All Important discussion mcqs of kaps for all Grp :

1- Drug for Rosacea :

Isotretinoin , Metroindazole, Doxycycline , Ivermectine , Brimondine , Azeliac acid
2- Gingko biloba not use din abdominal spasm
3- High water solubility of sodium salicylate
4- 2% adrenaline give rapid mydriasis by decrease formation of aqeous humor by vasoconstriction
5- Inflammation of synovial fluid called Rumatoid Arthritis
6- To reach Css we need 4-5 half life
7- Amoxcillin oral give best absorption if taken with food especially with carbohydrate while
ampicillin or flucloxillin taken empty stomach
8- Absorption of drug max in duodenum while vitamin max in ileum
9- Drug that worsen skin sunburn are doxycycline , ketoconazole
10- Alkalination of urine increase elimination of acidic drug like acety salicyclic acid
11- Morphine need dose adjustment in renal failure patient
12- Atropine dose of 2-3 mg for the treatment of bronchospasm while 0.5 – 1mg for bradycardia
13- Drug accumulation in plasma after chronic use depend on elimination half life
14- At isoelectric point protein will prescipitate
15- Girls has itching test revealed trichomonas use tinidazole instead of clotrimazole while
clindamycin used in bacterial infection
16- Conscious anesthesia used propafol + midazolam
17- Nitroglycerin available in sustain release tab , spray , transdermal and oral
18- Amiodarone need to monitor blood or x-ray chest
19- In diabetic inspidius thiazide acts as antidiuretics hormone which decrease GFR and increase
reabsorption of Na, water and treat Diabetics insipidus
20- Ezitimide is more potently low LDL from circulation
21- Hyperchylomicronemia is treated by low Fat diet
22- Not a common SE of aspirin is urticaria while with Diphenoxylate + Aspirin most common is
urtiacria
23- Clarithromycin taken with food while azithro or erthro without food
24- Change in ions cause hyperkalemia in cancer cells
25- In renal failure increase in PO4 , K, Uric acid or acidosis while decrease in Calcium or
hyponatremia
26- Rash after 10 days due to cefazolin mediate by T-cell
27- Restriction endonucleasis responsible for cleavage or cut of DNA at specific sites
28- 5% dextrose solution added to blood product to prevent hemodialysis
29- Colloidal silver micelles of silver suspended in liquid
30- In cold sore Famciclovir topical is more effective but inconvenient
31- Not relate to structure of streptomycin is viomycin
32- Severe dehydration include lethargy , confusion, coma
33- Metabolism increase in cystic fibrosis

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 34- Vit c utilized iat increase rate during common cold and infection , protect against scurvy ,
irreversible oxidize to oxalic acid . wrong about Vit c is reversible oxidize to oxalic acid
35- Clotrimoxazole is a bacteriocidal by reducing folic acid synthesis
36- Pertussis is G -ve bacteria
37- Mediation cause acute renal failure are amphotericin [ mostly] then Vancomycin
38- Wrong about antifungal cream are Contraindicated in Pregnancy
39- To find diasteriomer use formula [2n]-2 while isomer [2n]
40- Safest antidepressant in pregnancy is duloxetine
41- M.acidosis caused by Persistant diarrhea while alkalosis by vomiting
42- In aspirin toxicity we use KCl , NaHco3, activate charchol while not used in children is adetate or
acetazolamide
43- In pregnancy All use antidepresant Ssri except paroxetine , Snri , Tca all safe while Sertraline
safest in breastfeeding
44- Damage of protein due to oxidation , metabolism due to deamination while change in temp,
vigorous shaking due to denaturation
45- Clonidine used in migraine as prophylaxis
46- Sodium polystyrene sulfonate is used to treat toxicity of Li and also in hyperkalemia
47- Nadolol, atenolol, Satolol is hydrophilic while propranolol, metroprolol, atenolol is lipophilic in
nature
48- Role of Ca in Edta increase Stability while Na, N role as increase solubility
49- Vit c ring is insaturated lactone ring while celexocib has pyrazole ring
50- Patient more than 60yrs is vaccinated annualy with chronic pulmonary ailment with influenzae
51- Which antiviral safe in pregnancy is Acyclovir
52- Thiocynate is metabolite of Na Nitroprusside
53- Benzoic acid is soluble in mineral oil
54- NaHco3 form salt with ibuprofen
55- What is C.I with psyllium is hypokalemia
56- Aqeous solution of Phenobarbital is acidic while Na salt of phenobarbital is basic
57- Herpes zoster pain management use capsaicin cream
58- Drug combine with morphine to reduce illegal selling is Methadone
59- Saturation of substrate leads to No change
60- All Aminoglycosides cause concentration dependent antimicrobial effect
61- All cephalosporin need dosage adjustement in renal failure while ceftriaxone or cefoperazone
need in liver failure
62- Heparin need dose adjustment in hepatic failure
63- Nifedipine decrease afterload , GTN decrease preload while Na nitreoprusside , Acei decrease
both pre and afterload
64- What dilates blood vessel without increase heart rate is CCB
65- What is not the effect of BB in Angina is decrease heart contraction
66- An aqeous solution of Na salt of sulfonamide is strongly basic
67- Solvent used wiith hydrocortisone for Iv injection is Propylene glycol
68- Treatment of pencillinase producing staph or pencillinase resistant penicillin is Augmentin

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 69- Counselling for Anti-dandruff is Selenium is cytotoxic
70- Fentanyl is similar to pethidine [ mepridine ]
71- Vit D in Hypoparathyrodism and its analogues Calcitriol in hypopara, 2ry hyperpara ,
hypocalcemia , plaque psorasis while paricalcitol in 2nd hyperparathyrodism
72- PTH in hypopara while calcitonin in hypercalcemia , paget disease [ as a natural product] and
osteoporosos
73- SE of TCA [ sweating, Dry mouth , Constipation ], Not a SE [ Salivation , diarrhae ] while SE of
Ssri [ Diarrhae , sedation ] and least SE is [ constipation and insomnia ]
74- Dapagliflozin SE is UTI and not a SE is cough
75- Steady state of theophylline depends on Weight, smoking and Age
76- T half of ASA in blood is 30 mints
77- Seizure may be induce by hypoparathyrodism [ not by hyper ]
78- Promote induction in synapse by acetylcholine [ not by glutamate ]
79- Not a shape of urea crystal is tricyclic
80- Mood elevator in Senile dementia is CCb
81- Moa of ccb in angina is Relax smooth muscles and reduce O2 demands
82- Vagus nerve stimulate cause increase in secreation , decrease HR through M2 inhibitory
receptor , Bradycardia through M3 receptor and induce vomiting
83- Not have Active metabolite is [ Acyclovir ,Temazepam , Nifedipine , Phenytoin , Gentamicin ,
Oxazepam and PCM ]
84- Anti nausea for last trimester in pregnancy is Metoclopramide while not used is Diclofenac
85- Toxic dose of PCM cause hepatic failure
86- Chronic ttt of metastatic or Patent ductus Arteriosus [ PDA ]use Indomethacin injection while
Acute ttt of metastatic use Fentanyl
87- Not dissolve in Aqeous solution is Diazepam then Phenytoin
88- In Zero order [ non-linear PK] , T half is Dose dependent and Elimination rate is drug plasma conc
independent while in 1st order [ linear PK] T half is Dose independent and Elimination rate is
Conc Dependent
89- Amoxicllin or ampiciilin is Broad spectrum AB while Ticarcillin , Piperacillin and Carbencillin is
Extended Sprectrum
90- Increase Digoxin toxicity [ 1st Ca gluconate then thiazide use ]
91- Benzodiazepine + food delay absorption and metabolize by Liver
92- Omeprazole used OTC in Breastfeeding mother tried Antacid and Ranitidine with no benefits
93- Ion trapping [ Alkalinzation of uric acid ,excretion of weak acidic Drug ]
94- Plasma concentration after Iv bolus depends on Dose and Vd
95- Phospholine Iodine store at 2-8* ….
96- Orange secreation indicates bacterial infection used Metroindazole
97- Safest analgesic for GIT 1st Celexocib then Meloxicam while among Non selective use Ibuprofen.
98- Ttt of HSV in eyelids use iodoxoridine
99- Base used in Hydrocortisone ointment is Cetomacogol
100- Psoriasis cause Infiltration of T- Lymphocytes and Increase in Keratinocytes
101- Dobutamine acts on both Beta and alpha Agonist

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 102- Acid Stable : Penicillin , Pencillin V , Oxacillin , Dicloxacillin, Amoxicillin,
Ampicillin,Carbencillin, Naficillin , Flucloxacillin
103- Acid Labile : Penicillin G , Methicillin , pipericillin
104- Acid penicillinase Resistant : Oxacillin, Cloxacillin, DIcloxacillin , Flucloxacillin, Naficillin
while Methicillin is Penicillinase resistant but Acid Labile
105- Penicillin V : Pencillinase sensitive while Acid Stable
106- Amoxicillin : Alone Acid Resistant/ Stable but Penicillinase Sensitive while Co-amoxiclav
is both Resistant
107- UTI in enterocous Facialis ttt by Cephalexin , Trimethoprim, Nitrofurantoin
108- HS encephalitis for Vidarabine then acyclovir
109- Least affect oral SR Absorption is Half life
110- Not symptom of pyelonephritis is Oliguria
111- TNF alpha [ etnracept ] or X-mab [ Rituximab] used in RA . Q asked in Exam after MTX
failure use Adalimumab
112- Iv mannitol for forced diuresis and NaHco3 for Alkalinizatiom
113- Doxapram increase both rate and depth of Respiration
114- Nitrofurantoin safe in pregnancy except in 3rd trimester
115- Clonazepam and haloperidol used in bipolar depression but SSRI not used
116- Which herbal remedy not used with ethinyl estradiol is Valerian, Black cohosh, Saint
john wart, Ginseng and soya bean
117- Vaginal Thrush use Clotrimazole cream while give OTC nystatin for oral thrush after
antibiotics course
118- Decrease Kidney perfusion due to decrease in efferent tone and Glomerulus tone
119- D-propoxyphene for Antitussive while L-propoxyphene for Analgesic
120- Corticosteriod causes : HTN, Edema , Osteoporosis, Hypokalemia, skin atrophy, Na –
H20 Retention and Hyperglycemia
121- Bond b/w organophosphate and choline is O2 with esterostic site while Bond b/w
Organo and enzymes is Irreversible Covalent
122- Anti convulsant used in M.Gravis is Locasamide
123- All treat seizure in M.gravis except BNZ
124- Prednisolone doesn’t cause Remission , Gold cause Remission while MTX cause and
maintain Remission
125- Vigabatrin moa : Inhibit GABA Transaminase
126- Ethylene oxide is only Gas sterilize used because it is Explosive, Sporocidal , Toxic and
Carcinogen
127- Blood dysariasis symptoms include Sore throat and Fever
128- Long term Diabetics check by Glycosated HB [ HbA1c ]
129- Migraine with cluster headache used Triptans , Acute attack used Ergot, Triptans and for
prophylaxis used Methylsergide , propanalol, Verapamil, Tca, Clondine, Cyroheptadine
130- Systolic Refers as Ventricular Contraction
131- Bismuth subgallate used as astringent

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 132- Doxycycline affect oral Estrogen supplement by Alternation of gut flora so decrease
estrogen Absorption but if getting in Exam without Flora then go for Enterohepatic circulation of
Estrogen
133- Iodine uptake in thyroid can be inhibited by High dose of KI
134- Moa of benzodiazepine by stimulate GABA
135- Drug against nausea not used in 3rd trimester is Sumatriptan, Prochlorprazine
136- Cox 2 selective is Piroxicam and selective is Celexocib, Meloxicam , Rofecoxib
137- SE of betaxolol is Aortic Stenosis
138- Entantiomer have same chemical and physical properities while Racemic have same
chemical but different Physical Properities
139- Glycerin is Alcohol
140- Glucose, Sucrose, urea are non-electrolyte and weak electrolyte are Mg-Sulphate ,
Ephedrine
141- Ttt of Amebiasis is Tinidazole
142- Best H2o soluble is Sodium salicylate
143- On long term use of corticosteroid causes Osteopenia, Thinning of skin and increase
susceptibility of Infection
144- Methyl cellulose +PABA= Complexation
145- Uv range [ less 280 ] cause cell lysis while range from [ 280-315nm] cause DNA damaging
146- Drug for hemodialysis is More H20 soluble , Low Vd , Low M.wt and Low PPB
147- Sulfone formation is in-vivo due to oxidation of mercaptopurine
148- Have same chemical or Physical properities called conformers and difference in rotation
around the bond
149- Chloramphenicol in conjunctivitis use without Restriction in Age
150- Isoprenaline metabolize by Comt and stable at Mao
151- Non-polar ---- More lipophilic --- More absorbed and Acidic [ low pH ] better absorption
in Acidic stomach
152- Stock law factor affecting are : Specific Gravity, Particle size, Difference in density b/w
medium viscosity
153- Aminoglycoside mainly taken in twice daily while in disease condition taken OD
154- Child Toxicity in order are : 1- Digoxin 2- Quinidine 3- Organophosphate
155- Barium salt soluble in stomach : BaSO4 [ least soluble] , BaCO3 [ more soluble]
156- Metronidazole SE : Neurotoxicity
157- Antiviral for Covid ; Molnupiravir 200mg
158- BB and CCB except dipines caused bradycardia and dipines like Nifedipines, amlodipine
caused Tachycardia while BB+CCB [ neg chronotropic , Additive bradycardia ]
159- Benzoyl peroxide counseling : Avoid contact with hairs
160- Pt has RA & acute leukemia and take MTX which should be avoided in RA therapy :
Sulfasalazines
161- Iv push all : Gentamicin;, Furosamide, Cefazolin while Salbutamol [ Iv bolus }
162- SE of mRNA vaccine : Pericarditis
163- Ibuprofen get eliminated by Active Metabolite

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 164- Least used in TB is Azithromycin, Linezolid
165- Nasal Estradiol cann’t be used as Contraceptive
166- Hep A vaccine at 12 month – 18 month while Hep B [ Birth, 2, 4, 6 month] or interval
b/w 8 weeks
167- Dexa is 4 times more potent than methylprednisolone
168- Prednisolone acetate more potent than Dexa then Beta in Eye while Clobetastol most
potent in skin . among mineralocorticoid more potent is Flurdicortiscone
169- Adrenaline : Iv, IM not Sc and Atropine : Iv, IM while Adrenaline Autoinjection : IM, SC
and Atropine Autoinjection : IM
170- FSH controlled by Estrogen, Progesterone and FSh secreted by Anterior Puitary
171- Isomer has following Properities : Has same M.Wt , Has plain of asymmetry, Has chiral
carbons
172- Shinny scale associated with Psoriasis
173- Pre systemic Metabolism or 1st pass effect avoid by Sublingual Tablet
174- Active product of Marijunana is 9 Tetrahydrocannabinol
175- Transferrin refers to Transport of Iron in blood and store of Iron by ferritin
176- Diasterisomer : Has 2 chiral carbon/center , Not a mirror image, Not superimposed and
Optically Active , Have Different geometry, Physiochemical properties
177- Enantiomers: Has 1 chiral center, Mirror image, Not superimposable and Optically
Active , Have same Physiochemical properties but different geometry
178- Meso compound: Optically inactive, Mirror image to itself and atleast 2 chiral centers
or even number [ 2,4,6 ]
179- Racemic Mixture: Same chemical but different physical properties , Optically inactive
180- Not true about Linezolid : Available IV only , and Nephrotoxicity is not a common SE
181- Action of Epinephrine mainly B1 in low dose , Alpha receptor in High dose , Action on
Heart through B1 while non-epinephrine action mainly Alpha and little on B1
182- Unionized form mainly Absorb while Ionize [ Polar] are Excrete
183- Mebeverine cause cardiotoxicity
184- All Acei are prodrug except Captopril , Lisinopril and Captopril are only Acei that is taken
more than once and Fosinopril only Acei that are Excreted by Bile
185- Nacl Saline for irrating Tissue , No antiseptic
186- 2nd line ttt of Depression is Clozapine
187- Serotonin Physiological action in our body: Blood vessel vasoconstriction, Smooth
muscle constriction and platelets Aggregation
188- Vit A SE is : Conjuctivitis
189- Diabetics+ HTN= Acei or Arb
190- Cystic fibrosis : decrease Albumin while Hypothyrodism increase Albumin
191- Piroxicam once daily while Naproxen twice daily
192- Amiodarone has –ve Iontropic Effect
193- Cocaine has both nasal & topical use
194- Common degradation[ pharmaceutics Prep.] rex is Hydrolysis while Common metabolic
rex is Oxidation

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 195- Chronic Alcohol [ Inducer ] while Acute Alcohol [ Inhibitor ]
196- Bioavailability increase by increase Lipophilicity and increase Absorption
197- In Iron deficiency Anemia --- High transferrin , Low Ferritin
198- Encephalopathy is Reversible Life long deterioation rex while Nephropathy and
Retinopathy are Irreversible Rex
199- Drowsiness not a SE of Prednisolone
200- In R. alkalosis kidney compensate through increase Bicarbonate excretion , decrease H+
excretion and increase its Reabsorption
201- Epinephrine is derivative of Phenylethylamine while Amphethamine is derivative of
Phenylprophylamine
202- Not for tachyarrythmias is Atropine , Acei like Perindopril
203- What cause Glomerulus nephritis is Cisplatin
204- Hydralazine used in HF while C.I in MI, Angina
205- Vsasopressin decrease with D. inspidus
206- V.Hypertrophy is Left sidef HF , Diastolic more common than systolic and Systolic more
Dangerous than Diastolic
207- Least cause spina Bifida is Lamotrigine and most by Valproic acid
208- Thiazide and Acei need to be reduced initial dose in HF
209- Nitrazepam is not used for ttt of insomnia in Elderly pt but we can used Lorazepam
210- Estradiol metabolized by Estrone
211- HTN counseling is : Ttt decrease chance of Stroke
212- Anti emetic chemotherapy : Prochlorperazine, Setron class , Metoclopramide,
Nabilone, Dronabinol, Dexa & Methyprednisolone , Haloperidol and Aprepitant
213- Mifepristone is Anti progesterone & has Anticortisol action used in Cushing syndrome
214- Chlamydia trichromatic D.O.C [ Azithro ] while Chlamydia Pneumonia used Doxy or
Clarithromycin
215- Digoxin cause Hyperkalemia while Hypokalemia increase Digoxin Toxicity
216- Non selective Alpha blocker= Tachycardia while selective Alpha blocker= No tachycardia
217- D.O.C in Focal[ Partial] = Carbamazepine , Tonic clonic = VPA, Absence= Ethosuximide,
Infantile spasm= Prednisolone, Status Epilepticus= Diazepam[ IV, Rectal], Midazolam[IM or IV]
as 1st line then used Phenytoin
218- Alpha blocker& Acei cause Hypotension on 1st dose
219- Increase P.coefficient = Increase Passive Absorption
220- Camphor soluble in Alcohol but not in water
221- Alkaloid soluble in Alcohol but poor water Solubility
222- Hyperreflexia occur only with Maoi
223- Gentamycin active Against P.aurgenosia, Endocarditis , E coli and Viridans
224- Acute management of anxiety by Lorazepam
225- Bupropion and Varinicline both used in Smoking cessation
226- Meningitis: Rifampicin & cipro for Prevention 1st and then for Ttt used Ceftriaxone
227- Hepatic Cirrhosis + Edema+ Ascites = use spironolactone
228- Sildenafil C.I with nicroandil, nitrate nut not C.I with Nitrofurantoin

7
 229- Boric acid Emulsion cause Rash
230- Heparin [ IV, Sc] or LMWH [ SC ]
231- Advantage of LMWH over UFH: Predictable effect so no need for monitoring , No need
for antidote [ Protamine Sulphate], Mainly SC so used by outpatient easily , Less bleeding, Less
HIT, Less osteoporosis and Better bioavailability …… Not a Advantage is Can be given IM
232- Lignocaine Absorbed from Mucous
233- Alpha agonist & BB both don’t change Eye pupil size
234- Meloxicam [ Dose dependent] response then Celecoxib
235- Not used for CMV is Famciyclovir
236- Not associate with Cardiac toxicity is Valproic Acid
237- Initial plasma concentration= Dose & vd , Steady state or chronic conc depend =
elimination half life and Loading dose = Plasma conc or vd
238- Verapamil+ Digoxin cause Additive –ve dromotropic effect or chronotropic , effect on AV
node , increase Digoxin Level and cause Heart block
239- Nitrate used in Acute episode of Angina in topical., Oral and sustain release formulation
240- Oral candidiasis ttt prescription drug for oral thrush = Amphotericin [ Lozenges] ,
miconazole [ safe in pregnancy ] topical and for severe condition use Fluconazole [ oral/Iv]
241- Tubular Secretion is only active Saturable process
242- Both codeine & Tramadol less potent than Morphine
243- Weight Gain = Sulphonylureas
244- More hypoglycemic effect by insulin [ 1st ] then Sulphonylureas
245- Cardiac Glycoside has Lactone ring
246- G –ve nature = Minocycline , Aminoglycoside, Quinolone
247- Doxycycline for Prop. Of malaria use 100mg OD for 4 weeks
248- Pt. on Digoxin best to avoid Toxicity: Not for Prophylaxis --- Give Antibody , Not
effective ---- Acute hemodialysis , Not recommended---- Cardioconversion …. What should done
[ Stop digoxin , use Lidocaine or Phenytoin , use Antidote immune Fab ]
249- Li+ Nsaid = Moa is decrease Blood flow due to inhibit PGs
250- Meclobamide differ than Phenelzine is Selective with less Food Rx
251- Wrong about Left Av is Open when Ventricular ejection
252- If to change the opioid dose Regiment : Start with 50% of Equianalgesic Dose
253- Not happen with High dose of Nor triptylline : Salivation, Hyperpyrexia, Diarrhae,
Constrict pupil
254- Chlorpromazine doesn’t cause HTN
255- Amitriptylline and Naltrexone cause most insomnia and least by Acamprostate
256- Tardiva dyskinesia ttt by BZD, Baclofen, Reserpine
257- PCM mechanism of Toxicity by Bind to cellular Protein
258- Role of Corticosteroid is Intermediate in Metabolism
259- Perindopril is least used in Angina
260- PCM 1ST In OA and least use in RA
261- Most –ve Ionotropic is Verapamil and Most Decrease Conduction also by Verapamil
262- Theophylline cause Hypokalemia and Hypercalemia

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 263- Tyroxine dose needs to increase in Pregnancy
264- Not SE of Prednisolone is Dry mouth, Urine Retention
265- Gabapentin ---- Not metabolize by Liver
266- BB not Appropriate in Angina because Decrease HR so increase diastole prolongation .
BB+ Nitrate together use decrease diastole volume
267- Tremor is SE of B2 agonist and BB decrease it
268- Which Immunoglobin not available in Serum is IgE
269- Varicella, Zooster vaccine are Frozen while Small pox is Refrigerated at 2-8*C
270- Complexation most common in Amines
271- Liquid Paraffin Insoluble in Ethanol
272- To increase Absorption of oral drug make it enteric coated , increase Lipophilicity and
salt form to increase Solubility
273- Morphine, Codeine, Buprenophrine and oxycodone has least opioid to cause Serotonin
Toxicity while Dextromethrophen, Fentanyl, Pethidine and Tramadol cause more Serotonin
Toxicity
274- Causative Agent of Impetigo is ----- Staphylococcus Aureus and Streptococcus Pyrogen
275- T4 dose should be increase in pregnancy and T3 should be avoided , Both used in
Hypothrodism , T3 is potent than T4 and T4 has longer duration than T3
276- When Pka increase: Ionization and Acidity Decrease , P. Coefficient Increase while
When Pka decrease: Ionization and Acidity Increase , P. Coefficient Decrease
277- Increase PH on salicyclic acid: Increase Ionization and Drecrease P. Coefficient and Also
remember PH & Pka are in inverse Relationship
278- Drug Decrease aqeous Humor production: BB, A2 agonist and Carbonic anhydrase
inhibitor while Drug Increase Aqeous humor Outflow: Non specific A.Agonist [ Epinephrine],
Pilocarpine , Carbacol, Echothiophate and PGs [ Lantanoprost]
279- Drug for Open angle Glucoma : BB [ Timolol], PGs, CAI [ Acetazolamide]
280- Drug for Closed angle Glucoma: Pilocarpine, Physiostigmine, Alpha 2 agonist[
Brimonidine], BB [ Betoxolol, Timolol ] and Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitor [CAI]
281- Not used in Narrow Angle is Latanoprost while Not used in Open angle is Tropicamide
282- Vaccine: Live [ Attenuated] are MMR, CHICKEN POX , TB [BCG], YELLOW FEVER, SMALL
POX AND ROTA . These vaccines are C.I in Pregnancy & HIV patient and made from Live viruses
While Killed [ Inactive] vaccine are: Influenza A and B, PERTUSIS, PLAQUE, HEPATATIS A,B ,
RABIES, CHLOREA And Q fever . These vaccines can be given in Pregnancy &HIV patient and
made by microbes killed by heat and chemicals
283- Preservative: Chlorocresol [ 0.1%], Benzalkonium Chloride [ 0.5 %], Chlorhexidine [
0.01%], Phenyl Mercuric nitrate [ 0.002%] Cetrimide [ 0.005%] and Na edetate [0.1%]
284- Immediate Release tablet rate limiting step is dissolution while Coated tablet has
Disintegration
285- Hypoglycemia caused by Meflouine while Hyperglycemia by Epinephrine, Loop &
thiazide diuretic , INH, Clozapine, Niacin, Cortiosone , Protease Inhibitor and Propanlol mask the
hypoglycemic effect

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Disease and treatments:
1-*Impetigo___treatment by Mupirocin, Penicillin G benzathine, Cotrimoxazole

2-*Cellulitis, Folliculitis___ Flucloxacillin

3-*Croup Disease___ Dexamethasone

4-*Legionella___ First Amoxicillin then Doxicycline or Clarithromycin

5-*Lyme,Q fever, RMSF___ Doxycycline

6-*Pseudomembranous colitis___ Metronidazole [IV], Vancomycin [Oral]

7-*Pyelonephritis___ IV Amoxicillin+Gentamicin

8-*Shingles___ Aciclovir, Valaciclovir, Famciclovir At 72 hr

9-*Whooping cough___ Macrolides

10-candidiasis ---- Clotrimazole (vaginal Cream),nystatin (topical), fluconazole (ora]

11-C-diffi----------metronidazole Iv, Vancomycin Oral and caused by Clindamycin , Peniciilin v etc

12-Chlamydia pneumonia- 1st Doxycyclin, clarithromycin

13-Meningitis-----rifampicin[ Prophylaxis], Ceftriaxone for treatment

14-Viridans or pseudo aeruginosa infection----..ttt by Gentamycin

15-Cmv for Hiv pt.-- --- Gancyclovir, valagancyclovir

16-Otitis media-----Amoxicilin ,if allergic then clarithromycin

17-Sjogren syndrom------Pilocarpine , Cevemelin

18-Psoriasis- ---- Salicyclic acid, cool tar, dithranol, tazarotene

19—Shingles ---- Gancyclovir not used (most repeated), Treatment By acyclovir, famiclovir,
valacyclovir within 72hrs

20-H pylori------ Tetracycline+bismuth subcylate +metronidazole +omeprazole (quadraple therapy)

---[triple therapy] is Amoxicillin+ Ppi + Clarithromycin If Penicillin allergy then add Doxycycline

21-Bacterial vaginosis- ---Clindamycin or metro (vaginal) / metro (oral)

22-Bacterial fragilis----- oral clindamycin , oral tinidazole, cefoxitin(last wave exam), Moxifloaxcin and
Trovafloxacin

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23-Cmv with retinitis --- 1-Cidofovir 2- Fomiversin 3- Gancyclovir

24-Aspergillosis------ Ampho B or Fluconazole

25-pinworm------Mebendazole

26-Rocky mountain fever----Doxycycline

27-anarobic Uti-----Cefoxitin, Timethoprim and Nitrofurantoin

28-Aminoglycoside resistance---- By Cefoxitin

29-Surgical prophylaxic- ---Use Cefazolin

30-Non-gonococcal urethritis---- Doxy /Azithromycin

31-Gonococcal infection- ---- Ceftriaxone + Azithromycin + Doxycycline ( Penicillin allergy pt) and

Amoxicillin+ Doxy ( For non Penicillin allergy pt )

32-Acute cystitis ---- Use Cehalexin...but cephalexin is resistant to actinobacter

33-Obsessive C. Disease ---- Fluvoxamine and clomipramine

34-Urgency by anti cholinergic:

1- Oxybutynin

2- Darifenacin

3- Tolteradine

4- Solifenacin

##Noctural enuresis ----- 1- Desmopressin then Imipramine

35-SIADH ----- caused by Cyclophosphamide, carbamazepine and choropropamide and

Ttt by Demeclocycline, conivaptan

36-Patent ductus arteriosus ----- ttt by indomethacin injection

37-Serotonin syndrome ----- ttt by benzodiazepine and cyproheptadine.

38-Neuroleptic malignant syndrome---- cause by Most by Antipsycotics [ Chlorpromazine] , Li and

Ttt by Bromocriptine , Dantrolene

39-EPS [extrapyramidal Syndrome] ----- ttt by profenamine , Tetrabenazine And Anticholinergic

minimizes EPS

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40-Central Diabetes incipidus ---- cause by decrease ADH and Ttt by Desmopressin

41-Nehrogenic diabetes inspidus---- cause by kidney not respond to ADH , increase water excretion ,
hypernatremia ... Major cause is Li And Treatment by HCTZ or amiloride

42-Hyperprolactinemia ----- Caused by Haloperidol.( D antagonist) And Ttt by Bromocriptine also save
in pregnancy ( D agonist) and cabergoline ( Ergot Derivative )

43-Hookworm : Single dose of albendazole or 3 day course of pyrantel or mebendazole

44-Roundworm: Single dose of albe or pyran or 3 day course of mebendazole

45-Strongyl: Single dose of ivermectin or 3 day course of albendazole for children or

immunocompromied patient

46-Faciola hepatica "liver fluke": Just by Triclabendazole

47-Threadworm: Single dose of albendazole or mebendazole or pyrantel repeat ttt after 2 weeks

48-Whipworm: 3 day course of albendazole or mebenazole

49-Pinworm --- Mebendazole

50-Thread , hook , round worm ---- Pyrantel pamoate

51-Ventricular tachycardia not used is Verapamil , Dilitazem, digoxin

52-For supraventricular Arrythmias ---- ttt by Verapmail, dilitazem , adenosine and metroprolol

53-Ventricular Tachycardia---- ttt by Lidocaine, amiodarone , phenytoin

54-Atrial fibrillation---- ttt by Amiodarone, Verapmail, digoxin and propanalol

55-For ventricular Fibrillation---- ttt by Amiodarone, epinephrine and lidocaine

56-Not for taccharrythmia --- Atropine and Acei ( Perindopril)

57: Anaphylaxis reaction- ---- Epinephrine then dopamine

58 Agent decrease NH3 in hepatic encephalopathy:

1- Lactulose

2- Sodium benzoate

3- Sodium phenyl acetate

4- L- Carnitine

59-Drugs for rosacea :

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##Isotretinoin

1-Metronidazole

2-Doxycycline

3-Azeilac acid

4-Ivermectin

5-Brimonidine topical

#Contraindicated are hyrdocortisone, betamethasone,dexamethasone, beclomethasone

60-Treatment for sickle cell anemia----1mg folic acid, hydroxyurea, pentoxyphylline

61-Polycythemia ---- ttt 1- by Hydroxyurea then Busulfan ( 2mg/day )

62-Ttt of intermittent claudication by Pentoxyifyline

63-Intermittent porphyria---- ttt by

1- ketamine

2- Propofol

3- Enflurane

C.I in porphyria is thiopental and Barbiturates

64- Doc for Hypotensive stock ---- 1- Nor epinephrine then Epinephrine then Dopamine then add on
Dobutamine ( 2-20mcg/ kg/ min ) last line

65-Pneumonia jirovci --- used in ttt cotrimoxazole , pentamidine

66-HTN+Diabetes----- Ttt Ace inhibitor

67-HTN+ANGINA--- ----Nifedipine

68-HTN+ANGINA+ARRYTHMIA- ---- Verapamil

69-HTN+ANGINA+MI--------Ttt by atenolol

70- Lice ---- ttt by permethrin 1% and for scabies 5%

71-Huntington ------ttt by Terbenazine

72-Zonas pneumonia ---Ttt Amoxicillin

73-Addison disease : Ttt hydrocortisone

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74-Cushing syndrome: Ttt Metyrapone

75-Paralytic ileus : Ttt Vitamin B5 [pantothenic acid]

76-- Cystic fibrosis- Dornase alpha and Inhale Acetylcysteine

77-Used in retinitis related to HIV----Cidofovir

78- Hodgkin' -----Ttt by procarbazine

79- Sinus --- ttt by Oxymetazazoline , Epinephrine nasal drops

80- Raynaud's disease- Ttt by CCB And contraindicated with bb

Important metabolic Reaction :

1-Estrogen—-hydroxylatin and glucorinidation—also sulfation

2-Paracetamol—-glucorinadation in adult and sulfation in infant---At high dose hydroxylation to

hepatotoxic compound (NAPQI)

3-Isoniazid—-Acetylation (slow is neurotoxic and fast hepatoxic)

4-Drugs that undergo acetylation DHIPS—Dapson ,hydralazine, isoniazid, procanamide and

sulphonamide

5-Ibuprofen / steriod-----Hydroxylation and glucuronidation

6- Morphine—-oxidation then conjugation with glucuronic acid

7- Procaine and succinylcholine —plasma hydrolysis. Or ester hydrolysis

8- Procainamide—hydrolysis and N-acetylation

9- Benzoic acid—-ester glucuronidation

10- Amphetamine—-oxidative deamination

11- 6-mercaptopurine——Glutathion conjugation

12- Epinephrine ——oxidation also [COMT methylation to norepinephrine] and glucuronidation

13- Aspirin —-One pathway is hydrolysis and Ether conjugation

Other pathways—Glycine-/ glucuronide /sulfate conjugation

14-Chloramphenicol (similar to PCM) sulfate and glucuronidation

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15- Bilirubin- Direct glucuronidation

16- Thioguanin----Methylation

17- Phenytoin—Oxidation and Sulfation

18- Imipramine demethylation to desipramine

19- Barbiturate—oxidation and sulfation

20- All BDZ undergo glucuronidation

21- Temazepam--- glucuronidation and N-dealkylation

22- Indomethacin—O-demethylation and N-dealkylation

23- Thyroxin----Deionidation

24- Phenobarbital undergo hydroxylation and glucorination

25- Phenol-----glucorinidation and sulfonation

26- Estrogen undergo Hydroxylation then sulphate or gluconide conjugation

27- Dabigatran metabolize by Conjugation ( phase 2 ) by the liver

28- Reduction of sulfasalazine gives sulphapyridine and 5ASA

29- Diazepam ----Dealkylation then glucorination

30- All bzd undergo glucurinidation

31- Gentamycin doesn’t undergo acetylation

32- Lactic acid ( optical active ) undergo oxidation into pyruvic acid ( optically inactive )

Name of common oxidation reaction :

1- All type of hydroxylation

2- Epoxidation

3- S ,O , N dealkylation

4- S, N oxidation

5- Deamination

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6- Dehalogenation

7- Xanthine and Alcohol oxidation

34- Common Reduction reaction :

1- Disulfide bonds reduction

2- Aldehyde and keto reduction

3- Nitro reduction

4- Azo reduction

35- Common hydrolysis Reaction :

1- Ester hydrolysis
2- Amide hydrolysis
3- Epoxide hydrolysis

36- Common Phase 2 reaction :

1- Glucorination

2- Sulfation [ Sulphate Conjugation]

3- Amino acid conjugation

4- Glutathione conjugation

5- Methylation

6- Acetylation

Classification of anti histamine:

- 1st generation antihistamines:
1- Ethanolamines ---- Diphenhydramine , doxylamine , clemastine

2- Alkylamine ----- Bromopheniramine , chlorpheniramine , Triprolidine

3- Piperazine --- Hydroxyzine

4- Piperidine ---- Cyproheptadine

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 5- Phenothiazine ---- Promethazine

2nd generation antihistamines:

1- Piperazine ---- cetirizine , levo cetirizine
2- 2- Piperidine ----- Loratadine , fexofenadine , dex Loratadine

Important Interaction:
1- Bb + Acei = No interaction
2- Bb + Verapamil = C.I
3- Bb + Nsaid = Increase B.P
4- Nsaid + Acei = Increase B.P with Renal failure
5- Aspirin + Sulphonylureas = Hypoglycemia
6- H2 inhibitor [ Famotidine, Cimitedine] = No interaction because Digoxin is P-Glycoprotein and
not a substrate of Cyp
7- H2 blocker + Ketoconazole= Decrease ketoconazole absorption because it required acidic
medium for absorption
8- Opioid + MAOB= Serotonergic effect
9- Omeprozole + Fluconazole = Increase omeprazole level
10- Theophylline + rifampicin = Decrease theophylline blood level
11- Verapamil + HCTZ = No interaction
12- Verapamil + Digoxin= Increase Digoxin level
13- Digoxin + Spironolactone= Increase Digoxin Toxicity
14- Warfarin + Theophylline= No Rx
15- Theophylline + Digoxin = No Rx
16- Cimetidine + warfarin= Decrease metabolism
17- Cimetidine + Digoxin= No Rx
18- Digoxin + antacid= Decrease digoxin
19- Levodopa + antacid= Increase Absorption
20- Erythromycin+ Zafirlukast= No Rx
21- Ginko biloba + Warfarin = Increase INR
22- Verapamil has least effect on vessels
23- Estrogen + Rivaroxaban= No Rx
24- Acei + Furosamide = Hypotension
25- Grapefruit juice not interaction with Warfarin, Digoxin, Phenytoin
26- Digoxin + Neomycin = Decrease Digoxin

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 The plan i follow during kaps preparation :
Start Preparation at least 4 months before upcoming intake and study with Lippincott
1st Do Lecture 6 7,8,9,10,11,12 ,13,14 ,15 ... All these lec are basically summary of Lippincott...
All these lectures are Available in drive of Kaps for all grp . Along with lec read the same chapter
from Lippincott....
Then Do calculation along side with Lecture
Lec ( Lippincott)+ Calculation ( Apec ) [ 1st month of Preparation]
Within 1 month u cover all the apec calculation and also Lippincott complete book

Then next month Focus on chemistry notes along with pharmaceuticus ... Within 15 days u cover
these 2 also ...
Then Start with latest recalls and Important Cyp enzyme, interaction , Dosage etc ....
Within 2 months you cover all the syllabus... Now it is time to revise so revise accordingly to
your plan and Most important Participate in Grp discussion

Pharmacology 1st start with ANS , then CVS then CNS then lec 10 ( antibiotics enough no need
to study from book ],Diabetics, Respiratory Drugs, GIT , Gout, Autocoids and physiology cover
through Introduction session of each chapter .
I study all these from latest version of Lippincott [6&7] And most of exam Q are from Antibiotics

CPR just for calculation Ch 1,5 and Ch 2 for pharmaceutics nothing else and in real exam asked
basic information Like Moa of Omeprazole , Aspirin , dipyridamole etc
For Chemistry Ch 2 of pharmacy Review [All Mcqs came as it is in real exam] and Notes on
chemistry are in drive Also Alla nasr file last pages structure only
Just know the basic Structure of each class and then properties of sterio chemistry only
Paper is base mostly on basic knowledge just have grip on basic and then calculation and last in
every module around 40-45% from recalls and other from book but easy just make the concept
clear
For Pharmaceutics : Lecture no 3+ Ch 2 Cpr only . These 2 are more than enough then recalls
For calculation: Logain File all Calculation[ V.Imp] , Ch 1,5 [ Crp] Apec All chapter but mainly
ocus on Ch[ 3,4,6,7,8,9,10,11] and kaps sample paper calculation [ V.imp]

Note: For kaps Preparation don’t search anything From Google . Just follow AMH [ Australian
Medicine Handbook]

Best wishes Prepared by: Sheharyaar [PAKISTAN]

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