Aktiviti Interaktif Sains Tingkatan 2 Bab 4

Kesihatan Manusia
Human Health
Tarikh:
Standard Kandungan 4.2 Pertahanan badan

AKTIVITI Fungsi Sistem Pertahanan Badan

Perbincangan 4.3 The Function of Body Defence System
Masteri

1. Lengkapkan rajah di bawah bagi menunjukkan tiga barisan mekanisme pertahanan badan. TP 2
Complete the diagram below to show the three lines of body's defence mechanism.

Mekanisme pertahanan tidak spesifik

Patogen Non-specific body defence mechanism
Pathogen
Barisan pertahanan badan pertama/ First line of defence:
Kulit dan membran mukus

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menghalang patogen daripada memasuki badan.
The skin and mucous membrane prevent
Kulit / Skin

BAB
pathogens from entering the body.

Barisan pertahanan badan kedua/ Second line of defence:

Sel darah putih menelan patogen dan memusnahkan
mereka melalui fagositosis .
Sel darah putih
White blood cell White blood cells ingest pathogens and destroy them through
skin .
Antibodi
Antibodi Antibody
Antibody
Mekanisme pertahanan spesifik
Specific body defence mechanism
Barisan pertahanan badan ketiga/ Third line of defence:
Patogen Memusnahkan antigen atau patogen tertentu melalui
Pathogen
penghasilan antibodi .
Patogen
Pathogen Destroys a particular antigen or pathogen through the production
of antibodies .

2. Lengkapkan rajah di bawah tentang barisan pertahanan kedua fagositosis. TP 2

Complete the diagram below about line of defence phagocytosis
Diperangkap Enzim
Trapped Enzyme
Bakteria Fagosit Ditelan
Bacteria
Phagocyte Swallowed

(a) Fagosit (sejenis (b) Bakteria diperangkap (c) Enzim

sel darah putih) dan ditelan mencernakan bakteria.
Phagocyte trapped Enzyme digests the
(a type of Bacteria is
white blood cell) swallowed bacteria.
and

3. Lengkapkan pernyataan di bawah tentang barisan pertahanan badan ketiga. TP 2

Complete the sentence below about third line of body defence.

(a) Antibodi yang dihasilkan oleh sel darah putih melekat pada patogen.

The antibodies produced by white blood cells are attached to pathogens. Melekat/ Attached
Menggumpal/Coagulate
(b) Antibodi menyebabkan patogen menggumpal dan termusnah . Termusnah/ Destroyed
Antibodies coagulate destroyed Antibodi/ Antibodies
cause pathogens to and are .

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 Sains Tingkatan 2 Bab 4

Tarikh:

AKTIVITI Antigen, Antibodi dan Keimunan Badan

Perbincangan 4.4 Antigens, Antibodies and Immunity
Masteri

1. Lengkapkan jadual di bawah dengan istilah yang betul berdasarkan definisinya. TP 1

Complete the table below with the correct terms based on their definitions.

Istilah Definisi
Term Definition

(a) Keimunan Keupayaan badan melawan patogen.

Immunity The ability of the body to fight pathogens.

(b) Antigen Molekul yang merangsang gerak balas keimunan.

Antigen Molecule that stimulates immunity response.
BAB

(c) Patogen Mikroorganisma yang menyebabkan penyakit.

Pathogens Microorganisms that cause diseases.
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(d) Antibodi Molekul protein yang melawan patogen.

Antibody Protein molecule that fights pathogens.

2. Isi tempat kosong dengan perkataan yang betul. TP 2

Fill in the blanks with the correct words.

Imunisasi ialah proses yang meningkatkan keimunan , iaitu kebolehan badan melawan serangan
patogen melalui penghasilan antibodi . Apabila patogen masuk ke dalam badan, antigen
pada patogen itu akan merangsang sel darah putih/limfosit untuk menghasilkan antibodi bagi melawan
patogen itu. Gerak balas ini dikenal sebagai gerak balas keimunan .

Immunisation is the process that increases immunity , which is the ability of the body to fight pathogens’ attack

through the production of antibodies . When pathogens enter the body, antigens of the
pathogens will stimulate the white blood cells / lymphocytes to produce antibody to fight the pathogens. This response is called
immunity response .

3. Lengkapkan rajah di bawah untuk menunjukkan hubung kait antara antigen, antibodi, patogen dan sel darah
putih. Menganalisis TP 4
Complete the diagram on the right to show the relationship between antigen, antibody, pathogen and white blood cell.

Patogen/ Pathogen

Melawan / Bunuh
Antigen/ Antigen Fights / Kills

Merangsang
Stimulates

Sel darah putih/ White blood cell Antibodi/ Antibody

Hasilkan
Produces

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 Sains Tingkatan 2 Bab 4

Tarikh:

AKTIVITI Keimunan Pasif dan Keimunan Aktif

Perbincangan 4.5 Passive Immunity and Active Immunity
Masteri

Lengkapkan rajah di bawah yang menunjukkan perbandingan antara keimunan aktif dan pasif. TP 4
Menganalisis
Complete the diagram below that shows the comparison between active immunity and passive immunity.

menyembuh limfosit antibodi cepat perlahan sementara

cure lymphocyte antibody fast slow temporary
patogen mengelakkan pendek panjang selamanya
pathogen prevent short long forever

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Bahan Mengajar

BAB
Keimunan Pasif dan Keimunan Aktif
Passive Immunity and Active Immunity
Keimunan aktif Keimunan pasif
Active immunity Passive immunity

Perbezaan
Difference

(a) Mengelakkan jangkitan (g) Menyembuh penyakit

Tujuan
prevent Purpose cure
To infections To diseases

(b) Orang sihat Orang terlibat (h) Pesakit/Bekas pesakit

Healthy person Person involved Patient/ Ex-patient

(c) Limfosit dirangsang (i) Limfosit tidak dirangsang

untuk menghasilkan antibodi Cara penghasilan antibodi Lymphocyte is not stimulated
Lymphocyte Way of producing antibody
is stimulated to
produce antibody

(d) Vaksin yang mengandungi (j) Antiserum yang mengandungi

patogen lemah/ mati Bahan yang disuntik ke dalam antibodi atau antitoksin
badan
Vaccine that contains weak / dead Antiserum that contains antibody
Substance injected into the body
pathogen or antitoxin

(e) Perlahan Gerak balas perlahan/cepat (k) Cepat

Slow Slow / Fast response Fast

(f) Jangka panjang / (l) Jangka pendek /

Selamanya Sementara
Tempoh keimunan
Long Duration of immunity Short
term / term /
Forever Temporary

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 Sains Tingkatan 2 Bab 4

Tarikh:

AKTIVITI Keimunan Semula Jadi dan Keimunan Buatan

Perbincangan 4.6 Natural Immunity and Artificial Immunity
Masteri

1. Lengkapkan peta di bawah. TP 1

Complete the map below.

Keimunan
Immunity

Semula jadi Buatan

Natural Artificial
BAB

Aktif / Active Pasif / Passive Aktif / Active Pasif / Passive

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(a) Terhasil apabila (b) Terhasil apabila seorang (c) Terhasil apabila (d) Terhasil apabila
seseorang anak mendapat antibodi vaksin antibodi
sembuh daripada ibu melalui daripada individu
dimasukkan ke
daripada plasenta atau yang imun disuntik
dalam badan.
penyakit . susu Produced when a ke dalam badan
.
Produced when Produced when a baby gets vaccine is pesakit.
a person is antibodies from the mother injected into the body. Produced when the
recovered from a antibody from
through the placenta
disease . an immune individual is
or milk . injected into the patient’s
body.

2. Kenal pasti jenis keimunan di bawah. TP 2

Identify the types of immunity below.
antibody in the blood (%)
antibody in the blood (%)

Kepekatan antibodi
Kepekatan antibodi

dalam darah (%)

Concentration of
dalam darah (%)
Concentration of

Aras keimunan
Aras keimunan Immunity level
Immunity level

Masa (Minggu) Masa (Minggu)

Time (Week) Time (Week)

(a) Keimunan pasif semula jadi (b) Keimunan aktif semula jadi
Natural passive immunity Natural active immunity
antibody in the blood (%)

antibody in the blood (%)

Kepekatan antibodi
Kepekatan antibodi

dalam darah (%)

dalam darah (%)
Concentration of

Concentration of

Aras keimunan Aras keimunan

Immunity level
Immunity level

Masa (Minggu) Masa (Minggu)

Time (Week) Time (Week)
Suntikan kali Suntikan kali Suntikan kali Suntikan kali
pertama kedua pertama kedua
First injection Second injection First injection Second injection

(c) Keimunan pasif buatan (d) Keimunan aktif buatan

Artificial passive immunity Artificial active immunity

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 Sains Tingkatan 2 Bab 4

Tarikh:

AKTIVITI Kesan Pengulangan Imunisasi terhadap Ketahanan Badan

Perbincangan 4.7 Effects of Repeated Immunisation against Body Defence
Masteri

1. Graf respon imunisasi primer dan sekunder di bawah menunjukkan jumlah antibodi dalam darah Faezah dan
Nurul setelah mendapat dua suntikan vaksin.
The primary and secondary immunisation response graph below shows the amount of antibody in Faezah’s and Nurul’s blood after
receiving two vaccine injections.
Jumlah antibodi dalam darah
Amount of antibody in the blood Kekunci / Key
Faezah
Nurul

Aras keimunan
Immunity level

4
BAB
Masa (Minggu)
Time (Week)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Suntikan pertama Suntikan kedua

First injection Second injection

(a) Kenal pasti jenis keimunan yang diperoleh Faezah dan Nurul. Menganalisis TP 4
Identify the types of immunity obtained by Faezah and Nurul.

(i) Faezah : Keimunan pasif buatan / Artificial passive immunity

(ii) Nurul : Keimunan aktif buatan / Artificial active immunity

(b) Nyatakan inferens bagi jumlah antibodi dalam darah Faezah dan Nurul selepas suntikan pertama. TP 2
State the inference for the amount of antibody in Faezah’s and Nurul’s blood after the first injection.

(i) Jumlah antibodi dalam darah Faezah meningkat dengan banyak dan melepasi aras keimunan kerana
Faezah menerima suntikan serum yang mengandungi antibodi sedia ada.
The amount of antibody in Faezah’s blood increases more and is above the immunity level because she receives a serum
injection that contains readily available antibody.

(ii) Jumlah antibodi dalam darah Nurul meningkat dengan sedikit sahaja dan di bawah aras keimunan
kerana Nurul menerima suntikan vaksin dan badannya mengambil masa yang lama untuk
menghasilkan antibodi.
The amount of antibody in Nurul’s blood only increases slightly and below the immunity level because she receives a vaccine
injection and her body takes a longer time to produce antibody.

(e) Mengapakah suntikan kedua penting bagi Faezah dan Nurul? TP 2

Why is the second injection important to Faezah and Nurul?

(i) Faezah : Meningkatkan jumlah antibodi dalam darah bagi membunuh patogen dengan
berkesan kerana antibodi hasil suntikan pertama telah habis digunakan.
Increases the amount of antibody in the blood to kill the pathogens effectively as the antibody produced
from the first injection is used up.

(ii) Nurul : Meningkatkan jumlah antibodi dalam darah sehingga aras keimunan bagi tindakan
pencegahan di masa depan.
Increases the amount of antibody in the blood up to the immunity level for defensive
action in future.

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