Lensenhancement

LENSREFLECTI ONSANDANTI REFLECTIVECOATINGS

Refl
ecti
onsar etroublesometot hewearersbecause:
i
)Produceghosti mage
i
i)Fal
sifi
cat
ionofi mageposition
i
ii
)Hazeandl ossofcont r
ast
i
v)Producev eil
i
nggl are

Refl
ect
edi mageistr
oublesomet oaspectaclewearerundert
hefol
lowi
ngcondi
ti
ons:
i
)Therefl
ectedi
magei slocat
ednearafixatedobject
i
i)I
t’
ssuffici
ent
lyi
ntensetostandoutfr
om i tsbackgr
ound
i
i)I
tisinfocusorcapabl
eofbei ngmadecl earbyaccommodation.

Ty
pesofsur
facer
efl
ect
ions:

1)
Imagef
ormedbyal
i
ghtsour
cei
nfr
ontoft
hel
ens,
for
medbyt
woi
nter
nal
ref
lectionsi nit
iall
ybyt hebacksur f
aceandthenbyt hefr
ontsurfaceoft hel ensand
i
ntot heey e:
Iti
sof tenr eferredt oast hedoubleint
ernalr
eflect
ionghostimage.Ther eflected
i
magei ntensi t
yi s0.17%oft heint
ensi
tyoftheincidentli
ghtforcrowngl ass.Though
rel
ati
v elylowi ntensi t
y,thisref
lect
edimageisoneoft hemostt r
oubl esomeoft he
ghosti magesar i
singfrom al i
ghtsourceinfr
ontoft heeye.Everylenspr esents
ghosti magesoft histype,butformostpower s,oflensestheimagesar enoti nfocus
andthei ntensi tyissol owt hattheimagesarenotseen.

2)Imageformedwhenl i
ghtpassesthrought helens, i
sr efl
ectedbycor neaandthe
refl
ectedi
ntot heeyethebacksur faceoft helens:
Ifnolossoflightoccursbyabsor pti
ont heintensi
tyoft heref
lectedimageis0.09%of
thatoftheincidentl
ight.Ift
hefrontsurfaceoft hecor neahasar adi
usofcur vat
ure
of8mm, t
hecat optr
icpoweroft hecorneai sabout250. 00Dwi ththeresul
tthatthe
corneaformsani mageoft herealsourceatadi stanceof4mm behi ndtheapexof
thecornea.Thissmal limagebecomesasour ceofr eflecti
onatt hebacksurfaceof
thelensandhencei sr efl
ectedbackintotheey e.

3)magef ormedbyl i
ghtr ef
lectedfrom thecorneaandtheni nt
ernal
l
yrefl
ectedbythe
fr
ontsur f
aceoft helensandi ntotheeye:
Aswi t
hghosti mageno. 4,thecorneafor msani mageofar ealsour
ceapprox.4mm
behindthev ert
exoft hecorneawhi chthenbecomesasour ceofrefl
ect
ionatthe
fr
ontsur f
aceoft helens.Thei nt
ensit
yoft hi
sghostimagef orcrownglassi
s0. 08%
ofthatincidentl
ight
.Thisty peofghosti magemay bedispl
acedbyangl i
ngtheframe,
bychangi ngthelensf or
m orbychangi ngthev er
texdi
stance.

4)Imagef ormedbyl i
ghtcomi ngf rom behindt hespect aclesl ensandr eflectedby
thebacksur faceoft hel ensintot heey e:
Ani magef ormedbyt her efl
ect i
onf rom thebacksur faceoft helenshast hehi ghest
i
nt ensityofanypossi bl
espect aclelensref l
ectionwhichi s4.3%oft heint ensityof
thei nci
dentl i
ghtf orcrowngl ass.Whenl enssizeswer esmal l,
thistypeofr eflect
ion
wasnotapr oblem, butwi thlargerl enssizesnowi nused, somewear ersf ace
probl ems.Forexampl e,whenf acei sstronglyillumi
nat ed, refl
ectedi magesoft he
ey esoradnexamaybeseenbyt hewear er.
For t
unat el
y,theconcav ebacksur facesusedf ormostopht halmiclensest endt o
l
imi tthedi r
ectionsf r
om whi chi ncidentlightmayber eflect edintotheey e
Fitti
ngt helensesascl oset otheey easpossi bleandsl ight l
y“ f
acef ormi ng”t he
framet endst or educet helikelihoodofr eflect
ionsent eringt heey e.

5)magef or
medbyl i
ghtcomingfrom behi
ndt helens, undergoi
nginternalreflecti
on
bythefrontsurf
aceandref
ractedbythebacksur facei ntotheeye:
Thisref
lect
ionissomewhatlessint
ensethant hereflectiondescri
bedabov e.The
i
ntensit
yofthisimageis3.
94%oft heinci
dentlightforcr ownglass.Neitheroft hese
twotypeofimagesf or
medbyt hebacksurfaceoft hel ensisordi
naril
ytroubl esome
tothewearer.

Otherr
efl
ecti
on:
Thewear erofaf
lattopbifocal ort
ri
focal
lensmaybesubj
ectedto
ghosti
magesandflar
ecausedbyr efl
ecti
onsf rom t
hesegmenttop.The
manufactur
ermayaddressthi
spotenti
alproblem byangli
ngthet
opofthesegment
andbyplaci
nganabsorpti
vecoat
ingont opoft hesegmentbefor
ethesegmentis
f
usedi
ntot
hecar
ri
erl
ens.

METHODSTOCONTROL
1)Basecurveselect
ion
2)Alt
erat
ionofpantoscopictil
t
3)Changi
ngt hevert
exdistance
4)Sel
ecti
onofsmal llenssizes
5)Pati
enteducati
onandcounsel l
i
ng
6)Anti
ref
lect
ivecoati
ngs

Ant irefl
ect iveCoat i
ng: Opt ical principl eofARCaccor dingt ot hepr incipleof
i
nt erference.Twocondi tionsshoul dbesat isfied:
1)Ampl itudecondi ti
on
2)Pat hcondi t
ion
AlthoughanARCdoesnotcompl etel yelimi nat eghosti magesi tcanr educet he
i
nt ensi tyenoughsot hati tsnotbot her somet ot hewear er.
Accor dingt othepr incipleofi nterfer ence: whenev ertwowav esofequal i
ntensityor
ampl it
udepr oducedbyamonochr omat i
csour cear esuper imposed, neut rali
zati
on
(cancel lat i
on)occur sift hepat hdi ffer encei sanoddnumberofhal fwav elengths
andr einfor cementoccur si fthepat hdi ff
er encei sequal toanev ennumberofhal f
wav elengt hs.Inaddi t
ion, whenl i
ghti sr eflect edf rom asur facewi thani ndexof
refract i
onhi ghert hant hei ndexoft hemedi um i nwhi cht hel ighthaspr eviously
travel l
ed, aphasechangeof180degr eet akespl ace.Whent her eflectingsur facehas
al oweri ndexofr efractiont hent hei nci dentmedi um, nophasechangeoccur s.When
at ranspar entcoat ingi sappl i
edt ot hesur f aceofanopht halmicl ens, twor ef
lection
wav esoccur s,onef rom t hef rontsur f
aceoft hecoat i
ngandonef rom t hei nterf
ace
bet weent hecoat ingandt hel ens.Accor dingt ot hepr inciplesofi nterfer ence, t
het wo
reflect i
onwav escancel oneanot heri ftwocondi tionsar emet :
1)t heampl i
tude
condi t
ionr equirest hatt het wor efl
ect i
onwav esmustbeofequal ampl i
tude
2)ThePat hcondi tionr equi r
est hatt het wor eflect ionwav esbeonehal fwav elength
outofphase.
Exami nat ionoft heampl itudet ellst hei ndexofr ef ractionoft hecoat i
ng, t
hepat h
condi t
ionr evealst hepr opert hi cknessoft hecoat ing.
Howdoesi
twork?(Fig)
ABM NAir(Na)Cancel
lat
ionPOXX’
Coat
ing(
nc)¼wav
elengt
hRei
nfor
cementKL
YY’Gl
ass(
Ng)QR

Producti
onofARCongl ass
1)Cl
eant helensthoroughly
2)Placeinthev acuum chamberandremoveall
theair
3)Heattoabout300Cf orhar
dness
4)MgF2pel letsareheatedtoabout2500Cforvapor
izati
onwhichdeposi
tsont
he
l
ens
5)Thicknesscanbeconf i
rmedbya)Observ
ingthecolouroft
heli
ghtref
lect
edf
rom
l
enssur f
aceb)Phot oelectr
iccel
l

ProductionofARConpl asti
c
1)CR-39l ensesar eheatedtol essthan100C( Excessiv
eheati
ngmayl eadtol ossof
stabi
lit
yandopt ical charact
eristi
c)
2)lensesar eboiledf or2hour storemovewat ervaporandvol
ati
leor
gani c
compounds
3)Processcar ri
edoutwi thelectronbeam evaporat
ionsour
cesandmi cro-
processor
control
ledmoni toringtechnique
4)ThincoatofNaO2( Quart
z)i sappli
edforhardnessonwhichtheARCi sgiven
Ascratch-
resi
stantcoatingi sal socalleda'hardcoat'orper
magar d.Plast
icl
enses
aremoresusceptibl
et oscr atchest hanglasslensesandcanoccurf rom anytypeof
cont
act—ev enjustcleaningy ourlenseswiththewr ongtypeofcloth
Thevastmajori
tyoflensscr atchesar eduetor ubbi
nglenseswithgritonthesurf
ace
andlay
ingthespectaclesf acedown.

Hydr
ophobi
ccoat :Hydr
ophobi
ctopcoatonanynumberofanti
-ref
lect
ionv acuum
l
ayer
s(metaloxi
des)-har
dcoati
nglay
er-adhesi
onl
ayer-
lenssubst
ratelessthan
1/
300tht
hethicknessofahumanhair

Mul
ti
-l
ayer
,mul
ti
-f
unct
ionalcoat
ings
I
npr actice,mostmoder ncoat i
ngsar emul t
ipur pose, i
nthattheycombi nemostof
thepr operti
esdi scussedi nthisarti
cle,andcoat i
ngt echnologi
esav ai
labl
epermit
l
ensmanuf acturerstoappl yav astcompl exityofl ay
er sbycombi ni
ngv ari
ouspai
rs
ofthickandt hi
nl ayersalongwi thahar dcoat, vari
ousadhesi onlayersandtopcoats
(Fi
gur e5).Al owl evelofr ef
lecti
onist husachi evedov erawi derangeof
wavelengt hs,creatingal enswi t
hbr oadbandRFqual it
ies,gl
ass-l
ikeabrasi
on
resi
stance, wat erandgr easer epel
lence,antistaticandasuper -
smoot htopsur
face.

Agoodqual
i
tymul
ti
-l
ayercoat
ingshoul
dhav
ethef
oll
owi
ngat
tri
but
es:
i
)Lowl
umi
nousr
efl
ect
ance
i
i
)Goodscr
atch/
abr
asi
onr
esi
stance
i
i
i)Goodhy
drophobi
candol
eophobi
cpr
oper
ti
es
i
v)Hi
ghdegr
eeofl
ayeradhesi
on
v
)Goodov
eral
lcl
eanabi
l
ity
v
i)Goodl
ong-
ter
m dur
abi
l
ity
v
ii
)Consi
stentr
efl
excol
our
.
AdvantagesofARC
i
)Bett
ercosmesi s
i
i)Bett
erv i
sion–increasedtr
ansmission–reducedsecondar
yref
lect
ions(
night
dri
vi
ng)–r educedsideglare–reducedeyeball
refl
ect
ions

DrawbackofARC
i
)Ithaslessdur
abi
li
ty
i
i)Diff
icul
ttocl
ean

Scratchresist
ance:Varioust estshav ebeendevelopedtomeasurethescrat
ch
resi
stanceofal ensmat eri
al.Theol destandmostof tenquotedi
sMoh’shardness
scale.I
tratesamat eri
alsurfacehar dnessonascal eof1t o10withtal
chavi
nga
rati
ng1anddi amond10.Mostopht halmicl
ensmat erial
srat
ebetween4and5on
thi
sscale.
Someoft hemet hodsbymanuf acturersi
nclude:

1)TheTabert est :Anabr asionwheel appl

iedtothesur f
aceunderameasur ed
amountofpr essur e.Itwasor i
ginal
lydesi
gnedt otestpaint.
2)TheBay ert est :
Lensesar esecur edtoanoscill
atingpancontaini
nganabrasiv
e
mat er
ial.Ast andar dl ensisusedasacont rol
.
3)Thest eelwool test:Apadofst eelwool ofacertaingradeisappl
iedwit
haf i
xed
pressuret othesur faceandt hescr at
chedsurfaceiscompar edtoascale.
4)Thet umbl et est:Lensesar etumbl edinabar r
elcontaini
nganabr asi
vemix.
5)Theer asert est:Anabr asiveer aserisr
ubbedont helenssurf
aceatagiven
pressure.

Ultr
a-Vi oletAbsorpti
on:Lensmat er
ial
v aryintheirult
ra-vi
olet(
UV)absorpti
on.
Plasti
cl ensesabsor bmor eUVthanglass, wit
hpol ycarbonatecut
ti
ngoutall
radiati
ont oabout390nanometers.CR-39wi l
lcutoutUVt oabout360nm but
requiresacl earUVcoat i
ngtoabsorball wavelengthsofUV.
UVr ay sar eresponsi
bleforanumberofocul arcondi t
ions,suchaspter
ygium and
cataract s.

Asanat uralprotectionmechani sm, thecorneaofy ourey eabsorbsalloftheUV- B

andmostoft heUV- Ali
ght.Butsomeoft heUV- Alightr eachesthelensoft heeye,
andovertimet hisabsor pti
oncanl eadt ocataracts.Thesmal lamountofUV- Athat
getspasty ourcorneaandr eachest heret
inacanev entuallyl
eadt omacular
degenerati
on, t
hel eadingcauseofbl i
ndnessinpeopl eol derthanage65.I ntense
andprolongedexposur etoUVr adiati
oncancauseei thercanceroft he
eyeorphot okerati
tis,whichisbasicallyasunburnony ourreti
na.Becausei toccurs
mostoftenwhenaper sonisout si
deonbr ightwinterday ,
withsunli
ghtglaringoff
thesnow, thi
scondi tioniscommonl yknownassnowbl indness.

AgoodUVcoat
ingony
oursungl
assescanel
i
minat
eUVr
adi
ati
on,
andy
oushoul
d
checktomakesur ethatyoursungl
assesf i
lt
erout100percentofbot
hty
pesofUV
rays.Thereshoul
dbeast atementonthelabel t
ell
ingyouhowmuchUVpr ot
ect
ion
thesunglasseshave.Youwant100-percentprotecti
on.