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Experiment, analysis, reasoning inductive and deductive, these are
the means by which Science makes its advances, and with these
Poetry cannot rightly intermeddle. Imaginatively to contemplate the
spectacle of the world is possible before Science has begun, it is
possible, also, after it has completed its work. But it is not possible to
combine imaginative contemplation and scientific investigation at the
same time, and in one mental act. Only after analysis and reasoning
have done their work and secured their results is the man of science
free to look abroad on Nature with a poetic eye. Analysis and
experimentalizing cannot by any possibility be made poetic, but their
results may. Every new province of knowledge which Science
conquers, Poetry may in time enter into and possess. But this can
only be done gradually. Before imagination can take up and mould
the results of Science, these must have ceased to be difficult,
laborious, abstruse. The knowledge of them must have become to
the poet himself, and in some measure to his audience, familiar,
habitual, spontaneous. And here we see how finely Science and
Poetry may interact and minister each to the other. If it be the duty of
Science beneath seeming confusion to search for order, and its
happiness to find it everywhere,—an order more vast, more various,
more deeply penetrating, more intimate and minute than
uninstructed men ever dreamed of,—wherever it reveals the
presence of this, does it not open new fields for the imagination to
appropriate? For what is order but the presence of thought, the
ground of all beauty, the witness to the actual nearness of an
upholding and moving Spirit? This is the vast new domain which
Science is unveiling and spreading out before the eye of Poetry. And
Poetry, receiving this large benefit, may repay the debt by using her
own peculiar powers to familiarize men’s thoughts with the new
regions which Science has won for them. If there is any office which
Imagination can fulfill, it is this. She can help to bring home to the
mind things which, though true, are yet strange, distant, perhaps
distasteful. She can mediate between the warm, household feelings
and the cold and remote acquisitions of new knowledge, and make
the heart feel no longer “bewildered and oppressed” among the vast
extent and gigantic movements of the Universe, but at home
amongst them, soothed and tranquillized. Not, however, out of her
own resources alone can Imagination do this. She must bring from
the treasure-house of Religion moral and spiritual lights and
impulses, and with these interpenetrate the cold, boundless spaces
which the telescope has revealed. Some beginning of such a
reconciling process we may see here and there in those poems of
“In Memoriam” in which the Poet-Laureate has finely inwrought new
truths of Science into the texture of yearning affection and spiritual
meditation. Even where the views of Science are not only strange,
but even at first crude and repulsive, Imagination can soften their
asperity and subdue their harsher features. Just as when a railway
has been driven through some beautiful and sequestered scene,
outraging its quiet and scarring its loveliness, we see Nature in time
return, and “busy with a hand of healing,” cover the raw wounds with
grass, and strew artificial mounds and cuttings with underwood and
flowers. It seems then that while Science gives to Poetry new
regions to work upon, Poetry repays the debt by familiarizing and
humanizing what Science has discovered. Such is their mutual
interaction.
Mr. Stopford Brooke has told us that if on the scientific insight of
Faraday could be engrafted the poetic genius of Byron, the result
would be a poem of the kind “for which the world waits.” For “to write
on the universal ideas of Science,” he says, “through the emotions
which they excite, will be part of the work of future poets of Nature.”
Likely enough it may be so. For if Poetry were to leave large regions
of new thought unappropriated, being thus divorced from the onward
march of thought, it would speedily become obsolete and unreal. But
let us well understand what are the conditions of such poetry, the
conditions on which alone Imagination can wed itself to scientific
fact. The poet who shall sing the songs of Science must first be
perfectly at home in all the new truths, must move among them with
as much ease and freedom as ordinary men now do among the
natural appearances of things. And not the poet only, but his
audience must move with ease along the pathways which Science
has opened. For if the poet has first to instruct his readers in the
facts which he wishes imaginatively to render, while he expounds he
will become frigid and unpoetic. Just as Lucretius is dull in those
parts of his poem in which he has to argue out and to expound the
Atomic Theory, and only then soars when, exposition left behind, he
can give himself up to contemplate the great elemental movements,
the vast life that pervades the sum of things. For in order that any
truth or view of things may become fit material for poetry, it must first
cease to live exclusively in the study or the laboratory, and come
down and make itself palpable in the market-place. The scientific
truths must be no longer strange, remote, or technical. If they have
not yet passed into popular thought, they must at least have become
the habitual possession of the more educated before the poet can
successfully deal with them. This is the necessary condition of their
poetic treatment. Wordsworth, in one of his Prefaces, has stated so
clearly the truth on this subject that I cannot do better than give his
words. “If the time should ever come,” he says, “when what is now
called Science becomes familiarized to men, then the remotest
discoveries of the chemist, the botanist, the mineralogist, will be as
proper objects of the poet’s art as any upon which it can be
employed. He will be ready to follow the steps of the man of science,
he will be at his side, carrying sensation into the midst of the objects
of Science itself. The poet will lend his divine spirit to aid the
transfiguration, and will welcome the being thus produced as a dear
and genuine inmate of the household of man.”
Science therefore may in some measure modify Poetry, may
enlarge its range, may reveal new phases of it, but can never
supersede it. The imaginative view of things which Poetry expresses
is not one which can grow obsolete. It is not the child of any one
particular stage of knowledge or civilization, which can be put aside
when a higher stage has been reached. Any state of knowledge can
give scope to it. Any aspect of the world, that seen by the savage as
well as that of the sage, can awaken that imaginative glow of mind,
that thrill of emotion, which, expressed in fitting words, is called
Poetry. Only, as has been said above, before any aspect of nature,
or fact of life, or truth of science, may be capable of poetic treatment,
it must have become habitual and easy to the mind of the poet, and
in some measure to that of his audience. In the poet’s mind, at least,
it must have passed out of the region of mere head-notions into the
warmer atmosphere of imaginative intuition, and, vitalized there,
must have bodied itself into beautiful form and flushed into glowing
color. For, to repeat once again what has been said at the outset,
Poetry originates in the vivid contact of the soul—not of the
understanding merely, but of the whole soul—with reality of any kind;
and it is the utterance of the joy that arises, of the glow that is felt,
from such soul-contact with the reality of things. When that reality
has passed inward, and kindled the soul to “a white heat of emotion,”
then it is that genuine Poetry is born.
CHAPTER V.
HOW FAR SCIENCE MAY MODIFY POETRY.
3d. Again: since the progress of modern Science has let in on the
mental vision whole worlds of new facts and new forces,—a height
and a depth, a vastness and minuteness in Nature, as she works all
around us, alike in the smallest pebble on the shore, and “in the
loftiest star of unascended heaven,”—it cannot be but that all this
now familiar knowledge should enter into the sympathetic soul of the
poet, and color his eye as he looks abroad on Nature. When the eye,
for instance, from the southern beach of the Moray Firth passes over
to its northern shore, and rests on the succession of high plateaux
and precipiced promontories which form the opposite coast, and
observes how the whole landscape has been shaped, moulded, and
rounded into its present uniformity of feature by the glaciers that
untold ages since descended from Ben Wyvis and his neighboring
altitudes, and wore and ground the masses of old red sandstone into
the outlines of the bluffs he now sees,—who can look on such a
spectacle without having new thoughts awakened within him, of
Nature working with her primeval wedges of frost, ice, and flood, to
carve the solid rock into the lineaments before him, and of the still
higher power behind Nature that directs and controls all these her
movements to ulterior and sublimer ends! When, in addition to these
thoughts, the gazer calls to mind that these are the native headlands
which first arrested the meditative eye of the great northern mason,
more than any other, geologist and poet in one, and fed the fire of his
young enthusiasm, does not the geologic charactery that is scrawled
upon these rocks receive a strange enhancement of human interest?
Again: the huge gray bowlders strewn here and there on the top of
those promontories, and all about the dusky moors, when we learn
that they have been floated to their present stations from leagues
away by long vanished glaciers, no doubt their gaunt shapes
become wonderfully suggestive. And yet, perhaps, nothing that
geology can teach regarding them will ever invest them with a more
imaginative aspect than that which they wore to the poet’s eye,
when, caring little enough for scientific theories, it shaped them into
this human phantasy—
The thought with which the last chapter closed opens up views
which are boundless. Through the imaginative apprehension of
outward Nature, and through the beauty inherent in it, we get a
glimpse into the connection of the visible world with the realities of
morality and of religion. The vivid feeling of Beauty suggests, what
other avenues of thought more fully disclose, that the complicated
mechanism of Nature which Science investigates and formulates into
physical law is not the whole, that it is but the case or outer shell of
something greater and better than itself, that through this mechanism
and above it, within it, and beyond it, there lie existences which
Science has not yet formulated—probably never can formulate—a
supersensible world, which, to the soul, is more real and of higher
import than any which the senses reveal. It is apprehended by other
faculties than those through which Science works, yet it is in no way
opposed to science, but in perfect harmony with it, while
transcending it. The mechanical explanation of things—of the
Universe—we accept as far as it goes, but we refuse to take it as the
whole account of the matter, for we know, on the testimony of moral
and spiritual powers, that there is more beyond, and that that which
is behind and beyond the mechanism is higher and nobler than the
mechanism. We refuse to regard the Universe as only a machine,
and hold by the intuitions of faith and of Poetry, though the objects
which these let in on us cannot be counted, measured, or weighed,
or verified by any of the tests which some physicists demand as the
only gauges of reality. This ideal but most real region, which the
visible world in part hides from us, in part reveals, is the abode of
that supersensible truth to which conscience witnesses,—the special
dwelling-place of the One Supreme Mind. The mechanical world and