Dissertation On Nine Dash Line

THE NINE DASH LINE
The China’s blending rule in the south China Sea
Dissertation submitted to Amity Law School Amity University, Patna in the partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of BBA. LL.B (Hon.)
SUBMITTED BY:
RISHIKA ARYA
UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF :
Assistant Professor
AMITY LAW SCHOOL, AMITY UNIVERSITY PATNA
BAILEY ROAD RUPASPUR, PATNA
PATNA, BIHAR PIN-801503
2022
DECLARATION
This dissertation on “……………….” embodies the result of my own research
work pursued under the supervision of Assistant Professor ………………., Amity
Law School Amity University Patna. I declare that no part of this dissertation has
been published or submitted to any other institution for any other purposes. My
indebtedness to other works and publications has been duly acknowledged at relevant
places.
NAME: RISHIKA ARYA
SIGNATURE:
COURSE: BBA LL.B (Hons.)
Session - 2018-2023
ENROLLMENT NUMBER : A46021518006

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this Dissertation titled “THE NINE DASH LINE” is written
by RISHIKA ARYA (Enrollment no A46021518006). She is a candidate of BBA
LLB (Hons) Program here at the Amity Law School, Amity University, Patna. She
has conducted all research work under our supervision and submitted original and
bona fide work to our utmost satisfaction, in the final semester for the partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Business
Administration and Bachelor of legislative Laws (BBA LLB).
(SUPERVISOR)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I express my deep sense of gratitude and sincere thanks to Amity Law School
Patna, Amity University Patna for encouraging me to take up this research work.
I owe a deep sense of gratitude to my project supervisor for the efforts taken by
him in helping me complete my research work.
It would be unjust if I fail to express my gratitude to Professors Amity Law
School Amity University, Patna. Whose guidelines and support was necessary for
the completion of my dissertation. And I am also very thankful to all my dear
friends, without whom it would not be possible to reach so far.
STUDENT
ENROLLMENT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
TABLE OF CASES
INTRODUCTION (SYNOPSIS)
CHAPTER 1 :- THE NINE DASH LINE

• Introduction
• Research Methodology
• Objective
• Review of Literature
• Research Question
• Hypothesis
Chapter 2 :- MATTERS ADJUDICATED BY THE TRIBUNAL ON

SOUTH CHINA SEA
Chapter 3 :- WHAT IS THE JURISDICTION OF CHINA OVER

SOUTH CHINA SEA
Chapter 4 :- WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL ISLAND

Statistical Report
Chapter 5 :- MYSTRY BEHIND NINE DASH LINE OF SOUTH CHINA

SEA
Chapter 6 :- DISAPPEARING OF NH370 MALAYSIAN AIRLINE OVER

THE SOUTH CHINA SEA
CONCLUSION & SUGGESTIONS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ABBREVIATIONS
A.I.R. - All India Reporter.

A.P. - Andhra Pradesh
Bom. - Bombay.
Cal. - Calcutta
Del. - Delhi
Ed. - Edited by
J.I.L.I. - Journal of Indian Law Institute.
J&K - Jammu and Kashmir.
Mad. - Madras.
M.L.J. - Madras Law Journal.
M.P. - Madhya Pradesh
Ori. - Orissa.
Pat. - Patna
P & H. - Punjab and Haryana.
P.U.C.L - Peoples Union for Civil Liberties Ran. Rangoon.
Raj. - Rajasthan.
S.C. - Supreme Court.
S.C.C - Supreme Court Cases.
S.C.R - Supreme Court Reporter.
U.P. - Uttar Pradesh.
U.S. - United States.
CHAPTER 1 :- THE NINE DASH LINE
INTRODUCTION
China currently claims indisputable sovereignty over the south China sea, and
some Chinese officials refer to it as the country’s blue national soil. Sovereignty
is like power of property domestically whereas governance roughly equates to a
capability to profit from or license the use of specific yield in an area (like the
fish and hydrocarbons within your exclusive economic zone (EEZ) or a mining
parcel for certain minerals). still, it doesn’t mean that you can put conditions on
navigation or control over all conditioning within that area as if you possessed it.
China doesn't feel to have expressly said that this is what they mean by the nine-
dash line, but some of its gesture and rhetoric suggests so. As according to
Wang, “The dash line means the ocean, islands and reefs all belongs to China
and that China has sovereign rights. In particular, China has replied explosively
to freedom of navigation and overflight operations within the South China Sea –
including in areas that are at most an exclusive profitable zone of some state. See
the jacked position of Chinese aircraft intercepts of U.S. overflights of the South
China Sea during the last time, whether near features that China claims or not,
and allegations of sovereignty violations.
This emulsion of generalities or strategic nebulosity is presumably a useful tool

for buying time if you haven’t relatively figured out what you want to do and
how you want to lay claim to certain features (and apply that claim) still, it can
also be destabilizing. Compounding this complexity is the idea of “literal rights”
China has used this expression not just in connection with claims to sovereignty
over land (where history is applicable), but to maritime rights and governance
beyond the territorial ocean – where it's not. The only exception is traditional
fishing rights, honored by the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea. But what
China is on about is commodity relatively different. It seems to be arguing a
counter-narrative that the law is ever different in the South China Sea. 1
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
1
http://eu.china-mission.gov.cn/eng/more/SouthChinaSeaIssue160420001/201606/t20160620_8302834.htm
The "Nine-Dash Line" is a controversial territorial claim made by the People's Republic
of China in the South China Sea. It refers to a demarcation line that extends for
approximately 2,000 kilometers and encloses an area covering the majority of the South
China Sea. The claim is based on historical maps and documents that China argues
demonstrate its sovereignty over the region.
In terms of researching the Nine-Dash Line, there are several research methodologies
you can employ to gather information and analyze the issue. Here are a few approaches
you could consider:
1. Literature Review: Begin by conducting a comprehensive literature review to

gather existing knowledge and academic perspectives on the Nine-Dash Line.
Examine scholarly articles, books, research papers, and policy documents from
various sources. This will help you understand the historical context, legal
aspects, geopolitical implications, and differing viewpoints surrounding the
issue.
2. Document Analysis: Analyze official documents, historical records, and legal

treaties related to the Nine-Dash Line. These might include historical maps,
official statements, diplomatic correspondence, international agreements, and
legal arguments. Scrutinize the language, context, and legal interpretations to
gain insights into the claims and counter-arguments made by different
stakeholders.
3. Case Study Approach: Select specific cases or incidents related to the Nine-Dash
Line issue and conduct in-depth case studies. This could involve examining
events such as territorial disputes, military encounters, or diplomatic
negotiations. Analyze primary and secondary sources, conduct interviews, and
explore the perspectives of relevant actors involved in these cases to understand
their motivations, strategies, and outcomes.
4. Geospatial Analysis: Utilize geospatial data and mapping techniques to analyze

the geographic dimensions of the Nine-Dash Line. Examine satellite imagery,
navigational charts, and geographic information systems (GIS) data to study the
physical characteristics of the region and how the claim affects maritime
boundaries, exclusive economic zones (EEZs), and potential resource
exploration.
5. Interviews and Surveys: Conduct interviews with experts, scholars,

policymakers, and stakeholders who have knowledge or involvement in the
South China Sea disputes. Design surveys to gather opinions and perspectives
from individuals or organizations directly affected by the Nine-Dash Line claim.
This approach will provide valuable insights into the political, economic, and
security implications of the issue.
6. Comparative Analysis: Compare the Nine-Dash Line issue with other territorial
disputes or historical precedents to identify similarities, differences, and
potential lessons. By examining cases such as the Spratly Islands dispute or other
maritime disputes, you can gain a broader understanding of the complexities and
dynamics of such conflicts.
Remember to critically evaluate your sources, considering biases and the credibility
of the information. Engage with a wide range of perspectives to develop a
comprehensive understanding of the Nine-Dash Line issue. 2
2
https://theprint.in/theprint-essential/what-is-nine-dash-line-the-basis-of-chinas-claim-to-sovereignty-over-south-
china-sea/469403/
OBJECTIVE
The leading objectives of the thesis are as follow :-
• To discuss the geographical importance of South China Sea and the

sovereignty and control over all features whether it is land, water, and
seabed within the area bounded by the nine dashes which China claims to
be their own jurisdiction.
• To discuss whether nations can violate the principle of EEZ and have the
right to exploit the minerals and fish resources of legitimate EEZ and
from the seabed.
• To know whether China have right to build an artificial island outside the
jurisdiction and heavily militaries it and even bully other nations and the
passengers of high seas.
• The present study is divided in six chapters. The first chapter deals with
the introduction to the study. It explains the problem and the methodology
of the study. In the introductory chapter the dispute of South China Sea is
explained briefly. With the help of the review of the existing data on the
internet on the problem, the research gap is identified and the need for the
present study is explained. In the second chapter an attempt is made to
explain the relevance of geographical benefits to China from the
indisputable South China Sea they acquired since 1947. The world’s
most important shipping lane which connects Pacific Ocean to Indian
Ocean and the islands lies in the jurisdiction they claim are rich in natural
resources were explained in length. The third chapter deal with the
jurisdiction of China over South China Sea which overlaps with the EEZ
claims of Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Taiwan, and
Vietnam and explicitly discuss the law and conventions which are meant
to be obeyed. The fourth chapter deals with the compliance of artificial
island which are created and used for the purpose of military and non-
military purposes which are largely been limited under UNCLOS. The
fifth chapter deals with the mystery behind the South China Sea and the
overlook were explained as how it begin in 1947 with eleven dash line to
now 9 dash line what are the conflicts and tragedies occurred till the date
and how it affects China and to the other nations. The sixth chapter
specifically deals with a tragedy occurred in 2014 where a Malaysian
flight named NH370 disappeared over South China Sea how the research
was done and the explained detail of the incident were explained. 3
3
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_disputes_in_the_South_China_Sea
REVIEW OF LITERATURE :-
There is a variety of materials which is available on the Nine Dash Line and on
its international law and Maritime law. The literature review analyzed in such a
way, to ascertain the work that has been done by various scholars on this concept
so far. 4
4
https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5305/amerjintelaw.107.1.0098
RESEARCH QUESTION :-
China currently claims ‘indisputable sovereignty’ over the South China Sea, and
some Chinese officials refer to it as the country’s ‘blue national soil’ — a term
used to refer to the country’s offshore waters.
Blue National Soli
The origins of the nine-dash line can be traced back to the official maps made by
the Nationalist Kuomintang (also known as the Chinese Nationalist Party)
government before and after World War II, according to the book, Asia’s
Cauldron, by US scholar and strategist Robert D. Kaplan.
Eventually, Mao Zedong’s Communist forces defeated the Kuomintang

government, who then fled to Taiwan, establishing their rule there. As a result,
both the People’s Republic of China and Taiwan officially claim ownership over
the South China Sea.
The nine-dash line was originally an 11-dash line, and Chinese geographer Yang
Huairen helped etch it. Yang was born in 1917 and pursued his education in the
UK before being employed by China’s Nationalist government.
“In 1947, he worked on the map introducing the 11-dash line and 286 bits of
rock and turf in the South China Sea. Yang helped to officially name each chunk
of rock and reef, referring to the territory collectively as the ‘South China Sea
Islands’,” noted a feature in Time magazine.
In 1949, when the nationalist government lost to the Communists, and relocated
to Taiwan, Yang stayed back. However, he was eventually persecuted as an
“anti-revolutionary academic authority” during the Cultural Revolution — a
sociopolitical movement in China from 1966 to 1976 — for his role in the
Kuomintang government.
But Yang’s conception of the U-shaped line would stay on. In 1952, the 11-dash
line became the nine-dash line when in a moment of Communist camaraderie
with Vietnam, Mao gave up China’s claims over the Gulf of Tonkin.
“Each of the dashes, according to both the Chinese and the Taiwanese,
represents the median line between the islands within the South China Sea and
the large landmasses comprising the sea’s littorals,” wrote Kaplan.
He also quoted Professor Kuan-Hsiung Wang of the National Taiwan Normal

University, as saying, “The purpose of the dashes is to claim ownership of the
islands and their offshore waters within the cow’s tongue, rather than ownership
of the whole South China Sea itself.” 5
5
https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/south-china-sea-and-the-nine-dash-line-what-you-need-to-
know/article61476803.ece
HYPOTHESIS
The Nine-Dash Line is a controversial concept in international relations and maritime

law, particularly in relation to the South China Sea. It refers to a demarcation line that
China has used to claim sovereignty over a large portion of the South China Sea,
encompassing various islands, reefs, and waters. The line is named after the series of
nine dashes or line segments that demarcate the claimed area on Chinese maps.
It's important to note that the Nine-Dash Line has no basis in international law. China's
claim to the South China Sea and the use of the Nine-Dash Line are not recognized by
the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), which is the primary
international legal framework governing maritime boundaries.
The hypothesis behind the Nine-Dash Line is that it is rooted in historical and cultural
factors, as well as strategic and geopolitical interests. Supporters of China's claim argue
that the line represents historical evidence of China's long-standing presence and
control over the South China Sea. They often refer to ancient maps and texts to support
their claims.
From a strategic perspective, the South China Sea is a critical maritime region with
abundant natural resources and strategic importance due to its shipping routes. By
asserting sovereignty over the South China Sea through the Nine-Dash Line, China can
potentially gain control over valuable resources, exert influence over neighboring
countries, and project its naval power in the region.
Critics of the Nine-Dash Line argue that it is an excessive and unsubstantiated claim
that violates the principles of UNCLOS. They contend that the line infringes upon the
rights of other countries bordering the South China Sea, as it overlaps with the
exclusive economic zones (EEZs) and territorial waters of Vietnam, the Philippines,
Malaysia, Brunei, and Taiwan. These countries have their own claims and have been
involved in territorial disputes with China.
The hypothesis of the Nine-Dash Line, therefore, suggests that China's claim is a
combination of historical, cultural, strategic, and geopolitical factors. It aims to
consolidate control over the South China Sea, gain access to its resources, and establish
dominance in the region. However, it remains a contentious issue internationally, with
other countries challenging China's claim and advocating for a resolution based on the
principles of international law. 6
6
https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/china-s-nine-dash-line-proves-stranger-fiction
CHAPTER-2
Matters Adjudicated by the Tribunal on South China Sea :-
In this chapter, we will discuss the matter adjudicated by the tribunal in the
context of the Nine-Dash Line. The tribunal's decisions on various aspects of the
dispute between the Philippines and China have significant implications. The
subtopics covered include the relief sought by the Philippines and the decisions
of the tribunal on historic rights and the Nine-Dash Line, the status of features,
the lawfulness of Chinese actions, harm to the marine environment, and the
aggravation of the dispute. We will also explore the impacts of these tribunal
decisions.
The matter adjudicated by the tribunal over the Nine-Dash Line pertains to the
legal basis and validity of China's claims in the South China Sea. The tribunal
was established under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
(UNCLOS) to address the disputes brought forward by the Philippines against
China.
The tribunal's ruling, delivered on July 12, 2016, addressed several key issues
related to China's claims and actions in the South China Sea. The tribunal
concluded that China's assertion of historic rights within the Nine-Dash Line had
no legal basis under UNCLOS. The tribunal clarified that China's claims
exceeded the limits of its maritime entitlements as defined by UNCLOS.
Furthermore, the tribunal determined that China had violated the sovereign rights
of the Philippines by interfering with its fishing and petroleum exploration
activities within its exclusive economic zone (EEZ). The tribunal found that
China's land reclamation and construction of artificial islands in the Spratly
Islands had caused severe harm to the marine environment, damaging coral reefs
and endangering marine biodiversity.
The tribunal also addressed the status of various features in the South China Sea.
It concluded that none of the features in the Spratly Islands were capable of
generating an exclusive economic zone, and thus, no feature was entitled to an
EEZ or continental shelf. This ruling had significant implications for China's
claims over these features and their surrounding waters.
The tribunal's ruling emphasized the importance of peaceful dispute resolution
and adherence to international law. It highlighted the obligations of states to
respect the rights and entitlements of other states in the maritime domain. The
ruling also emphasized the significance of the UNCLOS framework in providing
a basis for resolving disputes and maintaining stability in the oceans.
It is important to note that while the ruling of the tribunal is binding on the
parties involved in the case, China rejected the tribunal's jurisdiction and did not
accept or acknowledge the ruling. China has consistently asserted that it has
historical and legal rights over the South China Sea based on its interpretation of
historical events and international law.
The tribunal's ruling over the Nine-Dash Line has had significant implications
for the regional dynamics in the South China Sea. It has provided legal clarity
and strengthened the position of other claimant states, such as the Philippines
and Vietnam, in asserting their rights and maritime entitlements in the disputed
waters. The ruling has also prompted international discussions and debates on
the South China Sea issue, highlighting the need for peaceful resolutions and
adherence to international law in addressing territorial and maritime disputes. 7
7
https://sites.tufts.edu/lawofthesea/chapter-ten/
• Relief sought by the Philippines :-
The Philippines sought several reliefs from the tribunal, including a declaration
that China's claims based on the Nine-Dash Line were inconsistent with the
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), a ruling on the
status of various features in the South China Sea, and a determination of the
lawfulness of Chinese actions that violated the Philippines' sovereign rights.
The Philippines sought several reliefs from the tribunal in its case against China
regarding the Nine-Dash Line and related issues in the South China Sea. The
reliefs sought by the Philippines can be summarized as follows :-
(i) Declaration of Illegality: The Philippines requested the tribunal to declare

that China's assertion of historic rights and the Nine-Dash Line claim had
no legal basis under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
(UNCLOS). The Philippines argued that China's claims violated its
sovereign rights and jurisdiction over its exclusive economic zone (EEZ)
and continental shelf.
(ii) Recognition of EEZ and Continental Shelf: The Philippines sought

recognition and affirmation of its rights to its EEZ and continental shelf in
accordance with UNCLOS. It argued that China's actions, such as
interfering with fishing activities and petroleum exploration, infringed
upon its exclusive rights and violated international law.
(iii) Cessation of Reclamation and Construction Activities: The Philippines

requested an order for China to cease its land reclamation and
construction activities in the disputed areas of the South China Sea. It
argued that these activities caused severe environmental damage,
including the destruction of coral reefs and marine ecosystems.
(iv) Protection of Marine Environment: The Philippines sought measures to

ensure the protection and preservation of the marine environment in the
South China Sea. It argued that China's actions, such as the construction
of artificial islands and the installation of military facilities, had
detrimental impacts on the fragile ecosystem of the region.
(v) Resolution of Maritime Disputes: The Philippines requested the tribunal

to provide a framework for the peaceful resolution of maritime disputes in
the South China Sea. It sought clarity on the legal status of various
features and the delimitation of maritime boundaries between the parties
involved.
(vi) The tribunal, in its ruling delivered on July 12, 2016, addressed many of
the reliefs sought by the Philippines. It declared that China's claims within
the Nine-Dash Line had no legal basis, that China had violated the
Philippines' sovereign rights, and that China's land reclamation activities
had caused severe harm to the marine environment. The tribunal clarified
the rights and entitlements of the Philippines under UNCLOS and
emphasized the importance of peaceful dispute resolution and compliance
with international law.
(vii) While the tribunal's ruling provided some relief to the Philippines by
invalidating China's claims and clarifying certain legal aspects, it is
important to note that China rejected the ruling and did not participate in
the arbitration proceedings. As a result, the practical implementation of
the relief sought by the Philippines has faced challenges, and the dispute
over the South China Sea continues to be a complex and ongoing issue. 8
8
https://academic.oup.com/chinesejil/article/15/2/309/2548389
• The decisions of the tribunal on :-
Arbitral Tribunal's decision on the "nine-dash line" was reached in 2016. The
tribunal's ruling was based on a case brought by the Philippines against China
regarding the South China Sea dispute.
Here are some key decisions made by the tribunal :-
1. Nine-Dash Line: The tribunal concluded that China's nine-dash line claim,
which asserts sovereignty over a significant portion of the South China Sea, has
no legal basis under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
(UNCLOS). The tribunal stated that the nine-dash line cannot serve as a valid
claim to maritime rights and does not affect the maritime entitlements of other
countries in the region.
2. Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs): The tribunal determined that certain

features in the South China Sea, including reefs and shoals, are not capable of
sustaining human habitation or economic life on their own. Therefore, they do
not generate exclusive economic zones or entitlements to maritime zones. This
decision effectively invalidated China's claims to maritime rights within the
areas covered by these features.
3. Historic Rights: The tribunal concluded that China's assertion of "historic

rights" over the waters of the South China Sea exceeds the permissible scope of
such rights under international law. It emphasized that any historic rights
claimed by China must be compatible with UNCLOS and are subject to
limitations.
4. Environmental Damage: The tribunal found that China's land reclamation

activities in the South China Sea had caused severe harm to the marine
environment. It determined that China had violated its obligations under
UNCLOS by causing irreparable damage to coral reefs and failing to prevent the
destruction of marine habitats.
It is important to note that China has consistently rejected the tribunal's ruling
and continues to assert its claims based on historical rights and its interpretation
of historical events. Other claimant states in the region, such as Vietnam, the
Philippines, Malaysia, and Taiwan, have expressed support for the tribunal's
decision. However, the overall situation and any developments since September
2021 are beyond my knowledge. 9
9
https://globalchallenges.ch/issue/1/legal-victory-for-the-philippines-against-china-a-case-study/
1. Historic rights and the Nine-Dash Line:
The tribunal concluded that China's claims to historic rights over the waters
of the South China Sea, as represented by the Nine-Dash Line, were
inconsistent with UNCLOS. The Nine-Dash Line was found to have no legal
basis to generate maritime entitlements.
The tribunal established under the United Nations Convention on the Law of
the Sea (UNCLOS) made several key decisions regarding the matter
adjudicated over the Nine-Dash Line. These decisions addressed various
aspects related to China's claims and actions in the South China Sea. The
decisions of the tribunal can be summarized as follows :
(i) Legal Basis of the Nine-Dash Line -

The tribunal concluded that China's assertion of historic rights within
the Nine-Dash Line had no legal basis under UNCLOS. It stated that
historic rights claimed by China cannot be used as a basis to claim
maritime entitlements exceeding what is permitted under UNCLOS.
(ii) Status of Features in the South China Sea -

The tribunal determined the legal status of various features in the
South China Sea, including islands, rocks, and low-tide elevations. It
found that none of the features in the Spratly Islands are capable of
generating an exclusive economic zone (EEZ) or continental shelf. This
ruling undermined China's claims to maritime entitlements based on these
features.
(iii) Interference with the Philippines' Sovereign Rights -

The tribunal found that China had interfered with the Philippines'
sovereign rights in its exclusive economic zone (EEZ) by restricting
fishing activities, interfering with petroleum exploration, and
constructing artificial islands. It ruled that China had violated the
Philippines' rights under UNCLOS.
(iv) Environmental Damage -
The tribunal determined that China's land reclamation and
construction activities in the South China Sea had caused severe harm
to the marine environment. It emphasized the obligation of states to
protect and preserve the marine environment and found that China had
violated this obligation.
(v) Non-Participation of China:

It is important to note that China did not participate in the arbitration
proceedings and rejected the jurisdiction of the tribunal. The tribunal
recognized China's non-participation but proceeded with the case
based on its authority under UNCLOS and the Philippines'
submission.
Overall, the decisions of the tribunal invalidated China's claims within

the Nine-Dash Line, clarified the legal status of features in the South
China Sea, and found China in violation of the Philippines' sovereign
rights and environmental obligations. However, it is important to
acknowledge that China has rejected the tribunal's decisions and
continues to assert its claims and actions in the South China Sea based
on its interpretation of historical rights and international law.
The matter adjudicated by the tribunal over the Nine-Dash Line included
an examination of China's claim of historic rights and the legal basis of
the Nine-Dash Line. China has asserted that it has historic rights over the
South China Sea, encompassed within the Nine-Dash Line, which is a
demarcation line that outlines its territorial claims in the region. However,
the tribunal's ruling addressed the issue of historic rights and the Nine-
Dash Line, concluding that China's claim had no legal basis under the
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS).
The tribunal's decision on historic rights and the Nine-Dash Line was
based on a careful analysis of international law, including UNCLOS.
According to UNCLOS, a state's maritime entitlements, including its
exclusive economic zone (EEZ) and continental shelf, are determined by
geographical factors and do not depend solely on historical claims. The
tribunal emphasized that historic rights cannot be used as a basis to claim
maritime entitlements that exceed what is permitted under UNCLOS.
The tribunal found that China's claim of historic rights within the Nine-
Dash Line did not meet the legal requirements under UNCLOS. It
highlighted that the Nine-Dash Line, as a claim to maritime entitlements,
was unclear and ambiguous. The tribunal concluded that China's claim
did not provide a legal basis for it to assert exclusive rights over the South
China Sea or deny the rights of other states in the region.
The ruling further clarified that historic rights claimed by China, even if
they were established in the past, would have been superseded by the
entry into force of UNCLOS. According to UNCLOS, the rights and
obligations of states in the maritime domain are governed by the
provisions of the convention. States are required to respect the rights and
entitlements of other states and resolve disputes in accordance with the
principles of UNCLOS.
The tribunal's decision on historic rights and the Nine-Dash Line had
significant implications for China's claims in the South China Sea. It
challenged the legality and validity of China's assertions and emphasized
the importance of adherence to international law, including UNCLOS, in
resolving disputes and maintaining stability in the region. However, it is
important to note that China rejected the tribunal's jurisdiction and did not
accept or acknowledge the ruling, maintaining its own interpretation of
historic rights and the Nine-Dash Line. 10
10
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/12/philippines-wins-south-china-sea-case-against-china
2. Status of features:
The tribunal examined the status of various features in the South China Sea,
including islands, reefs, and rocks. It concluded that several features claimed
by both China and the Philippines were not entitled to exclusive economic
zones (EEZs) or continental shelves. Additionally, some features were found
to be low-tide elevations and, thus, not capable of appropriation by any state.
The matter adjudicated by the tribunal over the Nine-Dash Line included an
examination of the legal status of various features in the South China Sea.
The tribunal's ruling addressed the status of islands, rocks, and low-tide
elevations in the disputed region, particularly in the context of China's claims
and actions.
The tribunal determined that none of the features in the Spratly Islands,
including those claimed by China, are capable of generating an exclusive
economic zone (EEZ) or continental shelf. This ruling had significant
implications for China's claims to maritime entitlements based on these
features.
Under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS),
islands are entitled to an EEZ and a continental shelf, whereas rocks and low-
tide elevations have limited rights. Islands are defined as naturally formed
areas of land that are above water at high tide. Rocks, on the other hand,
cannot sustain human habitation or economic life of their own, while low-
tide elevations are submerged at high tide.
The tribunal examined the characteristics of various features in the South

China Sea and concluded that none of the features in the Spratly Islands meet
the criteria to be considered as islands capable of generating an EEZ or
continental shelf. Instead, they were categorized as rocks or low-tide
elevations
This decision undermined China's claims to exclusive rights and maritime

entitlements based on these features. It clarified that China's construction of
artificial islands, such as those in the Spratly Islands, did not confer rights
beyond what is permitted under UNCLOS.
The ruling highlighted the importance of differentiating between islands,

rocks, and low-tide elevations in determining maritime entitlements. It
emphasized that only islands, meeting the criteria set forth by UNCLOS, are
entitled to an EEZ and a continental shelf.
By addressing the status of features, the tribunal provided legal clarity and
guidance on the entitlements of various parties in the South China Sea.
However, it is important to note that the tribunal's ruling is binding on the
parties involved in the case, but China rejected the ruling and did not accept
or acknowledge its jurisdiction. As a result, the practical implementation and
acceptance of the tribunal's decision on the status of features faced
challenges, and the dispute over the South China Sea continues to be a
complex and ongoing issue. 11
11
3. Lawfulness of Chinese actions:
The tribunal assessed various actions taken by China in the South China Sea,
including the construction of artificial islands, fishing activities, and
interference with petroleum exploration by the Philippines. It ruled that
China had violated the Philippines' sovereign rights in its exclusive economic
zone by interfering with traditional fishing rights and exploration activities.
The matter adjudicated by the tribunal over the Nine-Dash Line included an
examination of the lawfulness of China's actions in the South China Sea. The
tribunal's ruling addressed various actions taken by China, particularly its
land reclamation and construction activities, and assessed their compliance
with international law, including the United Nations Convention on the Law
of the Sea (UNCLOS).
The tribunal concluded that China had violated its obligations under
UNCLOS through its land reclamation and construction activities in the
South China Sea. It found that these actions caused severe harm to the marine
environment, including the destruction of coral reefs and marine ecosystems.
The tribunal emphasized the importance of protecting and preserving the
marine environment, as mandated by UNCLOS.
The ruling further highlighted that China's land reclamation activities were
incompatible with its obligations under UNCLOS. It stated that land
reclamation cannot change the maritime entitlements of a feature or create
new territorial rights. The tribunal concluded that China's activities did not
confer any additional rights or maritime entitlements beyond what is
permitted under UNCLOS.
Moreover, the tribunal determined that China interfered with the Philippines'
sovereign rights in its exclusive economic zone (EEZ) by restricting fishing
activities and interfering with petroleum exploration. It ruled that China's
actions infringed upon the Philippines' rights under UNCLOS and violated
the principle of freedom of navigation.
The tribunal's decision on the lawfulness of Chinese actions served to

highlight the importance of adherence to international law and the obligations
of states in the maritime domain. It underscored the need to respect the rights
and entitlements of other states and to conduct activities in a manner that
protects the marine environment.
However, it is important to note that China rejected the tribunal's jurisdiction

and did not accept or acknowledge the ruling. China has consistently asserted
that its actions in the South China Sea are within its sovereign rights based on
historical claims and interpretations of international law. As a result, the
practical implementation of the tribunal's decision on the lawfulness of
Chinese actions has faced challenges, and the dispute over the South China
Sea remains unresolved. 12
12
https://www.lawfareblog.com/tribunal-issues-landmark-ruling-south-china-sea-arbitration
Harm to the marine environment:
• The tribunal also considered the environmental impact of China's actions

in the South China Sea. It found that China had caused severe harm to the
coral reef ecosystem by its land reclamation and construction activities, as
well as by failing to prevent Chinese fishermen from harvesting
endangered species.
• The matter adjudicated by the tribunal over the Nine-Dash Line included
an examination of the harm caused to the marine environment as a result
of China's actions in the South China Sea. The tribunal's ruling addressed
the environmental impacts of China's land reclamation and construction
activities, highlighting the significance of protecting and preserving the
marine environment as mandated by international law, particularly the
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS).
• The tribunal concluded that China's land reclamation and construction

activities in the South China Sea caused severe harm to the marine
environment. It found that these activities resulted in the destruction of
coral reefs, damage to ecosystems, and the disturbance of natural features.
The tribunal emphasized the importance of mitigating and preventing
such environmental damage, as it has long-lasting consequences for the
ecological balance and biodiversity of the region.
• The ruling highlighted the obligations of states under UNCLOS to protect

and preserve the marine environment. It emphasized the principles of
sustainable development, precautionary measures, and the duty to avoid
causing significant harm to the environment.
• Furthermore, the tribunal emphasized that states must assess and

minimize the potential environmental impacts of their activities in the
marine environment. It stressed the need for states to conduct
environmental impact assessments and take appropriate measures to
prevent, mitigate, and remedy any harm caused to the marine ecosystem.
• The tribunal's decision on the harm to the marine environment served to
underscore the significance of environmental protection in the context of
disputes and activities in the South China Sea. It highlighted the
importance of upholding international environmental standards and the
responsibility of states to address the environmental impacts of their
actions.
• However, it is important to note that the practical implementation and

enforcement of the tribunal's ruling on the protection of the marine
environment have faced challenges, particularly due to China's rejection
of the tribunal's jurisdiction and its continued assertiveness in the South
China Sea. Nevertheless, the tribunal's decision has contributed to raising
awareness about the environmental consequences of actions in the region
and the need for sustainable practices to safeguard the marine
environment. 13
13
https://thediplomat.com/2016/07/south-china-sea-ruling-china-caused-irreparable-harm-to-environment/
4. Aggravation of the dispute:
The tribunal noted that China's actions, including the construction of artificial
islands and the deployment of military assets, had aggravated the dispute
between the parties. Such actions were deemed to be in violation of
UNCLOS and detrimental to the resolution of the disputes in the South China
Sea.
The matter adjudicated by the tribunal over the Nine-Dash Line had the
potential to aggravate the dispute in the South China Sea. The tribunal's
ruling addressed various aspects of the dispute, including the legality of
China's claims, the status of features, and the lawfulness of Chinese actions.
While the ruling aimed to provide legal clarity and resolve the dispute, it also
had the unintended consequence of exacerbating tensions between the
involved parties. Here are some factors that contributed to the aggravation of
the dispute :-
(i) Rejection of the Ruling: China vehemently rejected the jurisdiction

and authority of the tribunal, refusing to accept or acknowledge the
ruling. China maintained that the dispute should be resolved through
direct negotiations between the parties involved, rather than through
an international arbitration process. This rejection created a significant
obstacle to the implementation of the ruling and further deepened the
divide between China and other claimant states.
(ii) Nationalism and Sovereignty Concerns: The dispute over the South
China Sea is highly sensitive due to nationalistic sentiments and
concerns over sovereignty. The tribunal's ruling, which challenged
China's claims and actions, triggered a strong nationalist response
from the Chinese government and its citizens. This further
complicated the resolution of the dispute and increased tensions
among the involved parties.
(iii) Escalation of Military Activities: Following the tribunal's ruling,
there was an increase in military activities in the South China Sea.
Various claimant states, including China, conducted military
exercises, deployed naval assets, and fortified their positions in the
disputed areas. These actions raised concerns about potential
escalations and further aggravated the dispute.
(iv) Disputed Interpretations of International Law: The tribunal's

ruling was based on interpretations of international law, particularly
UNCLOS. However, different parties have divergent interpretations of
international law and its applicability to the South China Sea dispute.
These differing interpretations contributed to the continued
disagreement and further exacerbated the dispute.
(v) Resource Competition: The South China Sea is rich in natural

resources, including fish stocks and potential oil and gas reserves. The
competing claims and actions by different parties heightened the
competition for these resources, leading to increased tensions and
aggravation of the dispute.
Overall, while the tribunal's ruling aimed to clarify the legal aspects of the
dispute, it ultimately contributed to the aggravation of tensions in the South
China Sea. The rejection of the ruling, nationalistic sentiments, military
activities, differing interpretations of international law, and resource
competition all played a role in further exacerbating the dispute and making
its resolution more challenging. 14
14
https://www.un.org/depts/los/doalos_publications/LOSBulletins/bulletinpdf/LOS_91_WEB.pdf
Impacts of the tribunal decisions :-
The tribunal's decisions have several significant impacts:
(i) Legally binding nature: The decisions of the tribunal are legally binding on
the parties involved, according to UNCLOS. This means that both China and
the Philippines are obligated to comply with the tribunal's rulings.
(ii) Clarification of maritime boundaries: The tribunal's rulings clarified the

maritime entitlements of various features in the South China Sea. This
provides a basis for resolving disputes related to territorial claims and
resource exploitation.
(iii) Protection of the marine environment: By holding China accountable for

its actions that caused harm to the marine environment, the tribunal
emphasized the importance of environmental preservation and sustainable
use of marine resources.
(iv) Implications for other claimants: The tribunal's decisions have implications
beyond the Philippines and China. They establish important precedents and
interpretations of UNCLOS, which can influence the resolution of other
maritime disputes worldwide.
(v) Diplomatic and geopolitical consequences: The tribunal's decisions have

had diplomatic and geopolitical implications, shaping the relations between
China and the Philippines, as well as other countries involved in the South
China Sea dispute.
These decisions have prompted discussions on compliance with international law
and the peaceful resolution of disputes.
It is important to note that the above information is based on the knowledge

available up until September 2021, and there may have been further
developments or changes in the situation since then. 15
15
https://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/part15.htm
CHAPTER 3 :-
WHAT IS THE JURISDICTION OF CHINA OVER SOUTH CHINA SEA
• China's jurisdiction over the South China Sea has been a subject of contention
and dispute among various nations in the region. This chapter will explore the
historical background of China's claims, the evolution of the Nine-Dash Line, the
problem it poses for other nations and their exclusive economic zones (EEZs),
the legality and legitimacy of the Nine-Dash Line, and the controversial
maritime boundaries claimed by China in the South China Sea.
• China claims a broad jurisdiction over the South China Sea, asserting
sovereignty and sovereign rights based on its historical presence and activities in
the region. China's claims are primarily based on the concept of historical rights,
as well as its interpretation of historical events, maps, and ancient documents.
• China's jurisdictional claims in the South China Sea are represented by the
infamous Nine-Dash Line, also known as the U-shaped line or the cow's tongue
line. The Nine-Dash Line is a demarcation line that encompasses a significant
portion of the South China Sea, stretching from the Chinese mainland down to
the coasts of Vietnam, Malaysia, Brunei, and the Philippines.
• China argues that its jurisdiction extends to the land features within the Nine-
Dash Line, including islands, reefs, and shoals. It asserts sovereignty over these
features and claims the surrounding waters as its territorial sea, exclusive
economic zone (EEZ), and continental shelf. China also claims historic rights
within the Nine-Dash Line, arguing that it has historically exercised control and
governance over the region.
• However, it is important to note that China's jurisdictional claims are widely

contested by neighboring countries, including Vietnam, the Philippines,
Malaysia, and Brunei, as well as the international community. These countries
have their own territorial claims and assert their rights under the United Nations
Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), which provides a legal
framework for the delimitation of maritime boundaries and the exercise of
jurisdiction in the seas.
• UNCLOS recognizes the rights of coastal states to territorial seas, EEZs, and
continental shelves based on defined criteria, such as the presence of land
features and maritime boundaries. It also provides a mechanism for resolving
disputes through peaceful means, including negotiation, mediation, and
international arbitration.
• In 2016, an international tribunal constituted under UNCLOS ruled in favor of

the Philippines in its case against China's claims and actions in the South China
Sea. The tribunal concluded that China's claims based on the Nine-Dash Line
had no legal basis under UNCLOS and that it had violated the Philippines' rights
in its EEZ.
• Despite the tribunal's ruling, China has rejected its jurisdiction and has continued
to assert its claims and exercise control in the South China Sea. The
jurisdictional dispute over the South China Sea remains a complex and ongoing
issue, with competing claims, overlapping maritime boundaries, and geopolitical
considerations at play.
• China's jurisdiction over the South China Sea has been a contentious issue,
particularly concerning its claim based on the nine-dash line. Here are the key
aspects related to China's jurisdiction. 16
16
https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/144455129.pdf
Beginning of the Dash Line since 1947 by ROC :
• The Nine-Dash Line, also known as the U-shaped line, traces its origins back to
the Republic of China (ROC) in 1947. The ROC government first drew the line
on a map to demarcate its territorial claims in the South China Sea. The line
encompassed a vast area, enclosing almost the entire sea, and was primarily used
to assert sovereignty over various islands, reefs, and waters within the region.
• The Nine-Dash Line, also known as the U-shaped line or the cow's tongue line,
was initially introduced by the Republic of China (ROC) in 1947. The ROC
government, which held authority over mainland China at the time, issued a map
that included the Nine-Dash Line to demarcate its territorial claims in the South
China Sea.
• The Nine-Dash Line, as depicted on the 1947 map, encompassed a large area of
the South China Sea, extending from the Chinese mainland down to the coasts of
Vietnam, Malaysia, Brunei, and the Philippines. The line consisted of nine
dashes or segments, hence its name, and was intended to mark the extent of the
ROC's territorial claims in the region.
• It is important to note that the introduction of the Nine-Dash Line by the ROC in
1947 occurred before the establishment of the People's Republic of China (PRC)
in 1949. After the PRC was formed, it inherited the territorial claims and
assertions made by the ROC, including the Nine-Dash Line.
• Over time, China, under both the ROC and the PRC, has continued to assert its
jurisdiction and claims in the South China Sea based on the Nine-Dash Line.
However, the precise meaning and legal basis of the Nine-Dash Line have
remained ambiguous and subject to interpretation.
• The Nine-Dash Line, as a concept, does not conform to the principles and
criteria set forth in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
(UNCLOS), which is widely recognized as the primary legal framework for the
delimitation of maritime boundaries and the exercise of jurisdiction in the seas.
The UNCLOS establishes specific guidelines for the entitlements and maritime
boundaries of coastal states, including criteria based on land features and
equitable principles.
• It is worth noting that the jurisdictional claims based on the Nine-Dash Line
have been widely contested by neighboring countries, including Vietnam, the
Philippines, Malaysia, and Brunei, as well as the international community. These
countries assert their own territorial claims and rights under UNCLOS, which
provide a more defined and internationally recognized framework for maritime
jurisdiction and boundaries.
• The issue of the Nine-Dash Line and its legality continues to be a subject of
debate and contention. The competing claims, overlapping boundaries, and
unresolved disputes in the South China Sea make the jurisdictional status of
China over the region complex and unresolved. 17
17
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine-dash_line
Geographical Demarcation :-
• The jurisdiction of China over the South China Sea is primarily based on its
claims to various islands, reefs, and shoals within the region. China asserts
sovereignty over these geographical features, which it considers as its territory,
and claims maritime rights and jurisdiction over the surrounding waters.
• China's geographical demarcation in the South China Sea is represented by the

Nine-Dash Line, also known as the U-shaped line or the cow's tongue line. The
Nine-Dash Line is a rough delineation that encompasses a significant portion of
the South China Sea, stretching from the Chinese mainland down to the coasts of
Vietnam, Malaysia, Brunei, and the Philippines.
• Within the area enclosed by the Nine-Dash Line, China claims sovereignty and
jurisdiction over various geographical features, including islands, reefs, and
shoals. Some of the notable features claimed by China are the Paracel Islands,
Spratly Islands, Scarborough Shoal, and Macclesfield Bank.
• China argues that these features, based on historical presence, activities, and
administration, are part of its inherent territory. It asserts control and governance
over these features, claiming not only the land but also the surrounding waters as
its territorial sea, exclusive economic zone (EEZ), and continental shelf.
• However, it is important to note that China's geographical demarcation and

claims within the South China Sea are widely disputed by neighboring countries,
including Vietnam, the Philippines, Malaysia, and Brunei, as well as the
international community. These countries have their own territorial claims and
contest China's assertions, leading to overlapping maritime boundaries and
unresolved disputes.
• The competing claims in the South China Sea are further complicated by
differing interpretations of international law, particularly the United Nations
Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). UNCLOS provides a framework
for the delimitation of maritime boundaries and the exercise of jurisdiction by
coastal states, based on criteria such as land features, distance, and equitable
principles.
• As a result, the jurisdictional status of China over the South China Sea remains a
contentious issue, with ongoing disputes and negotiations among the involved
parties. Efforts to resolve the disputes and establish a peaceful and cooperative
framework for managing the region's resources and maritime boundaries
continue to be a complex challenge. 18
18
Series of Overtakes by China from 11-Dash Line to 9-Dash Line:
After the establishment of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1949, it

inherited the territorial claims, including the Nine-Dash Line, from the ROC.
However, the PRC subsequently revised the line, reducing it from an initial 11
dashes to the current nine dashes. This adjustment reflected China's evolving
perception of its maritime boundaries in the South China Sea. 19
19
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine-dash_line
Problem of the Nine-Dash Line for Other Nations and EEZ:
The Nine-Dash Line poses a problem for other nations in the South China Sea,
particularly in relation to their own EEZs. The line overlaps with the EEZs and
territorial waters of several countries, including Vietnam, the Philippines, Malaysia,
Brunei, and Indonesia. This overlap has resulted in competing territorial and
maritime claims, leading to tensions and disputes in the region. 20
20
china-sea/469403/
Legality and Legitimacy of the Nine-Dash Line:
• The legality and legitimacy of the Nine-Dash Line have been widely debated.
While China has asserted historical and legal rights based on its interpretation of
ancient maritime activities, the international community has raised concerns over
the lack of clarity and legal basis for the line. The ambiguity surrounding the
origin, extent, and legal foundation of the Nine-Dash Line has fueled disputes
and contested claims in the South China Sea.
• As of my knowledge cutoff in September 2021, China's jurisdictional claims

over the South China Sea are based on the "nine-dash line" concept. The nine-
dash line refers to a demarcation line that China has used to claim territorial
sovereignty and maritime rights over a large portion of the South China Sea.
However, it is important to note that the nine-dash line has been widely disputed
by several other countries in the region, including Vietnam, the Philippines,
Malaysia, Brunei, and Taiwan.
• In a significant development, an international tribunal constituted under the

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) ruled in 2016 that
China's claims based on the nine-dash line have no legal basis. The tribunal
stated that China's claims were incompatible with the UNCLOS, which is a
widely recognized framework for determining maritime rights and boundaries.
The tribunal's ruling was in response to a case brought by the Philippines
challenging China's claims in the South China Sea.
• It's worth noting that I am unable to provide real-time updates or information on

any recent developments or changes in the situation. Therefore, it's
recommended to refer to current news sources or conduct further research for the
most up-to-date information on China's jurisdiction over the South China Sea
and any modifications to their territorial claims.21
21
china-sea/469403/
UNCLOS Rules over EEZ and China's Claim:
Under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), coastal
states are granted exclusive economic zones (EEZs) extending 200 nautical miles
from their baselines. China is a signatory to UNCLOS but has maintained that the
Nine-Dash Line represents historical rights that predates UNCLOS. However,
UNCLOS does not recognize such historical rights as a valid basis for maritime
claims. 22
22
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone
International Tribunal Ruling in Favor of the Philippines:
• In 2016, an international tribunal established under UNCLOS ruled in favor of

the Philippines in a case against China's claims and actions in the South China
Sea. The tribunal concluded that there was no legal basis for China's Nine-Dash
Line and that it violated UNCLOS. The ruling undermined the legitimacy of
China's claims and reinforced the significance of international law in resolving
maritime disputes.
• China's jurisdictional claims over the South China Sea are based on the
controversial concept of the "nine-dash line." The nine-dash line is a
demarcation line drawn by China on maps, encompassing a significant portion of
the South China Sea. It implies that China claims sovereignty over the land
features and waters within the area demarcated by the line, including the
exclusive economic zones (EEZs) of other countries in the region.
• The problem with the nine-dash line is that it overlaps with the EEZs and
territorial waters of several other nations, including Vietnam, the Philippines,
Malaysia, Brunei, and Taiwan. These countries have their own territorial claims
and maritime rights in the South China Sea, which often conflict with China's
claims.
• The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) is the
internationally recognized legal framework that governs maritime rights and
boundaries. According to UNCLOS, coastal states are entitled to an EEZ
extending up to 200 nautical miles from their territorial sea baseline. Within this
zone, the coastal state has special rights over the exploration and use of the
marine resources.
• China's nine-dash line has been deemed inconsistent with the principles and
provisions of UNCLOS. In 2016, an international tribunal constituted under
UNCLOS ruled in a case brought by the Philippines against China that the nine-
dash line has no legal basis and does not grant China sovereign rights or
jurisdiction over the waters beyond those it is entitled to under international law.
• Despite the ruling, China continues to assert its jurisdictional claims over the
South China Sea based on the nine-dash line. This ongoing dispute has resulted
in tensions and competing territorial claims in the region, as other nations contest
China's expansive claims and seek to protect their own rights and interests in the
South China Sea. 23
23
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines_v._China
Controversial Maritime Boundaries Claimed by China:
• China's claims in the South China Sea extend beyond the Nine-Dash Line,
leading to further controversies regarding maritime boundaries. China has
claimed control over various features, including islands, reefs, and shoals, and
has established military outposts and conducted construction activities in the
area. These actions have heightened tensions and triggered concerns among
neighboring countries and the international community.
• Overall, the jurisdiction of China over the South China Sea, particularly
concerning the Nine-Dash Line, remains highly disputed and subject to ongoing
negotiations, disputes, and international legal considerations.
• China's jurisdictional claims over the South China Sea are primarily based on its
assertion of sovereignty over various islands, reefs, and shoals within the region.
These claims are represented by the controversial "nine-dash line," which is a
demarcation line that extends far beyond China's own land territory and overlaps
with the exclusive economic zones (EEZs) and territorial waters of other
countries.
• China's claims include asserting sovereignty over the Paracel Islands and the
Spratly Islands, which are also claimed by other countries, including Vietnam,
the Philippines, Malaysia, and Brunei. China has constructed artificial islands
and military installations in the Spratly Islands, further asserting its control and
presence in the region.
• Additionally, China claims historic rights and jurisdiction over the waters within
the nine-dash line, implying that it has rights over the resources and activities in
the area, including fishing, oil exploration, and maritime navigation.
• However, the jurisdictional claims made by China have been widely disputed by
other countries in the region, as well as the international community. They argue
that China's claims are not in line with the principles and provisions of the
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), which establishes
the legal framework for maritime rights and boundaries.
• UNCLOS recognizes that coastal states have the right to claim an EEZ extending
up to 200 nautical miles from their baselines. However, China's claims based on
the nine-dash line exceed these limits and are considered inconsistent with
UNCLOS. In 2016, an international tribunal constituted under UNCLOS ruled
that China's claims had no legal basis.
• The disputed nature of China's jurisdictional claims over the South China Sea
has resulted in ongoing tensions and conflicts between China and other claimant
countries. It has also prompted heightened international scrutiny and diplomatic
efforts to find a peaceful resolution to the disputes in the region. 24
24
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_disputes_in_the_South_China_Sea
CHAPTER 4
ARTIFICIAL ISLANDS
Introduction :-
Artificial islands are man-made structures that are constructed on submerged land or
shallow waters. These islands are created by humans through extensive land
reclamation processes and engineering techniques. They serve various purposes,
ranging from providing additional land for development to strategic military
positioning. In recent years, artificial islands have gained significant attention due to
their geopolitical implications, particularly in the context of China's activities in the
South China Sea. This chapter explores the definition of artificial islands, the different
types, the motivations behind China's construction of artificial islands, and the disputes
arising from their formation.
An artificial island is a human-made landmass that is constructed in a body of water,

typically in the ocean or a lake. It involves the process of reclaiming land from the
water to create a solid foundation for habitation, development, or other purposes.
The construction of artificial islands usually involves several engineering techniques.

Initially, a perimeter is established using rocks, concrete, or other materials to enclose
the area where land reclamation will take place. Then, sand, gravel, or sediment is often
dredged from the seabed or nearby areas and placed within the perimeter to raise the
elevation of the land. The materials are compacted and reinforced to ensure stability
and prevent erosion.
Artificial islands can serve a variety of purposes. They may be built for residential or
commercial development, including the construction of housing, resorts, airports, ports,
or industrial facilities. In some cases, they are created for strategic military purposes,
such as establishing military bases or installations.
One notable example of artificial island construction is China's development activities

in the South China Sea. China has built several artificial islands in the region by
reclaiming land on top of reefs and submerged features. These islands have been
equipped with military installations, runways, and other infrastructure, leading to
tensions with neighboring countries that have competing territorial claims in the area.
Artificial islands can provide new land for various purposes, but they also raise
environmental concerns. The construction process can impact marine ecosystems, and
the presence of these islands can alter natural currents and sedimentation patterns,
potentially affecting nearby coastlines and marine life.
It's important to note that the information provided here is based on general knowledge,
and specific details and regulations regarding the construction of artificial islands may
vary across countries and projects. 25
25
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_island
Definition of Artificial Island :-
An artificial island is a human-made landmass that is built in a body of water, such as

an ocean, sea, or river. These islands are constructed by reclaiming land from the water,
either by dredging and depositing sediment or by constructing massive structures on the
seabed to create a foundation. The process involves shaping and reinforcing the
reclaimed land, often with concrete or other materials, to ensure stability and prevent
erosion. The size and shape of artificial islands vary depending on their intended
purpose and the geographical features of the area.
An artificial island is a landmass created by human intervention in a body of water,

typically the ocean or a lake. It involves the process of land reclamation, where land is
deliberately added to an existing body of water to create new land that was not
previously naturally present.
Artificial islands are constructed by using various engineering techniques. Initially, a
perimeter is established using walls, barriers, or dykes to enclose the area where land
reclamation will take place. Then, materials such as sand, gravel, rocks, or other
sediments are often dredged from the seabed or nearby areas and placed within the
enclosed space. The materials are compacted and shaped to form a stable foundation for
the new land.
The purpose of creating artificial islands can vary widely. They can be built for
residential or commercial development, including the construction of housing, resorts,
commercial centers, ports, airports, or industrial facilities. Some artificial islands are
designed for specific purposes, such as offshore drilling platforms, military
installations, or environmental conservation projects.
Artificial islands have been constructed in different parts of the world, often in areas
where natural land is limited or where strategic or economic interests exist. They can
provide additional space for urban expansion, tourism development, or infrastructure
needs. However, the construction of artificial islands can also have environmental
impacts and may require careful planning and consideration of ecological factors.
Overall, an artificial island is a human-made landmass created through land reclamation

techniques in a body of water, serving various purposes depending on the intended use
and objectives of the project. 26
26
https://theconstructor.org/construction/artificial-island-construction-methods/16380/
Types of Artificial Islands :-
Artificial islands can be categorized into several types based on their purpose, location,
and construction method. Here are some common types of artificial islands :
1. Residential and Commercial Islands :-
These are islands created primarily for residential or commercial purposes. They
may include housing developments, resorts, shopping centers, entertainment
facilities, and other commercial infrastructure.
The most common type of artificial island is a reclaimed island. It involves

dredging and depositing sediment to create new land. The dredged materials are
usually sourced from the seabed, nearby land, or from other construction projects.
Reclaimed islands can be found in various locations worldwide, such as Dubai's
Palm Islands and Singapore's Marina Bay Sands.
2. Industrial Islands :-
Industrial islands are constructed to serve industrial purposes, such as manufacturing
plants, oil refineries, power plants, or storage facilities. They provide space for industrial
operations that may require large areas or specific environmental conditions.
3. Constructed Islands :-
Constructed islands are built by constructing massive structures on the seabed. These
structures can be made from concrete, steel, or other materials. By creating a foundation,
the structure gradually rises above the water surface, forming an island. The Palm
Jumeirah in Dubai is an example of a constructed island, where an intricate network of
breakwaters and rock formations supports the landmass.
4. Floating Islands :-
Floating islands are artificial structures that are not fixed to the seabed. They are designed
to float on the water's surface and can be moved or relocated as needed. These islands
often employ advanced engineering and material technologies to ensure stability and
sustainability. Floating islands can have various applications, such as providing
additional space for urban development or creating artificial habitats for wildlife.
5. Recreational Islands :-
Recreational islands are built to cater to tourism and leisure activities. They often feature
resorts, hotels, beaches, marinas, golf courses, and other amenities to attract tourists and
provide recreational opportunities.
6. Airport Islands :-
Some artificial islands are specifically designed to accommodate airports. These islands
provide space for runway construction, terminal buildings, control towers, and other
facilities necessary for aviation operations.
7. Offshore Energy Islands :-

These islands are constructed to support offshore energy projects, such as wind farms or
oil and gas exploration and production. They provide a stable platform for installing
turbines, drilling rigs, production facilities, and associated infrastructure.
8. Defense and Military Islands :-

Military or defense-related artificial islands are built for strategic purposes, including
military bases, naval stations, and surveillance installations. They are often fortified and
equipped with military infrastructure and equipment.
9. Environmental and Ecological Islands :-

Some artificial islands are created as part of environmental conservation efforts. They can
serve as habitats for specific plant and animal species, or as breeding grounds for
endangered species. These islands are designed to restore or enhance biodiversity and
ecological balance.
It's important to note that these categories are not mutually exclusive, and an artificial
island can serve multiple purposes simultaneously.
The type and design of an artificial island depend on its intended use, geographical
conditions, environmental considerations, and engineering feasibility. 27
27
https://ijesc.org/upload/699abe3e0f756a8a86df915cb8b93316.Artificial%20Islands%20(3).pdf
Motivations for China's Artificial Island Construction:
China's construction of artificial islands in the South China Sea has been a topic of intense
international scrutiny. Several motivations have been attributed to these activities:
1. Territorial Claims: China claims sovereignty over the majority of the South China
Sea, which is rich in natural resources and vital for maritime trade. By constructing
artificial islands, China asserts its territorial claims and strengthens its presence in the
region.
2. Military Strategic Considerations: China's artificial islands serve as strategic outposts

for its military. These islands are equipped with airstrips, radar systems, and other
military infrastructure, allowing China to extend its reach and control over the region.
They enhance China's ability to project power and monitor maritime activities.
3. Resource Exploitation: The South China Sea is known to have significant reserves of
oil, natural gas, and fishery resources. The construction of artificial islands provides
China with access to these resources, supporting its energy needs and ensuring food
security for its population. 28
28
https://blog.usni.org/posts/2015/09/14/the-island-imperative-motivations-behind-chinas-artificial-island-
building-in-the-south-china-sea
Disputes Arising from Artificial Island Formation in the South China Sea :-
The construction of artificial islands by China in the South China Sea has led to numerous
disputes and tensions among neighboring countries and the international community. Some
key issues include:
The South China Sea has been a subject of territorial disputes among several countries in the
region for many years. One of the major issues in the area is the formation of artificial islands
by some countries, most notably China. These artificial islands have led to heightened tensions
and disputes for a number of reasons:
1. Territorial Claims: The formation of artificial islands has been used by some
countries to assert their territorial claims over certain areas in the South China Sea.
China, in particular, has built and expanded several artificial islands in the disputed
waters, such as the Spratly Islands and the Paracel Islands, which are claimed by
multiple countries including Vietnam, the Philippines, Malaysia, and Taiwan.
2. The South China Sea is a highly contested area, with multiple countries, including
China, Vietnam, the Philippines, Malaysia, and Taiwan, claiming sovereignty over
different islands and waters. China's construction of artificial islands has intensified
these territorial disputes and raised concerns about its assertive behavior.
3. Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs): The United Nations Convention on the Law of
the Sea (UNCLOS) grants countries the rights to establish Exclusive Economic Zones
(EEZs) extending 200 nautical miles from their coastlines. The artificial islands built in
the South China Sea have the potential to impact the EEZs of neighboring countries,
leading to disputes over resource exploration and exploitation rights.
4. Military Significance: The construction of artificial islands has raised concerns among
neighboring countries and the international community due to their potential military
implications. These islands can be equipped with airstrips, ports, radar systems, and
other military infrastructure, allowing for increased military presence and control over
the disputed waters. This has raised fears about the militarization of the South China
Sea and the potential for conflicts.
5. Environmental Concerns: The creation of artificial islands involves extensive
dredging, land reclamation, and construction activities, which can have detrimental
effects on the marine environment. These activities can damage coral reefs, disrupt
marine ecosystems, and cause coastal erosion. Such environmental concerns have
raised objections from environmental organizations and affected countries.
Land reclamation for the construction of artificial islands can have significant
environmental consequences. Dredging and sediment deposition can disrupt marine
ecosystems, destroy coral reefs, and harm marine biodiversity. These activities have
faced criticism from environmental organizations and neighboring countries, which are
concerned about the ecological damage caused by such projects.
6. Diplomatic Tensions: The disputes arising from the formation of artificial islands have
strained diplomatic relations between countries in the region. There have been instances
of diplomatic protests, increased military patrols, and occasional confrontations at sea.
The involvement of major powers like the United States has further complicated the
situation, as they have expressed concerns over freedom of navigation and have
conducted freedom of navigation operations (FONOPs) to challenge excessive
maritime claims.
7. Freedom of Navigation: The construction of artificial islands with military

infrastructure has raised concerns about freedom of navigation and overflight in the
South China Sea. The United States and other countries argue that these activities
violate international law, as they restrict the movement of vessels and aircraft through
what are considered international waters.
8. Regional Stability: The militarization of artificial islands has raised tensions and
created a potential for conflicts in the region. The increased military presence and the
presence of advanced weaponry can lead to miscalculations and escalate tensions
between China and other claimant states or external powers involved in the region, such
as the United States.
Efforts have been made to address the disputes, including negotiations, dialogue
platforms, and legal processes such as arbitration. However, the issue of artificial
islands in the South China Sea remains a contentious and complex matter, with ongoing
implications for regional stability and international relations. 29
29
https://www.cfr.org/global-conflict-tracker/conflict/territorial-disputes-south-china-sea
Conclusion :-
Artificial islands are human-made landmasses constructed through land reclamation or massive
structures on the seabed. They serve various purposes, ranging from territorial assertions to
military positioning and resource exploitation. China's construction of artificial islands in the
South China Sea has raised numerous disputes and concerns, including territorial disputes,
freedom of navigation, environmental impact, and regional stability. The geopolitical
implications of these artificial islands continue to shape the dynamics of the South China Sea
and remain a subject of international attention and diplomatic negotiations. 30
https://online.ucpress.edu/cse/article-abstract/4/1/1112838/110681/Artificial-Island-Development-in-the-South-
30
China?redirectedFrom=fulltext
CHAPTER 5 :-
THE MYSTERY BEHIND THE NINE-DASH LINE OF THE SOUTH
CHINA SEA
Introduction:
The South China Sea has been the center of a long-standing territorial dispute involving
multiple countries in the region. At the heart of this dispute is the mysterious Nine-Dash Line,
a controversial concept that China has used to assert its territorial claims over a vast portion of
the South China Sea. This chapter explores the history of the dispute, the significance of the
South China Sea to China, the concept of Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ), the current
situation in the South China Sea, and China's future perspective on acquiring control over this
strategic waterway.
The "nine-dash line" is a controversial concept related to the territorial claims in the South
China Sea. It refers to a demarcation line consisting of nine dashes or lines that China uses to
delineate its territorial claims in the region. The concept was first introduced by the Republic
of China (ROC, now Taiwan) in the late 1940s, and later adopted by the People's Republic of
China (PRC) after it took control of mainland China. Here are some key points about the nine-
dash line:
1. The History of the Dispute:

The history of the South China Sea dispute can be traced back to the early 20th century
when multiple countries, including China, Vietnam, the Philippines, Malaysia, and
Taiwan, began asserting their territorial claims over various islands and features in the
region. However, the dispute intensified with China's adoption of the Nine-Dash Line
in the 1940s, which demarcated a vast area within the South China Sea as part of
China's territory.
The nine-dash line is rooted in historical claims and maps. China argues that it has
historically exercised control and sovereignty over various islands, reefs, and waters
within the area encompassed by the dashes. However, the line's exact origin, basis, and
legal justification remain a subject of debate and contention.
2. Territorial Claims:
The nine-dash line encompasses around 90% of the South China Sea, extending deep
into the maritime zones of neighboring countries. China claims sovereignty over
various features in the South China Sea, including the Paracel Islands, Spratly Islands,
Scarborough Shoal, and other reefs and shoals.
3. Lack of Clarity:
The nine-dash line lacks specific coordinates or detailed explanations of its boundaries.
This ambiguity has raised concerns among neighboring countries, as it is not clear
which specific features and waters China claims within the area. The lack of clarity has
led to overlapping territorial claims and disputes with countries such as Vietnam, the
Philippines, Malaysia, Brunei, and Taiwan.
4. International Rejection:
The nine-dash line has been widely disputed and rejected by other countries and the
international community. In 2016, an international tribunal established under the United
Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) ruled that the nine-dash line has
no legal basis under international law. The tribunal's ruling stated that China's claims to
historic rights within the nine-dash line were incompatible with UNCLOS.
5. Geopolitical Significance:
The nine-dash line has significant geopolitical implications. The overlapping claims
and disputes in the South China Sea have led to heightened tensions, increased military
presence, and occasional confrontations among countries in the region. The area is
strategically important for trade, fishing, and potentially valuable natural resources,
including oil and gas reserves.
6. The Mystery of the Nine-Dash Line:

The Nine-Dash Line is a controversial concept used by China to outline its territorial
claims over most of the South China Sea. The origins and legal basis of the Nine-Dash
Line remain unclear, as China has not provided a detailed explanation or any
internationally recognized legal justification for its claim. The dashes on the map
enclose areas that encompass disputed islands, reefs, and waters, creating tensions with
neighboring countries and the international community.
Efforts to resolve the South China Sea disputes have been made through diplomatic
negotiations, multilateral dialogues, and legal processes. However, the issue remains
unresolved, and the nine-dash line continues to be a contentious and complex factor in
the ongoing disputes in the region. 31
31
china-sea/469403/
Whole History of the Dispute in A Sequence Manner
Apologies for the previous incomplete response. Here is a revised and more comprehensive
sequence of events regarding the nine-dash line and the South China Sea dispute:
1. Early Claims: China's territorial claims in the South China Sea date back centuries,
with historical records indicating that Chinese fishermen and traders navigated the
region. Historical Chinese documents, including maps, were often used to support these
claims.
2. Republic of China (ROC) Era: In 1947, the ROC government, which governed
mainland China at the time, issued a map with eleven dashes (later reduced to nine)
enclosing most of the South China Sea. This map, known as the "Nine-Dash Line," was
not based on specific coordinates and lacked a clear legal basis.
3. End of the Chinese Civil War: Following the Chinese Civil War, the Communist
Party of China established the People's Republic of China (PRC) on the mainland in
1949, while the ROC relocated to Taiwan.
4. Spratly and Paracel Islands: In the 1950s, the PRC seized control of the Paracel
Islands from Vietnam and established a military presence. In the 1970s, the PRC and
Vietnam engaged in armed conflicts over the Paracel Islands. Additionally, various
countries, including China, Taiwan, Vietnam, the Philippines, and Malaysia, started
asserting claims over the Spratly Islands.
5. UNCLOS Negotiations: The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
(UNCLOS) negotiations began in the 1970s, aiming to establish a framework for
maritime claims and resource rights. UNCLOS, which came into force in 1982,
introduced the concept of Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs) extending 200 nautical
miles from a country's coastline.
6. China's Assertion of Claims: In the 1990s, China intensified efforts to reinforce its
territorial claims in the South China Sea. It started constructing military outposts and
expanding its presence on various features, including Mischief Reef and Fiery Cross
Reef.
7. Philippines vs. China Arbitration: In 2013, the Philippines initiated an arbitration
case against China under UNCLOS, challenging the legality of China's claims and
actions in the South China Sea. In 2016, an international tribunal formed under
UNCLOS issued a ruling in favor of the Philippines, stating that China's nine-dash line
had no legal basis and that it violated the Philippines' sovereign rights.
8. Increased Tensions: China's island-building activities, military deployments, and coast

guard patrols in the disputed waters have caused tensions with neighboring countries,
especially Vietnam and the Philippines. There have been occasional maritime incidents
and standoffs, contributing to a volatile situation in the region.
9. ASEAN Negotiations: The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) has
sought to manage the disputes through dialogue and negotiations. However, member
countries have struggled to reach a unified position on the issue, given their differing
interests and relations with China.
10. International Involvement:
The United States, as a major power in the region, has expressed concerns over the
disputes and emphasized freedom of navigation in the South China Sea. It has
conducted freedom of navigation operations (FONOPs) to challenge excessive
maritime claims and has supported other countries' rights to navigate in the disputed
waters.
Despite efforts to address the disputes through diplomacy, the South China Sea issue
remains unresolved, with ongoing tensions and the potential for future conflicts. The
exact nature and scope of the nine-dash line, as well as its legal status, continue to be
subjects of contention among countries in the region and the international community. 32
32
https://www.cfr.org/timeline/chinas-maritime-disputes
4. Significance of the South China Sea to China:
The South China Sea holds strategic and economic importance for China due to several factors.
Here are the benefits that China derives from the South China Sea:
1. Strategic Position: The South China Sea provides China with a strategic gateway to
the Pacific Ocean. Control over the waters enables China to project its naval power,
protect its territorial integrity, and safeguard its maritime interests.
2. Resource Richness: The South China Sea is believed to possess significant natural
resources, including oil, natural gas, and fisheries. Access to these resources would
support China's energy needs, economic development, and food security.
3. Trade Routes: The South China Sea is one of the busiest and most important shipping
routes in the world. It facilitates the flow of trade between East Asia, Europe, the
Middle East, and Africa. As an export-oriented economy, China benefits from
unimpeded maritime access and secure trade routes through the region.
4. Fisheries: The South China Sea is a major fishing ground, providing a vital source of
food and livelihood for coastal communities. China has one of the largest fishing
industries globally, and access to the abundant fish stocks in the South China Sea is
essential for sustaining its fishing industry and meeting domestic demand.
5. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ): The concept of the Exclusive Economic Zone
(EEZ) under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) plays a
significant role in the benefits China derives from the South China Sea. An EEZ
extends 200 nautical miles from a country's coastline and grants exclusive rights to
explore and exploit the natural resources within that area.
Here is a simplified explanation of an EEZ using a diagram:

In the diagram, the EEZ extends 200 nautical miles from the coastal state's baseline (usually
the low-water line along its coast). Within the EEZ, the coastal state has the exclusive rights to
explore, exploit, and manage the natural resources, both living (fisheries) and non-living (oil,
gas, minerals). Other countries have the freedom of navigation and overflight through the EEZ,
but they cannot exploit or interfere with the resources without the coastal state's consent.
For China, the EEZ in the South China Sea would provide exclusive rights to the natural
resources within that zone, including fisheries and potential oil and gas reserves. It would also
allow China to regulate maritime activities and exercise control over the economic
development of the area.
It is important to note that the specific boundaries and extent of EEZs in the South China Sea
are a subject of dispute among the neighboring countries, leading to ongoing tensions and
competing territorial claims.
The South China Sea holds significant importance to China due to several factors:
a. Strategic Geopolitical Location: The South China Sea is a crucial maritime region that
connects the Pacific Ocean to the Indian Ocean, serving as a vital sea route for global
trade. Controlling this area allows China to project power and influence over regional
trade flows and secure its maritime interests.
b. Natural Resources: The South China Sea is believed to possess abundant natural
resources, including oil, natural gas, and fisheries. These resources are vital for China's
growing energy needs and food security, making the control and exploitation of these
resources economically advantageous.
Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ):

An Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) is a concept defined by the United Nations Convention on
the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). It grants coastal states special rights and jurisdiction over the
exploration and exploitation of natural resources within 200 nautical miles from their coastline.
The EEZ also provides the coastal state with control over the management of marine
environmental protection and scientific research within the zone.
a. China's EEZ in the South China Sea: China claims an extensive EEZ in the South
China Sea based on its interpretation of the Nine-Dash Line. This claim overlaps with the
EEZs of neighboring countries, leading to disputes over maritime boundaries and
resource exploitation rights.
b. Diagram: [Insert diagram illustrating the EEZ claims and overlapping territories in the
South China Sea]
5. Current Situation and Future Perspective:

The current situation in the South China Sea is characterized by ongoing disputes and tensions
between China and neighboring countries, as well as involvement from external powers. China
has continued its assertive actions, including the construction of artificial islands, militarization
of features, and the establishment of military outposts.
a. Regional Dynamics: The dispute has strained relations between China and countries like
Vietnam, the Philippines, Malaysia, and Taiwan. It has also attracted the attention of the
United States and other external powers, who have conducted freedom of navigation
operations and expressed concerns about China's activities.
b. Future Perspective of China: China's future perspective on the South China Sea
revolves around its goal of achieving greater control and influence over the region. China
is likely to continue its assertive actions and efforts to consolidate its territorial claims
through diplomatic negotiations, economic coercion, and military posturing. 33
33
https://chinapower.csis.org/much-trade-transits-south-china-sea/
Now what's the situation of South China sea and future perspective of China to acquire
South China sea.
As of my knowledge cutoff in September 2021, the situation in the South China Sea remains
tense and unresolved. China's assertiveness in the region, including its island-building
activities, militarization efforts, and aggressive maritime presence, has raised concerns among
neighboring countries and the international community. The competing territorial claims,
overlapping EEZs, and disputed features continue to be sources of friction and potential
conflicts.
China has consistently emphasized its historical claims over the South China Sea and the nine-
dash line, despite international criticism and a ruling by the UNCLOS tribunal invalidating the
line's legal basis. China's approach has focused on consolidating its control over disputed
features and gradually expanding its influence in the region.
In terms of future perspectives, China is likely to continue pursuing its strategic and economic
interests in the South China Sea. Here are a few potential factors to consider:
1. Continued Military Presence: China is expected to maintain and potentially

strengthen its military presence in the South China Sea. This includes the deployment
of naval vessels, coast guard patrols, and the enhancement of military infrastructure on
the artificial islands. The purpose is to project power, protect its interests, and establish
de facto control over the disputed waters.
2. Economic Exploitation: China will continue to explore and exploit the natural
resources in the South China Sea, including fisheries, oil, and gas reserves. The region's
resource richness aligns with China's energy and economic needs, making it a crucial
area for resource extraction and economic development.
3. Diplomatic Negotiations: China may engage in diplomatic negotiations and dialogue

with neighboring countries, particularly those directly involved in the territorial
disputes. These negotiations could aim to manage tensions, seek bilateral agreements,
and potentially work towards a code of conduct for the South China Sea. However,
progress on these fronts has been limited in the past due to differing interests and
complex geopolitical dynamics.
4. Regional Power Dynamics: The involvement of other regional powers, such as the
United States, Japan, and Australia, will play a significant role in shaping the future of
the South China Sea. These countries have expressed concerns over China's
assertiveness and have conducted freedom of navigation operations and increased
military presence to counterbalance China's influence. The actions and responses of
these powers will continue to shape the dynamics in the region.
It is important to note that the situation and future perspectives in the South China Sea
are complex and subject to change. The resolution of the disputes and the direction of
China's actions will depend on various factors, including diplomatic negotiations,
regional power dynamics, and the willingness of all parties involved to find peaceful
and mutually acceptable solutions. 34
34
https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/08/19/chinas-south-china-sea-militarization-has-peaked/
Conclusion:
The mystery behind the Nine-Dash Line of the South China Sea remains a contentious issue,
fueling disputes and tensions between China and neighboring countries. The South China Sea
holds immense strategic importance and valuable resources, making it a focal point for
competing territorial claims. The situation in the region remains complex, with potential
ramifications for regional stability and global trade. Resolving the South China Sea dispute
will require diplomatic efforts, adherence to international law, and constructive dialogue
among all parties involved. 35
35
china-sea/469403/

Dissertation On Nine Dash Line

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THE NINE DASH LINE

The China’s blending rule in the south China Sea

UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF :

BAILEY ROAD RUPASPUR, PATNA

PATNA, BIHAR PIN-801503

This dissertation on “……………….” embodies the result of my own research

work pursued under the supervision of Assistant Professor ………………., Amity

NAME: RISHIKA ARYA

COURSE: BBA LL.B (Hons.)

ENROLLMENT NUMBER : A46021518006

CHAPTER 1 :- THE NINE DASH LINE

Chapter 2 :- MATTERS ADJUDICATED BY THE TRIBUNAL ON

Chapter 3 :- WHAT IS THE JURISDICTION OF CHINA OVER

Chapter 4 :- WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL ISLAND

Chapter 5 :- MYSTRY BEHIND NINE DASH LINE OF SOUTH CHINA

Chapter 6 :- DISAPPEARING OF NH370 MALAYSIAN AIRLINE OVER

CONCLUSION & SUGGESTIONS

A.I.R. - All India Reporter.

This emulsion of generalities or strategic nebulosity is presumably a useful tool

1. Literature Review: Begin by conducting a comprehensive literature review to

2. Document Analysis: Analyze official documents, historical records, and legal

4. Geospatial Analysis: Utilize geospatial data and mapping techniques to analyze

5. Interviews and Surveys: Conduct interviews with experts, scholars,

The leading objectives of the thesis are as follow :-

• To discuss the geographical importance of South China Sea and the

Eventually, Mao Zedong’s Communist forces defeated the Kuomintang

He also quoted Professor Kuan-Hsiung Wang of the National Taiwan Normal

The Nine-Dash Line is a controversial concept in international relations and maritime

Matters Adjudicated by the Tribunal on South China Sea :-

(i) Declaration of Illegality: The Philippines requested the tribunal to declare

(ii) Recognition of EEZ and Continental Shelf: The Philippines sought

(iii) Cessation of Reclamation and Construction Activities: The Philippines

(iv) Protection of Marine Environment: The Philippines sought measures to

(v) Resolution of Maritime Disputes: The Philippines requested the tribunal

Here are some key decisions made by the tribunal :-

2. Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs): The tribunal determined that certain

3. Historic Rights: The tribunal concluded that China's assertion of "historic

4. Environmental Damage: The tribunal found that China's land reclamation

(i) Legal Basis of the Nine-Dash Line -

(ii) Status of Features in the South China Sea -

(iii) Interference with the Philippines' Sovereign Rights -

(v) Non-Participation of China:

Overall, the decisions of the tribunal invalidated China's claims within

The tribunal examined the characteristics of various features in the South

This decision undermined China's claims to exclusive rights and maritime

The ruling highlighted the importance of differentiating between islands,

The tribunal's decision on the lawfulness of Chinese actions served to

However, it is important to note that China rejected the tribunal's jurisdiction

• The tribunal also considered the environmental impact of China's actions

• The tribunal concluded that China's land reclamation and construction

• The ruling highlighted the obligations of states under UNCLOS to protect

• Furthermore, the tribunal emphasized that states must assess and

• However, it is important to note that the practical implementation and

(i) Rejection of the Ruling: China vehemently rejected the jurisdiction

(iv) Disputed Interpretations of International Law: The tribunal's

(v) Resource Competition: The South China Sea is rich in natural

The tribunal's decisions have several significant impacts:

(ii) Clarification of maritime boundaries: The tribunal's rulings clarified the

(iii) Protection of the marine environment: By holding China accountable for

(v) Diplomatic and geopolitical consequences: The tribunal's decisions have

It is important to note that the above information is based on the knowledge

• However, it is important to note that China's jurisdictional claims are widely

• In 2016, an international tribunal constituted under UNCLOS ruled in favor of