NCERT Based KT’s PowerNotes

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Structural organisation in Animals
In multicellular animals, a group of similar cells along with Connective Tissue
intercellular substances performing specific function is called • most abundant tissue
tissue. • as name suggest their function is of linking and supporting other
tissues/organs of the body.
When two or more organs perform a common function by their • In all connective tissues except blood, the cells secrete fibers of
physical and/or chemical interaction, they together form organ structural proteins called collagen or elastin
system e.g., digestive system, • connective tissue is made up of cell, fibers and polysaccharides
There are four types of tissues in animals matrix (ground substance)
(i) Epithelial, (ii) Connective, (iii) Muscular and (iv) Neural.
(i) Loose connective tissue,
Epithelial tissues • They have loosely arranged fibroblast cells and fibres
• Epithelial Tissue provides a covering or a lining for some part of • Examples
the body. The cells are compactly packed with little intercellular  Areolar tissue
matrix.  present beneath the skin
• Two types simple epithelium and compound epithelium  contains fibroblasts (cells that produce and secrete fibres),
 macrophages and mast cells
Simple epithelium  Adipose tissue
• composed of a single layer of cells  located mainly beneath the skin
Simple epithelium  function: store fats.
Squamous epithelium Cuboidal epithelium Columnar epithelium
thin layer of flattened cells single layer of cube-like cells a single layer of tall cells. Dense connective tissues
found in the walls of blood found in ducts of glands and found in the lining
• They have compactly arranged fibroblast cells and fibres
vessels and air sacs of tubular parts of nephrons in of stomach and intestine
lungs kidneys. • Types
PCT of nephron have cuboidal  Dense regular connective tissues
epithelium with microvilli  Orientation of fibres show a regular pattern, collagen fibres
form a diffusion boundary secretion and absorption secretion and absorption are present in rows between many parallel bundles of
fibres.
Ciliated epithelium  Location
• If the columnar or cuboidal cells bear cilia on their free surface, ⬧ Tendon: attach skeletal muscles to bones
they are called ciliated epithelium ⬧ Ligaments: attach one bone to another
• present in the inner surface of hollow organs like bronchioles  Dense irregular connective tissues
and fallopian tubes.  fibroblasts and collagen fibres are oriented differently
• function: move particles or mucus  Location: skin
Glandular epithelium Specialized connective tissues
• Some of the columnar or cuboidal cells get specialised for
secretion and are called glandular epithelium Cartilage
• Types • Solid and pliable and resists compression
 Isolated glandular cells: goblet cells of the alimentary canal • composed of chondrocyte cells + collagen fibres + matrix
 Cluster of cells: salivary gland • Chondrocytes are enclosed in small cavities within the matrix
Glands • Location: tip of nose, outer ear joints, between adjacent
• Exocrine glands bones of the vertebral column, limbs and hands in adults
 secrete mucus, saliva, earwax, milk, digestive enzymes etc
 These products are released through ducts Bones
• Endocrine glands • hard and non-pliable ground substance rich in calcium salts and
 do not have ducts collagen fibres
 secret hormone directly into blood • provides structural frame to the body
• Osteocytes are present in the spaces called lacunae.
Compound epithelium • Bone marrow in some bones is the site of production of blood
• Compound epithelium is made of more than cells.
one layer (multi-layered) of cells and thus Blood
has a limited role in secretion and absorption • Fluid connective tissue
• Location: cover the dry surface of the skin, • Composed of blood cells (RBC, WBC, Platelets) + Plasma
the moist surface of buccal cavity, pharynx, inner lining of ducts
of salivary glands and of pancreatic ducts. Muscle Tissue
• function: provide protection against chemical and mechanical • Muscle tissue and Skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscle is already
stresses. covered in locomotion and movement chapter
Three types of cell junctions are found in the epithelium • Communication junctions (intercalated discs) in cardiac muscle
allow the cells to contract as a unit.
Tight junctions help to stop substances from leaking across a tissue.
Adhering junctions perform cementing to keep neighbouring cells together. Neural tissue
Gap junctions facilitate the cells to communicate with each other by • Neurons, the unit of neural system are excitable cells.
connecting the cytoplasm of adjoining cells, for rapid transfer
• The neuroglial cell protects and support neurons
of ions, small molecules and sometimes big molecules.

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Organ and organ system Circulatory system
• Tissues organize to form organ which in turn associate to form • Open type of blood circulation
organ systems .For example, our heart consists of all epithelial, • Blood is pumped in body cavity (haemocoel)
connective, muscular and neural. • Blood (Haemolymph) : colourless plasma and haemocytes RBC
Cockroach • Heart : located dorsally
: Present in the form of chamber with ostia on either side
Common species Periplanata americana
Phylum Arthropoda
Habit nocturnal omnivores Respiratory system
Body segmented • consists of a network of trachea,
Body cover chitinous exoskeleton • Tracheal tubes open through 10 pairs of small holes called
Exoskeleton exoskeleton has hardened plates called sclerites (tergites spiracles present on the lateral side of the body.
dorsally and sternites ventrally), joined by flexible articular • Exchange of gases take place at the tracheoles by diffusion.
membrane (arthrodial membrane).
Head
Excretion
Shape Triangular • performed by Malpighian tubules
Location lies anteriorly at right angles to the longitudinal body axis • absorb nitrogenous waste products and convert them into uric
formed by the fusion of six segments acid which is excreted out through the hindgut
Antennae Antennae have sensory receptors that help in monitoring the • uricotelic animal
environment • fat body, nephrocytes and urecose glands also help in excretion.
Mouthparts consist of a labrum (upper lip), a pair
of mandibles, a pair of maxillae and a labium (lower lip) Nervous system
Tongue called as hypopharynx lies within the cavity enclosed by • Located Ventrally, double
the mouthparts • Three ganglia lie in the thorax, and six in the abdomen
Eyes Compound
• The nervous system of cockroach is spread throughout the body
Thorax • Cut head → cockroach still alive
3 parts prothorax, mesothorax and metathorax • brain is represented by supra-oesophageal ganglion
Legs Pair of legs arises from Prothorax, mesothorax & metathorax • sensory structures : antennae, eyes, maxillary palps, labial palps,
Wings anal cerci, etc.
Fore wings arise from mesothorax,
(tegmina) opaque dark and leathery Eyes
Hind wings arise from metathorax • Compound eyes
transparent, membranous and are used in flight
• Each eye consists of about 2000 hexagonal ommatidia
Note : wings do not arise from prothorax
• Mosaic vision → more sensitivity but less resolution
Abdomen
Abdomen consist of 10 segments Reproductive system
Difference between male and female cockroach
Male cockroach Female cockroach Male reproductive system
Wings Extend beyond the tip of abdomen ---- • Testes lie in the 4th -6th abdominal segments.
7 the sternum --------- Boat shaped • Pathway :
Genital Pouch Bounded by 9th sternum ventrally bounded by 7, 8 9 sterna Testes → Seminal vesicle → ejaculatory duct → male gonopore
and 9th and 10th terga dorsally
→ male Gonapophysis or Phallomere (chitinous structures
contains dorsal anus, ventral male Contains spermathecal
surrounding the male gonopore)
genital pore and Gonapophysis pore female gonopore,
collateral glands • Seminal vesicle
anal styles Thread like structure called anal ---------------  Store sperm
styles present in male cockroach  Glue sperm together in the form of bundles called
Anal cerci In both sexes, the 10th segment bears a pair of jointed filamentous spermatophores
structures called anal cerci • Mushroom gland
 Mushroom shaped gland is present in the 6th-7th abdominal
Alimentary canal segments which functions as an accessory reproductive gland
Foregut
Mouth Female reproductive system
Tubular pharynx • two large ovaries, lying in the 2nd – 6th abdominal segments.
Oesophagus • Each ovary is formed of a group of eight ovarian tubules or
Crop used for storing of food ovarioles
gizzard or proventriculus Have six highly chitinous plate called teeth. • Oviducts of each ovary unite into a single median oviduct (also
]]
Gizzard helps in grinding the food called vagina)
Entire foregut is lined by cuticle • Vaginal opens into the genital chamber
Hepatic or gastric caeca ring of 6-8 tubules is present at the junction of foregut • A pair of spermatheca is present in the 6th segment also opens
and midgut, it secretes secrete digestive juice into the genital chamber
Midgut
Mid gut is also called as Mesenteron Fertilization
Malpighian tubules help in removal of excretory products from haemolymph • Bundle of sperms (Spermatophore) are transferred into
spermatheca of female
Hindgut • Fertilized eggs are encased in capsules called oothecae.
The hindgut is differentiated into ileum, colon and rectum.
The rectum opens out through anus.

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Oothecae
• Oothecae is a dark brown capsule glued to a suitable surface
• Each ootheca contains 14 – 16 fertilized eggs
• On an average, females produce 9-10 oothecae

Development
• The development of P. americana is paurometabolous, meaning
there is development through nymphal stage.
• The nymphs look very much like adults.
• The nymph grows by moulting about 13 times
to reach the adult form.
• Nymph is much similar to adult cockroach but
lacks wings and gonads
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