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BIOLOGY CLASS NOTES
TOPIC: Human Reproduction Lecture No.: 06

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IMPORTANT NOTE

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• Sterility à inability of sperm to fertilize an ovum
• ADAM à Androgen Deficiency in Aging Males (Male menopause)
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pH of semen à 7.35 to 7.50
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Hydrocoele à abnormal collection of fluid in testicles (scrotum enlarged)

Sperm were discovered by à Leeuwenhoeck (in human semen)

Ova were first discovered by à Von baer (in mammals)
Human gametes are à Anisogametes
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• Gametogenesis is controlled by FSH & LH or ICSH (released by pituitary gland)
• Meiosis takes place during gametogenesis that’s why gametes are haploid

GAMETOGENESIS
• The PRIMARY SEX ORGANS – the testis in the males produce gametes, i.e, sperms by the process
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called GAMETOGENESIS.
• In testis, the immature male germ cells (spermatogonia) produce sperms by SPERMATOGENESIS
that begins at puberty.
• The spermatogonia (sing. spermatogonium) present on the inside wall of seminiferous tubules
multiply by mitotic division and increase in numbers.
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• Each spermatogonium is diploid and contains 46 chromosomes.

• Some of the spermatogonia called primary spermatocytes periodically undergo meiosis.
• A primary spermatocyte completes the first meiotic division (reduction division) leading to
formation of two equal, haploid cells called SECONDARY SPERMATOCYTES, which have only 23
chromosomes each.
• The secondary spermatocytes undergo the second meiotic division to produce FOUR EQUAL,
HAPLOID SPERMATIDS.

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Spermatogenesis includes two stages:
• Formation of spermatids (Progametes)
• Metamorphosis of spermatids
Spermatids are formed by three phases:
• Phase of multiplication
• Phase of growth
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• Phase of maturation
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