Title: Adaptive Voltage Regulator for Inverters Operating in Islanded AC Microgrid with

Power Uncertainties.
Abstract: In an Islanded AC microgrid, uncertainties in electrical parameters usually occur due to source-side
and load power variation. An Inverter-controlled distributed generator (I-DG) with a conventional control
scheme can’t manage power fluctuations and voltage side disturbances, e.g. voltage dip, harmonics distortion,
and voltage imbalance. Therefore, the proposed inverter control scheme, designed for Solar PV and Battery
sources, has an adaptive decentralized voltage controller that manages proportional power among DGs even
under source-side power degradation, power reversal and load increment conditions. Considering the problems
due to frequency deviation and line impedance mismatch in the radial distribution network, the proposed
inverter control is based on angle droop characteristic with an adaptive voltage regulator function that can
manage voltage regulation, voltage balancing, and voltage total harmonics distortion (THD) originated from
balanced, unbalanced and non-linear load, respectively. The selectivity of the control coefficients in the voltage
regulator function has been developed using an Adaptive network-based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS). The
effectiveness of the proposed control scheme has been tested on the CIGRE, low voltage (LV) benchmark, radial
distribution system and experimentally validated on single-bus islanded AC microgrid.

Keywords: AC microgrid, voltage unbalanced, Voltage harmonics, ANFIS.

Introduction:
A microgrid in an advanced power distribution system integrates different energy sources to supply electricity
to consumers independently or in conjunction with the primary grid. In the microgrids designed for residential
distribution, renewable energy sources, such as Solar PV and Battery energy storage (BESS), are primarily used
as sources [1]. For that, I-DG controllers are tailored to the operational characteristics of the energy source and
are designed to manage DC-side uncertainties. Introducing various loads in low-voltage (LV) distribution
networks also affects the electrical parameters, especially with non-linear and unbalanced loads, harmonics and
negative sequence components, respectively, are developed in the voltage and current. Such undesirable
components result in distortion and asymmetry in waveform with improper power sharing among the
participating I-DGs in the AC Microgrid. However, an I-DG with an advanced adaptive control scheme can
reduce the adverse effects, like a power compensator to the distribution network.
For fair power sharing among IDGs, droop characteristics are suitable for multi-source AC microgrids.
However, negative sequence and harmonics components of current with impedance mismatch in distribution
networks disturb power contribution from each IDG. In these adverse conditions, virtual impedance is
commonly added to the control network []. The adaptation of virtual impedance in inverter control systems has
various methods. Conventionally, the control coordination among participating I-DGs follows a control
hierarchy where tertiary and secondary layers collaborate to command each local controller-based primary layer
[A]. The interaction between the control layer requires communication links, and due to data traffic, sometimes
communication delays occur between the controlling units. The studies discussed in [c1]-[c3] have configured
the inverter controller on a secondary layer distributed control to minimize data congestion in communication
and utilized virtual impedance to minimize power error due to unbalanced and non-linear loads. In advance,
event-triggered-based communication schemes with virtual impedance in feedback have been introduced in [01]
and [02] that only update the reference signal in IDGs under the increments of negative sequence and harmonic
currents. However, relying on communication requires additional infrastructure that increases the cost of
microgrid controllers. Therefore, decentralized controllers without a communication network in the primary
control layer are preferred for LV microgrids. The primary layer for the inverter controller usually consists of
inner control loops and an additional droop characteristics-based reference regulator. Techniques described in
[a1]-[a3] have reduced the negative sequence and harmonics components, especially using modified inner
control loops. However, the studies have primarily focused on the output voltage and current of the inverter,
irrespective of the power-sharing errors. Priority to power-sharing in the decentralized controller, the
collaboration of droop characteristics with virtual impedance has been addressed in [9] -[9.3], where the inner
loops are designed on PI (Proportional Integral) control.In contrast, IDGs with PR (Proportional Resonant)
control loops have collaborated with the virtual impedance, although with a specific selection methodology for a
better transient response. For example, the selection of virtual impedance in techniques [S1] and [S2] have used
a small AC signal (SACS) injection respective to negative sequence and harmonics. However, these advanced
techniques need a proper selection of high-frequency signals to avoid pulsation in selected virtual impedance. In
[b1] and [b2], the selection of virtual impedance has been made using a closed-loop transfer function, and for
the harmonics minimization, second-order high-frequency compensators have been introduced. The selection
criteria for such techniques are uniform, irrespective of the distribution line’s property and the formation of
distribution networks. For that, the techniques discussed in [m1] and [m2] have introduced a selection of virtual
impedance with separate droop characteristics for highly resistive and inductive distribution lines and are
suitable for multi-bus radial distribution networks. The selection of virtual impedance also affects the voltage of
IDGs operating in the islanded microgrid; consequently, the techniques described in [t1] and [t2] have
introduced different phases of virtual impedance that reshape the impedance with negative and harmonics
components and changes with load transient.
The disturbance due to frequency deviation is the common aspect that troubles the voltage controller in
collaboration with virtual impedance and (P-f ) droop control. The frequency as the control variable gets
unstable due to the small tolerance range for maintaining synchronism, as described in [x1]-[x2]. As a result,
control schemes discussed in [P1] and [P2] have chosen model predictive controller (MPC) over droop
characteristics for performance under negative sequence and harmonics. Another approach based on similar
operational conditions has introduced adaptive virtual impedance with angle droop control [R1]. These studies
have commonly considered fixed DC sources. To address the source power side variation due to unidentical
non-renewable sources like Solar PV and Battery, [L1] have introduced an ANFIS-MN (full-form) based
controller that manages current sharing under unbalanced and non-linear load. However, the study concentrates
on sources allocated to the single-bus system.
Considering the limitations of the existing control schemes, e.g. limitations of frequency droop
characteristics, source side power variability and load dynamics effect on multi-bus radial distribution network,
the proposed controller has salient features as follows:
1. It introduces an ANFIS-based voltage regulator that adaptively manages output voltage imbalance and
its distortion of IDGs under unbalanced and harmonic conditions.
2. Considering the disturbance due to frequency deviation, the proposed scheme has introduced advanced
angle droop characteristics that adaptively adjust the reference in the voltage generator under various
load dynamics and source side dynamics.
3. The effectiveness of the controller has been tested on an CIGRE LV residential testbed, which has
radial network and it validated on real real-time experimental setup .

The rest of the paper is as follows. Section II presents the concept of power-sharing, Section III proposed
control structure. Section IV. Proposed control system for DG unit. Section V is a performance analysis of the
proposed technique using simulation. Section VI is about hardware validation, and section VII, the conclusion
 II. Structure of proposed AC Microgrid.

The proposed islanded AC microgrid, designed for a low-voltage (LV) distribution network, primarily has
Solar photovoltaic (PV) systems and Battery energy storage systems (BESS) as a source to I-DG. As illustrated
in Fig. 2, a simplified single-bus model encompasses the integration of Solar PV and BESS, where Solar PV has
a chopper-fed inverter configuration and follows the MPPT algorithm to maintain DC link voltage [mine paper].
However, BESS with I-DG only relies on the local voltage controller. In addition, there are three distinct
loads,i.e. a three-phase balanced load, an unbalanced load, and a non-linear load powered by a rectifier. Notably,
variations in the source side power and each load influence the line current, impacting the output voltage and

power of I-DGs.

A. Load dynamics relationship to reference signal of IDGs

The simplified model of the proposed islanded AC microgrid is shown in Fig.2(a), which can be represented in
a two-source network as shown in Fig.2(b). The per phase complex apparent power delivered by the i th I-DG
with dependent source is presented in (1) where source voltage V ci ∠ δ i with current-dependent voltage
function V Ri ∠δ Ri manages proportional power contribution to load ( S L ) with contribution coefficient ( k i) i.e.
(2). Ideally, the PCC (point of common coupling) voltage V P ∠ 0 must be the same as the output voltage of I-
DGs to have the least circulating current, and to achieve it, the relation in (3a) has to be satisfied. For the
system having more than two DGs, Z eq ∠ θeq is equivalent impedance for parallel connecting sources other than
ith IDG as present in (3b). For long distribution system, the estimations of line impedance is difficult and
tunning based on the voltage function V Ri ∠δ Ri is the only aspect that manages voltage drop due to impedance
mismatch and power sharing.
Besides line impedance mismatch, the most critical parameter for selecting voltage and phasor reference is
droop characteristics, which rely on the load dynamics of the system. As per the concept of [np], the advanced
droop characteristics can be redefined in (4)- (5). The m v and n v are the droop coefficients that relate voltage to
active and reactive power dynamics, whereas m d and n d relate angle in terms of active and reactive power
perturbation.
 ¿
( V P ∠ 0 ) {(V ci ∠ δ i+ V Ri ∠ δ Ri)−V P ∠ 0 }
Pi− jQi = =k i S L ∠−φ L (1)
Z li ∠ θli

k i=
| |Si
S Gen .
(2)

k i Z li ∠ θli k j Zlj ∠ θlj

= (3a)
(V ci ∠ δ i +V Ri ∠ δ Ri)−V P ∠ 0 (V cj ∠ δ j+ V Rj ∠ δ Rj )−V P ∠ 0
∆Vi
=¿¿ (3b)
∆ V eq
L P L Ri +QL X i
∆ V i =V ci−V P=k i (4a)
¿ V P ∨¿ ¿
L P L X i−Q L Ri
∆ δ i =k i (4b)
¿ V ci ∨¿ V P ∨¿ ¿
L (5a)
∆ V i =mv ∆ PL + nv ∆ Q L
L (5b)
∆ δ i =md ∆ PL −n d ∆ QL

B. Effect of source side power and voltage variation on IDGs

Other than load variations, power and voltage also retards with inconsistency in the DC source. For Battery,
State of charge (SoC) reduction ( ∆ SoC ) follows the Coulumbs counting expression, which can be expressed
in (6a) and (6b) in terms of battery output power. The SoC determines the available battery energy; hence, based
on that reference angle, an IDG can be switched to charging and discharging mode following critical SoC (
SoCcr ¿ as present in (7).As per [rohit sir segan] the selection of critical SoC depends on voltage-SoC
characteristics of the battery that changes with battery capacity as shown in Fig.3(a) .
For Solar PV, MPPT maintains the DC link voltage through the chopper; consequently, the power ( P¿ PV )
expressed in (8),reduces with a fall in radiation intensity followed by MPP and IV curve shown Fig.3(b). The
PV current below the critical value causes a ripple in the chopper output voltage; therefore, Solar PV is operated
within the critical current as described in (9). Other than that, the three-phase IDG used for each source follows
relations (10) and (11) for the output power and voltage, respectively, where ¿ ¿) is the DC to AC conversion
efficiency, and m is the modulation index.

∆ SoC=
∫ P Bat .out dt (6a)

V DC C Bat .
∆ SoC (6b)
P DC . =V DC C Bat .
Bat
∆t

{
−δ o ,∧SoC ≤ SoC cr (7)
δ ref
Bat . ( SoC ) =
char..

δ o . ,∧SoC> SoC cr
disc

P¿ PV =V PV I PV (8)

{
ref 0 ,∧I PV < I PVcrit . (9)
V PV . ( I PV ) = droop
V PV . ,∧I PV ≥ I PVcrit .
P Inv. =(η¿¿ con)P DC ¿ (10)

V Inv( ph).=m √ V DC
2 (11)
3
C. The concept of adaptive voltage regulator

An unbalanced load develops a negative sequence current, whereas a converter-based non-linear load develops
harmonic currents with variant order. These undesirable currents develop an asymmetric voltage drop in the
three-phase distribution line and introduce low-frequency ripples. The reference selected directly from droop
characteristics mainly supports three-phase power dynamics, considering the system operates in a balanced and
harmonics-free condition. The addition of voltage function in series with source, as shown in Fig 2(b),
represents a voltage regulator that could minimize impedance mismatch and compensate for voltage drop due to
negative sequence and harmonics. Based on the line parameter connecting the IDG to the AC network, V Ri [ abc
]
is a three-phase voltage regulator matrix that relates to the difference between the source voltage and PCC
( abc
voltage matrix, i.e., ∆ V i = V Ci[ abc
❑ ])
]−[ V Pabc and voltage drop due to impedance. The extraction of
s m
negative sequence voltage from (12a) is presented in (12b), in which Zli is self and Zli is the mutual impedance
that gets a product with (3x3) unity matrix [I]. The simplified version of (12b) can be approximated as (12c),
acb

considering the negative sequence voltage difference ¿ ∆ V −¿∨¿

i
¿
¿ is quite small. The regulator voltage is
converted into a synchronous reference frame with Park’s transformation matrix [ T dq 0 ] and tunned with the
unb
constant k 1 .

[ V Riabc ]=[ V Ciabc ]−[ V P❑abc ]+ [ R li+ sLli ] [ I ] [ I abc

i ]
(12a)

¿ (12b)
¿ (12c)
¿ (13a)
¿ (13b)

For the harmonic component, (13b) can be redefined as (14), where the voltage regulator function is based on
the order of harmonics (h=5,7,11...). The aggregate voltage harmonics functions (14a) – (14c) can be illustrated
in (14d). The higher order harmonics have lower magnitude, whereas even harmonics have symmetry in half
cycles that don’t appear in the distribution system. In the case of triple harmonics and zero sequence
components, the inverter topology and line configuration (delta and star) can minimize the effect that is already
discussed in [three phase wala paper], and the reason it is not in the scope of the proposed technique.

¿ (14a)
¿ (14b)
¿ (14c)
¿ (14d)
The operation and interaction of the concept in a closed-loop control system are discussed in Section III,
unb h ar . h ar .
whereas the selection of voltage regulator constants ( i.e., k 1 , k 5 , and k 11 ) are mentioned in Section IV.
III. Architecture of the Proposed Control System

The proposed inverter control system shown in Fig.2 is an aggregate of the control units designed to manage
the electrical parameters and coordinates with participating IDGs. Except for DC side control, the control
scheme has a similar control structure for BESS and Solar PV. The salient features of the control units are
described in III A- III C.
A. DC Source Control

The source control has been distinctively designed for Solar PV and BESS sources. For Solar PV, the DC-DC
boost chopper operates following the MPPT algorithm discussed in [mine] for maintaining DC voltage and
providing the available power to the distribution network. The reduction of current with insufficient insolation
causes disturbance in power delivery due to the adjustment of the duty ratio w.r.t maximum power point. With
that, turning off the voltage reference in an inverter is necessary to stop undesirable power reversible and
voltage drops due to the inverter filter circuit. Hence, the PV current signal ( IPV) is continuously sent to the
inverter side controller and stops the operation below critical (IPVcrit) as demonstrated in Fig. 3(a), Section II B.
The BESS has better consistency in the output voltage than Solar PV, but with the degradation of SoC, the
voltage dips beyond the critical SoC as shown in Fig.3(b), Section II B. In such conditions, a change over to
charging mode is essential, which is done by SoC analysis based on (6) and (7). The evaluated value of SoC is
sent to the inverter controller to decide a power reversal by selecting a negative voltage angle reference.

B. Power and Droop Control

abc abc abc
The three-phase voltage and current parameters (i.e. V c , V l , I i ¿associated with line impedance
between the inverter and load bus (Z li=R li + jω Lli ) are primarily gathered and converted into stationary
frames for feedback of control loops consisting of the second-order proportional resonant controller. Meanwhile,
the same is also used to calculate active and reactive power, as expressed in (15a) and (15b). The calculated
power and its difference from the nominal power ( Pn−Pi , Q n−Q i ¿ gives power variation, i.e. mentioned in
advanced droop characteristics (5a) and (5b). The three-phase sinewave generator considers the voltage and
angle deviation calculated by the droop characteristics and is only suitable for three-phase load dynamics. In
addition to the reference signal, a switchover function related to the voltage and angle based on (7) and (8) is
part of the system which turns off the Solar PV and reverse BESS power in adverse conditions.

( 32 ) (V
(15a)
Pi= cα I iα + V cβ I iβ )

Q =( ) ( V
3 (15b)
i cα I iβ −V cβ I iα )
2

C. Inner Control

The double-loop control strategy is used as inner control for the voltage-controlled I-DGs, where the voltage
loop transfer function ¿ ) consist of proportional gain ¿) and resonant gain (k RV ), develops a current reference
signal for the current loop¿ ) made with proportional gain ¿ ). The second-order system is designed in the
stationary frame that receives the signal in αβ 0 and converts it into a three-phase reference signal for Sine
pulse width modulation (SPWM) with suitable magnitude using Kpwm. The primary role of dual loop control is to
adjust the voltage with the reference signal and maintain it in the current dynamics. The cutoff frequency (ω) is
kept closer to the fundamental frequency, and the damping factor ¿ ) is usually less than the unity for better
transient response in the inverter control system.

k RV s (16a)
G v =K PV + 2 2
s +2 εωs+ω
G I =K PI (16b)

D. Adaptive Voltage Regulator

This part of the controller contains two important units, i.e. first, the voltage and current symmetrical and
harmonics component extraction unit and second, the Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) based
coefficients selection unit. The details of each are as follows:
a) V-I symmetrical and harmonics component extraction unit
 The symmetrical component extraction process follows the Fortesque theorem for symmetrical components
where the voltage and current phasor have been converted to positive, negative and zero sequence components
following (17). The negative sequence current and its phasor are extracted and converted into the three-phase
sine wave current signal. However, the negative sequence voltage is used for the selection unit for evaluating the
voltage unbalanced factor presented in (18). In the same way, the multiple-order harmonics currents are
extracted using the harmonic analysis of the Fourier series described in (19a)-(19d) and used to develop multiple
three-phase high-frequency sine wave current signals followed by harmonic order h. In contrast, voltage
harmonics determine the effective voltage THD in the selection unit, followed by the expression (20).
The three-phase sine wave generated from negative sequence current and various harmonics order currents are
finally converted to a stationary frame using Clarke’s transformation to develop expressions (13) and (14) for
unbalanced and harmonics voltage regulators, respectively.

¿ (17)
−¿∨ ¿ ¿
+ ¿∨¿ X100 ¿
(18)
VUF %=¿ V ¿V ¿
¿
11
a
f h ( ωt )= o +∑ {a h cos ( hωt ) +bh sin ( hωt ) } (19a)
2 h=1
11
2
a o= ∑ {f h ( ωt ) } (19b)
h h =1
11
2
a h= ∑ {f h ( ωt ) cos ( hωt ) } (19c)
h h=1
11
2
b h= ∑ {f h ( ωt ) sin ( hωt ) } (19d)
h h=1

√∑
11
2
Vh
h =2 (20)
V THD = ❑ X 100
V 1

b) ANFIS-based coefficients selection unit

 unb
−¿(k ¿ ¿1 )¿¿
In ANFIS prediction, the voltage regulator function in terms of coefficients (i.e. V Ri ,

V (k ¿ ¿ 5 )¿, V (k ¿ ¿7 (k ¿ ¿ 11 )¿ ¿ are used as the inputs, whereas their respective VUF

5 h ar 7 h ar 11 h ar
Ri Ri ), V Ri
% and VTHD% (i.e. (18) and (20) respectively ) values are used as the training data. The membership function
is based on three triangular functions with hybrid optimization and 1000 epochs for four inputs. The complete
process in layers is shown in Fig. 4, where the final output function f(V) must be minimum for a suitable
combination of voltage with coefficient.

IV. Simulation on the radial distribution network

 Performance on radial distribution network is based on MATLAB simulation, implemented on modified
islanded CIGRE LV European residential benchmark with multiple DGs allocated as shown in Fig. 4. The main
parameters of the simulation are given in Table:1. The case studies related to power and voltage dynamics are
described in Sec IV A- IV D.

Table I: Simulation Parameters

DC link Voltage V dc =1000V BESS 550 kWh
Nominal AC volt. Vrms=415 V (L-L) Total base load 404 kVA
Nominal frequency ω=2π50 rad/s Proportional gain KPV=KPI=2
LC filter (all units) Lf =1.4mH, Rf= 0.01Ω, Cf =431 µF Resonant gain KRV=50
Line impedance Ll =0.1mH, Rl= 0.01Ω, Damping factor ε =0.7
Switching Droop mv=50,
fs=2kHz coefficients nv=50,
Frequency fsw
md=50,
Solar PV 298 kW nd=50

A. Power Dynamics Performance Evaluation

i) Power contribution from IDGs with source-side operational uncertainty

In this case, the output power from each IDG has been tested after temporary variations in solar radiation
and battery charging conditions. The primary aim of the case study is to determine transient power flow and
contribution from each IDG while having such source-side power uncertainties. Initially, the output power from
each IDG is equal (i.e. S=120+48i kVA) due to similar capacity and remains constant in the base load condition.
During the interval t=1-2 s, the solar radiation falls from 900 W/m 2 to 500 W/m2, which mainly reduces active
power. However, due to the MPPT algorithm and DC-DC boost converter, the voltage perturbation is less,
which doesn’t significantly affect reactive power. In the proposed scheme, the remaining BESS-based IDGs
share the power deficiency without any power transient. After t=3s, the radiation returns to the 900W/m 2 and
IDGs operate to the nominal power in the interval t=3-4 s. At t=4s, the SoC of BESS-2 falls below critical SoC
❑
( SoC< SoCcritical), which sets the voltage angle negative (i.e. δ Bat .=−δ 0char .) making the BESS-2 in charging
ref

mode. The reversal power flow in BESS-2 causes significant power deficiency, and using the proposed control
approach, power is shared with the least transient and remains constant in the interval t=4-5s. The complete
scenario of power variation due to source-side uncertainty is presented in Fig. 5(a).
Following the same scenario, the proposed control described in [s1] causes irregular power contribution in
the interval, i.e. t=1-2s. The power transients are observed in the output of IDGs associated with BESS-1 and
solar PV during the interval t=4-5s. The BESS-2 switchover disturbs the power contribution of other IDGs, as
presented in Fig.5(b)

ii) Power contribution from IDGs with load variations

Different load increments in a multi-bus radial distribution network affect the power contribution of IDGs.
In this case, a specific type of load has been increased after each second. At t=1s, a three-phase balanced load of
80+50i kVA has been introduced at R4. Afterwards, an unbalanced single-phase load of 120+20i kVA and a
non-linear uncontrolled rectifier with 70kW load have been added at t=2s and t=3s, respectively, on the
specified location (i.e. R3 and R11, respectively). Finally, at t=5s, an induction motor of 35 kW has been
introduced at location R18. The power output from each IDG with the sequence of events using the proposed
control is presented in Fig.6(a) while using the control technique discussed in [s1], the output is presented in
Fig.6(b).
Output active and reactive power using the proposed droop characteristics is relatively more proportional
than the technique discussed in [s1]. It can be observed at t=2s, where BESS-2 designed on a frequency-based
controller gives more active power than the remaining IDGs. However, after t=4s, the active power contribution
of solar PV-1 is less compared to the other participating IDGs. On the contrary, using the proposed angle-droop

characteristics, active power contribution remains almost close to each other and reactive power has a slight
increment with load dynamics.

B. Bus Voltages with Load Dynamics

i) Voltage regulation with load dynamics

Following the load increment scenario discussed in IV A(ii), introducing loads causes a voltage drop,
disturbing the bus voltage regulation at the load side. However, the output voltage across the source is
maintained using the inverter control strategy of IDGs, as shown in Fig.7. Using each proposed scheme, the per-
phase maximum voltage (Vmax) gets reduced at t=3s when a non-linear load is introduced. Although such voltage
deviation using the proposed control scheme is within 10% of the nominal value following IEEE Std. 1547 []
and presented in Fig7(a). With the frequency-based controller discussed in [s1], the deviation is slightly more, as
observed in the interval t=3-4 s of Fig.7(b).
The bus voltage at the load side suffers more voltage drop than the source side. Fig 8(a) presents the bus
voltage at the load using the proposed control scheme, whereas Fig 8(b) is based on the technique discussed in
[s1]. The proposed control scheme has maintained bus voltage with minor deviation till t=4s in all specific load

buses. However, using [s1], the voltage gradually reduces with the increment of loads. After t=4s, the addition of
induction motor load causes a significant voltage dip at R18. The proposed control scheme recovers such
voltage dip with lesser voltage drop, representing better voltage regulation, as shown in Fig.8.

ii) Voltage imbalance and harmonics minimization

The voltage regulator explained in III D utilizes an ANFIS-based selection scheme that can compensate for
the voltage imbalance and harmonics at the load buses. Negative sequence and harmonics significantly affect
the load side; hence, the specific load voltage and its components have been described in detail.
The unbalanced load of 120+20i kVA is introduced at R15 across phase c-n of the radial distribution
network at t=1s, which disturbs the voltage asymmetry and increases the negative sequence voltage, as shown
in Fig. 9(a). The unbalanced voltage regulator activates after an intentional delay at t=2s. The voltage setting
for negative sequence voltage using coefficients by ANFIS is presented in Table-II. The improvement in
voltage symmetry and the reduction in the negative sequential components are shown in Fig. 9(a). As per (18),
the VUF is around 0.9%, which is suitable as the range described in IEC Std. 61000-2-2 [rohit sir virtual].
The non-linear load of 70kW is introduced at t=3s on the R11 bus, and the voltage regulators with different
ordered harmonics coefficients mentioned in Table-II are activated at t=3.2s, which improves the voltage
sinewave and reduces the voltage harmonic components as shown in Fig. 9(b). The voltage THD after the
proposed scheme is reduced to 3.1%, and each harmonic voltage magnitude is less than 5% of the fundamental
voltage following IEEE Std. 519-2018 [].
 The voltage regulator function is effective for unbalanced and non-linear loads that can maintain the
sinewave within an execution time of 0.04 s.

Table-II: Parameters associated with voltage regulator

S.No. Voltage regulator function Magnitude Frequency Coefficient
unb
1 −¿(k ¿ ¿1 )¿¿ 40 V 50 Hz 0.8
V Ri

V (k ¿ ¿ 5 )¿
2 5 har 12 V 250 Hz 4
Ri

V (k ¿ ¿7 )¿
3 7 har 8V 350 Hz 11
Ri

V ( k ¿ ¿ 11 )¿
4 11 har 5V 550 Hz 30
Ri

V. Experimental Validation

The experiment setup is based on a two-source multi-load circuit, as shown in Fig.1 . The I-Tech emulators
are used as BESS and Solar PV, and SEMIKRON IGBT-based converter and three-phase inverters are used for
suitable power conversion. The PWM control for each converter is provided using dSPACE-1104 with feedback
provided by LV-25 and LA-55 voltage and current sensors. Performance has been performed in low voltage
ratings with low ampere resistive loads for safety. The experimental parameters are mentioned in Table-III.
A. Current sharing with load dynamics

In this case, each inverter’s output phase current is analyzed in load increment condition. For the analysis,
phase “a” current from the inverter’s output is measured using a current clamp meter with a setting of 20mV
=0.33A.Initially, both currents are at a similar magnitude and after the addition, a load of three phase star
connected load of 50 Ω, increases and remains same till existence, as shown in Fig 10. The equal increment is
due to similar capacity and the proposed droop control strategy, which maintains a proportional contribution
from each unit.

Table III: Experimental Parameters

DC link Voltage Vdc=70V O/p power from 20W
BESS
Nominal AC volt. Vrms=25 V (L-L) Total base load 70 Ω star connected
Nominal frequency ω=2π50 rad/s Proportional gain KPV=KPI=1
LC filter (all units) Lf =12mH, Rf= 0.01Ω, Cf =60 µF Resonant gain KRV=100
Line impedance Rl= 0.1Ω, Damping factor ε =0.7
Switching Droop mv=0.1,
fs=2kHz coefficients nv=0.01,
Frequency fsw
md=0.5,
O/p power from nd=0.02
20W
Solar PV

VUF=7.5% VUF=0.9% VHD=11% VHD=3.1%

B. Performance with unbalanced and non-linear load

In this case, the voltage across PCC is presented in scope with an unbalanced and non-linear load and
compared with the voltage waveform after using the proposed control scheme. Fig. 11(a) presents the voltage
waveform of individual phase voltage at PCC when a single-phase load of 50 Ω is connected across c-n with the
existing three-phase base load of 70 Ω (star). The voltage at phase c is less due to more current drawn in phase
unb
¿
c. Using the proposed control scheme, the voltage regulator setting is V Ri−¿(k ¿1 )=¿ ¿¿2.5 V (at 0.4) at 50 Hz,
which maintains voltage symmetric, as shown in Fig. 11(b).
Similarly, the presence of a non-linear load disturbs the per-phase sine wave, as shown in Fig.12(a) and
using the proposed control scheme and voltage regulator selection ( i.e. V Ri (k ¿ ¿ 5
5 h ar
)¿ =2.5 V (at 0.10) at
250 Hz and V Ri (k ¿ ¿7 )¿ =0.98V (at 0.80) at 350 Hz ), the output voltage waveform and effective voltage
7 h ar

THD is improved, as shown in Fig.12(b).

C.

VII. Conclusion

In conclusion, this manuscript presents a comprehensive solution to the challenges faced in

islanded AC microgrids, particularly in low-voltage distribution networks. The proposed inverter
control scheme, tailored for Solar PV and Battery sources, addresses uncertainties arising from
source-side and load power variations. The adaptive decentralized voltage controller effectively
manages power fluctuations, voltage dips, harmonics distortion, and voltage imbalances. The
control coefficients, crucial for the voltage regulator function, are determined using an Adaptive
network-based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), ensuring adaptability to diverse conditions. The
structure of the proposed AC microgrid, incorporating Solar PV, Battery energy storage systems
(BESS), and an Inverter-controlled distributed generator (I-DG), is designed for optimal
performance in a simplified single-bus model. Three distinct loads, including balanced,
unbalanced, and non-linear loads, are considered, reflecting real-world scenarios. The
experimental validation on a single-bus islanded AC microgrid and testing on the CIGRE low-
voltage (LV) benchmark radial distribution system demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed
control scheme. The concept of the adaptive voltage regulator introduces a novel approach to
handle challenges associated with unbalanced and non-linear loads. The regulator matrix
effectively compensates for voltage drops due to negative sequence and harmonics, contributing
to improved voltage regulation, balancing, and reduction in total harmonics distortion (THD). The
detailed analysis of the regulator voltage extraction and transformation processes, considering
negative sequence and harmonic components, provides insights into the robustness of the
proposed technique.
Overall, the presented work contributes significantly to advancing the understanding and
practical implementation of inverter control schemes in islanded AC microgrids, offering a
promising solution for enhancing the stability and reliability of low-voltage distribution networks.
Future research directions may explore further optimizations and extensions of the proposed
technique to address evolving challenges in microgrid systems.