)
Objective
Observe two objects falling without air resistance.
(The two objects should be dropped from the same
height, at the same time, and they should reach the
ground at the same time.)
Instructions
1.Choose two objects.
2.Drop them from the same height and at the same
time.
3.Observe as the objects hit the ground.
Objects Falling with Air Resistance
Air resistance
• is a frictional force;
• is due to the object moving through the atmosphere;
• always opposes the motion of the moving object.
Objects Falling with Air Resistance

Air resistance increases with the
• speed of the object;
 surface area (or size) of the object;
 density of air.
Can you think of objects that will experience high air

resistance when falling? What characteristic(s) of
these objects increase their air resistance?
Terminal
v/m s–1
v4 = v3 velocity
v2
v1
A2
A3 A4 Object Falling with Air Resistance
A1
t/s
0 1 2 3 4 Time Forces Displacement
Type of motion Acceleration (area under
interval involved
At graph)
0s W rest 0s •Velocity increases:
R1
to W > R1 zero to v1 Yes A1
W 1s •Δv = v1 – 0
1s v1
•Velocity increases:
R2 1s Yes
v1 to v2
to W > R2 > R1 (but lower than A2 > A1
•Δv smaller:
W 2s from 0 s to 1 s)
(v2 – v1) > (v1 – 0)
2s v2
•Velocity increases:
R3 2s Yes
v2 to v3
to W > R3 > R2 (but lower than A3 > A2
•Δv smaller:
W 3s from 1 s to 2 s)
(v3 – v2) > (v2 – v1)
3s v3
•Velocity constant:
R4 3s
v4 = v3 A4 > A3
to W = R4 = R3 Zero
= terminal velocity (slightly larger)
W 4s
•Δv = 0
4s v4
Terminal Velocity
• When the air resistance acting against an object
equals its weight, the object travels at a constant
velocity known as terminal velocity.
• If an object falls through a short distance, it may not
have time to reach terminal velocity before hitting
the ground.
Is the terminal velocity always the same?

How can we change it?
Question
A parachutist jumps from an aircraft and falls through the
air. After some time, the parachute opens. At which point
do you think the parachute opens?
Velocity/m s–1
D
50
40
C
30
20
B
10
A Time/s
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Kinematics
• Magnitud
Magnitud have Scalar Vector have both
e
e only
quantities quantities • Direction
Distance Speed Acceleratio

Displaceme
(SI unit: m)
−1
(SI unit: m s ) Velocity n (SI unit:
nt (SI unit: (SI unit: m s−1)
m) m s−2)
• Speed = distance Area under • Acceleration =
time taken velocity−time change in velocity
time taken
• Average = total distance graph • Gradient of velocity−time graph
speed total time taken displacement acceleration
• Acceleration due to gravity g
• Velocity =displacement - Without air resistance, object
time taken falls with constant
• Gradient of displacement−time acceleration
graph - With air resistance, object falls
velocity with decreasing acceleration
and may reach terminal
velocity

ch2 - Kinematics

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

ch2 - Kinematics

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CHAPTER 2

2.1 Distance and Displacement

Scalars and Vectors

Scalar quantities Vector quantities

How is distance different

Distance versus Displacement

Distance travelled by car:

Distance versus Displacement

Distance travelled by car:

(a) What is the

Positive and Negative Displacement

2.1 Distance and Displacement

• distinguish between speed and velocity;

• find average speed using distance travelled

• Speed = distance travelled

Speed = Average Speed?

Average speed = total distance travelled

• In reality, the speed may change from moment to

The ‘Triangle’ Method

The ‘Triangle’ Method

The ‘Triangle’ Method

The ‘Triangle’ Method

 Velocity is the rate of change of displacement.

 Velocity = displacement (linear distance)

• It is a vector quantity (like displacement).

Velocity as a Vector Quantity

Solution Remember, velocity

• Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity.

• Acceleration = change in velocity = Δv

• It is a vector quantity (like displacement and velocity).

Acceleration versus Deceleration

where u = initial velocity;

= (10 – 15) m s–1

0 m s–1 30 m s–1 50 m s–1 60 m s–1 Velocity

60 m s–1 40 m s–1 30 m s–1 0 m s–1 Velocity

10 m s–1 40 m s–1 20 m s–1 60 m s–1 Velocity

2.1 Distance and Displacement

• plot and interpret a displacement–time graph;

• Graph is a horizontal line (zero gradient)

0 45 80 105 120 125

Velocity/m s–1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Time/s

The velocity−time graph shows

Velocity/m s–1 10 10 10 10 10 10 Time/s

The displacement−time graph shows an

The velocity−time graph shows

Velocity/m s–1 0 10 20 30 40 50 Time/s

The velocity−time graph shows

Velocity–Time Graphs Displacement/m

Displacement/m 0 45 80 105 120 125

Velocity/m s–1 50 40 30 20 10 0 Time/s

The velocity−time graph shows

The velocity−time graph shows

The velocity−time graph shows

Speed–Time Graphs versus Velocity–Time Graphs

• Ball tossed vertically

2.1 Distance and Displacement

• state that the acceleration of free fall near to the

A Heavy object first? B Both at the same time?

Contrary to the widely accepted claim made by Aristotle

Objects Falling without Air Resistance

To put Galileo’s discovery to the test, watch

Objects Falling without Air Resistance

Objects Falling with Air Resistance