eee rity 2 oO Door locking and ve Ree Heer eee eeee cece eee eeeeeeeeeee What is covered in this chapter = central door locking = engine immobilisers = security alarm systems 20.1 A ypical door-locking system allows all doors, including the tailgate or boot, to be locked simultaneously when the driver's door lock is activated. On the tur of a ke or operation of the driver's door-lock button, the elec~ tical system energizes all the locking activators fitted adjacent to the door locks. Unlocking thé door has a similar effect except the locking actuators are moved in the opposite direction. Both for convenience and safety reasons, mechanical latches allow each door to be unlocked manually from inside the car. —— Various actuator systems are used to provide the mechanical locking action; these include: Central door locking © electromagnetic © pneumatic. Electromagnet systems The electrical methods used for actuating door-lock mechanism are electromagnet solenoids, linear motors and permanent magnet rotary motors. In each case the reversing action is achieved by changing the polarity. Solenoid system Activation of a solenoid-operated locking system Consumesva large current during the time that the locking mechanism is in action, minimize this time, door-locking circuits incorporate a timing feature; this normally utilizes the charge or discharge action of a capacitor. After a given time In order to int to the locking mechanism is discon— Sees .e normal locked or unlocked tinued and this represents thi condition. ‘One arrangement ust and the other for unlocking the doors. These relays are controlled by a transistorized switching circuit, which is timed by the charge—discharge action of a capacitor to arrent pulse length sufficient to activate the locks es two relays: one for locking give a current p (Figure 20.1 a senate arrangement uses the discharge current from a previously charged capacitor to energize the relay. When the door key is turned and the appropriate switch is closed by the key movement, the capacitor releases its charge through the relay coil. After the capac- itor has been fully discharged the relay opens and the system goes out of action (Figure 20.2)., Figure 20.3 shows a solenoid-type actuator for oper~ ating a door lock. External circuit ‘The layout of the complete circuit is shown in Figure 20.4 (page 365). In this case the driver's door switch operates the locks on four other doors. Rotary motor system The permanent magnet motor gives a quieter and slower action than a solenoid actu- ator. The system normally has a reversible motor fitted to each door lock, but in some cases a unidirectional motor and crank arrangement is used. Reciprocation of the crank produces the lock and unlock action, so by opening a limit switch at the end of the stroke, the required lock setting is obtained, This arrange- rent simplifies both the switch construction and cable layout. Reversible actua of fitted to modem vehicles are ‘© the security alarm system and provide extra security by using a second motor in each door to provide a double-lock feature, Figure 20.5 (page 366) shows a simplified layout for a 2-doored ear havi shows ar having these ‘ 362door Tocking switch 208 trom battery \ aw salen, b 5 te other score doors co) ces Fig. 20.1 Pneumatically operated system ; This very quiet system uses a small pneumatic actuator in each door and an air pump, normally fitted in the boot, to provide ‘pressure’ to lock and ‘vacuum’ to unlock the doors. A reversible electric motor drives the pump; forward rotation makes it a compressor and back. wards movement a vacuum pump. Polarity of the permanent magnet motor govems the direction of rotation, so a chanke-over control switch similar to that fitted in Figure $0.5 is used {oor locking solenoid Central door-locking circuit; transistorized control \ A timer arrangement, normally ¢ interrupts the batte b pacitor controlled, y supply when sufficient time has een given for full operation of the lock mechanism, Small-bore plastic tubing connects the pump with the pneumatic actuators, so any problem relating to the locking action of a single door is normally a non-clec- trical fault, Maintenance Fauls in actuator circuits should be diagnosed by using364 Applications Seared scene eo eee battery PE wd i thermal switen breaker Le toother e doors toate {unlock) lock) ie unlock ‘door lock solenoid Fig. 20.2 Central door-locking circuit; capacitor control 4 systematic approach, A system such as a central door- locking arangement, should be initially checked to isolate the fault to a particular area before the trim is removed t0 expose the Jocking mechanism. Many ‘mamuficturers suggest that a table is compiled to show ¢he results obtained from the door-lock switching action, This tble should then be used to compare the results with the faultfinding chare normally shown in the manufacturer's service manual As ‘sith mos “black-box components, itis essential to refer co the cieuitdigram or an appropriate fale dae oss chart before applying iter fll batery voltage a am ohmmeter o a particular cable or test pin, Expensive Components are soon damaged if haphasand texing Gared out thsi important especially ifthe unit eontring fetes semiondctors oF 1 that are designed to oper, se a volage well below that ofthe battery An example of a check-out sequence fo a system similar to that shown in Figure follows. ™ applied 204 is as lock winding unlock winding LLL lunger Fig. 20.3 Door-locking actuator double solenoid Principle of lock unlock ‘connection to oor locking ‘Mechanismi 65 Door locking and vehicle security 3 ee eee ae from ‘ignition switch relay boll | F Tahal door lacking Yelay] ‘shi 8 Fig. 20.4 Central door-locking ~ external circult For ‘all locks fail to operate’, the fault is due to: this suggests that eno power to the relay unit © defective switch © faulty relay unit e should be tested to ach one of these possible faults shoul caine the actual cause, The following method can be used: Jreuit breaker, the input voltage (1) After checking the circuit : applied co the relay unit pins 3 and 4 should be checked. (2) Assuming the supply #5 goods then a jumper esd Ghoul be used to connect pin 5 to earth to repro- duce the switch action; this will prove if the switch section of the circuit is faulty. Having ascertained that the input and switch are satisfactory, the output voltage, at one of the pins 1, 2, 7 of 8, should be measured when the switch is operated. If battery voltage is not shown at the instant the switch is closed, then the relay is defee~ tive and should be changed. @) ‘This description can be reduced considerably by using a fault diagnosis chart as shown in Figure 20.6. Since the path followed through the chart is controlled by the result given by a particular test, then the need to read other test data is avoided. For this reason the use of charts has become commonplace for fault diagnosis of electronic equipment.0A fuse from battery RA dour WOK assy Fig. 20.5 Lock system for , a two-door car fitted with alarm and rot ary actuatorsAlll locks fail to operate Is fuse blown? 2 7 Yes L Replace fuse Check voltage at pins 3 and 4 and earth — System satisfactory Fuse blows immediately £ 1 Voltage not less than V-1 Voltage less than V-1 Check circuit with voltmeter I Fault Oy es to pin-point reason for excess Reproduce switch action aby in supply cable current connecting jumper lead from pin S to earth f _t Door lock does not operate Door locks operate Fault ~ defective switch or Check voltage at output pins e et between switch 1, 2, 7 or 8 and earth =e a Voltage less than V—1 at any pin Fault - defective relay Fig. 20.6 Fault diagnosis chart - central door-locking system (V = battery voltage)