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Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Jewish
religion
 This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United
States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away
or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License
included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you
are not located in the United States, you will have to check the
laws of the country where you are located before using this
eBook.

Title: The Jewish religion

Author: M. Friedländer

Release date: March 3, 2024 [eBook #73092]

Language: English

Original publication: London: P. Vallentine & Son, 1900

Credits: Jeroen Hellingman and the Online Distributed

Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net for Project
Gutenberg (This file was produced from images
generously made available by The Internet
Archive/American Libraries.)

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE JEWISH

RELIGION ***
[Contents]

[Contents]

THE
JEWISH RELIGION.

[Contents]
 THE
JEWISH RELIGION.

BY M. FRIEDLÄNDER.

SECOND EDITION,
REVISED AND ENLARGED.
 LONDON:
P. VALLENTINE & SON,
7, NORTH CRESCENT, TOTTENHAM
COURT ROAD, W.C.
AND 33, DUKE STREET, ALDGATE, E.C.
1900.

[v]

[Contents]
 PREFACE.

In presenting this volume to the public the author does not claim
much originality. He merely desires to reproduce the religious
principles which were sown into his heart by his parents, ‫‏ז״ל‬‎, and
cultivated by the great teachers of Israel—the Prophets, the Soferim,
and their successors—in order that the blessing which he himself
has always derived from these principles may also be enjoyed by his
brethren. The original sources of religious knowledge, viz., the
Scriptures and Post-Biblical Jewish Literature, are of course
accessible to all, and every one may sit at the feet of our great
teachers and listen to their instruction. But there are many who are in
need of assistance, who require the aid of an interpreter. The
present volume is intended to render that assistance and to serve as
such interpreter. The author therefore addresses himself to his
brethren, especially to his disciples, in the words of an ancient
teacher of the Mishnah (Aboth v. 25), “Turn it, and turn it over again;”
and if he cannot add also “for everything is in it,” he hopes [vi]that that
which is in it will be found useful to those who seek religious
knowledge, and that it will prove an incentive to many “to learn and
teach, to heed and do, and to fulfil in love all the words of instruction
in the Divine Law.”

To a great extent this work owes its origin to the warm interest which
the late Mr. Jacob A. Franklin, ‫‏ע״ה‬‎, took in all matters connected with
Judaism. He repeatedly urged upon the author the necessity of
publishing a book on the Jewish Religion. A plan was suggested,
discussed, and finally adopted; but the progress of the work was
slow on account of other literary engagements of the author.
Although Mr. Franklin departed from our midst long before it was
completed, his philanthropy, which survived him, has a share in its
completion, the book being printed at the expense of the Jacob A.
Franklin Trust Fund for the advancement of Judaism. In recognition
of these facts the author dedicates this work— [vii]

In Piety,

TO THE
MEMORY OF HIS LATE FRIEND,

‫‏ר׳ עקיבה בן החבר ר׳ אברהם ז׳ל‬‎

JACOB A. FRANKLIN, O.B.M.

AND
OF HIS BELOVED LATE GRANDCHILDREN:

AZRIEL & URIEL GASTER.

‫‏עזריאל ואוריאל גאסטער‬‎

‫‏ת׳נ׳צ׳ב׳ה‬‎[viii]

In conclusion, the author begs to thank the Rev. S. Singer for his
assistance and his many valuable suggestions while the book was
passing through the press

M. FRIEDLÄNDER.

Jews’ College, 3 Iyar 5651.

[Contents]
 PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION.

The first edition being exhausted a second edition has been

prepared. There is no cause for any change in the body of the book.
Religion, both “Glaubenslehre” and “Pflichtenlehre,” are given as
objectively as possible, and the most rigid examination of all that is
taught in “The Jewish Religion,” discovered no misstatement. A few
unimportant errors, which according to the Psalmist (Ps. xix) are
excusable, are rectified in the list of Errata. Questions concerning
religious principles which have arisen in the Community since the
publication have been foreseen and dealt with according to Law and
Tradition. A few notes are added in the second edition, where further
elucidations seemed necessary. There is also appended the
bibliography of text-books of Jewish Religion, an abstract of a paper
on Religious Education, read before the Jews’ College Literary
Society, and the prayer which in the Spanish and Portuguese
Synagogues is offered up by the Barmitzvah when called to the Law.
The latter practice is worthy of imitation.

M. F.

London, Adar I., 5660. [ix]

[Contents]
 CONTENTS.

PAGE
Introduction 1–18
What is Judaism? 2

OUR CREED.

Faith as commended in Bible and Tradition 5

Faith according to Saadiah 9
Ibn Gabirol
,, ,, ,, 11
Dunash ben Tamim, Bachya b. Joseph
,, ,, ,, 12
Shem-tob; Abraham b. David; Jehudah
,, ,, ,,
hallevi 13
Ibn Ezra; Maimonides; Joseph Albo
,, ,, ,, 14
Eliah del Medigo
,, ,, ,, 15
Moses Mendelssohn
,, ,, ,, 16
The Thirteen Principles of Faith 19
First Group of Principles—Existence of God 22
Natural Religion 22
Polytheism 25
Pantheism 26
Atheism 27
Deism; Theism 29
 The First Principle: God, the Creator and Ruler of the 30
Universe
Natural Laws and Miracles 31
Evolution and Creation 33
Principle II.—Unity of God 38
III.
,, 41
Anthropomorphism in the Bible 41
Principle IV. 43
V. [x]
,, 44
Various Attributes of God 41
Second Group of Principles—Revelation 46
General Remarks—Early Revelations 46
Prophet 49
Text of Prophecies 53
Massorah 55
Names and Authors of the Books of the Bible 55
Pentateuch 57
Earlier Prophets 62
Latter Prophets 66
Isaiah 66
Jeremiah 70
Ezekiel 75
Minor Prophets 78
Hagiographa 87
Psalms 87
Proverbs 96
Job 108
The Song of Solomon 112
Ruth; Lamentations 113
 Ecclesiastes 114
Esther; Daniel 116
Ezra; Nehemiah 125
Chronicles 126
Apocrypha 127
The Book of Wisdom 127
The Wisdom of Jesus, Son of Sirach 128
Baruch 129
Tobit; Judith 130
The Books of the Maccabees 131
Principle VI.—Truth of the Prophecies 131
VII.—Distinction of Moses from other Prophets
,, 133
VIII.—Authenticity of the Torah
,, 134
The Oral Law 136
Principle IX.—Immutability of the Torah 139
Third Group of Principles—Reward and Punishment 142
Divine Justice and Man’s Free-will 142
Principle X.—God’s Omniscience 148
XI.—Reward and Punishment [xi]
,, 150
Principle XII.—Messiah 155
XIII.—Resurrection—Future Life
,, 163
Notes on the Number of Principles 169
On Principle I. 174
Creation according to Maimonides 174
Saadiah
,, ,, ,, 177
Bible and Science 178
On Principle V.—Efficacy of Prayer 183
Revelation
,, 190
Principle VI.
,, 192
Revelation according to Saadiah 192
Jehudah hallevi
,, ,, ,, 194
Ibn Ezra
,, ,, ,, 197
Maimonides
,, ,, ,, 197
Albo
,, ,, ,, 201
On Principle VII. 201
VIII.
,, ,, 202
Variæ Lectiones, Tikkun Soferim, Ittur Soferim
,, 203
Al-tikre, Biblical Quotations in Talmud and Midrash
,, 204
Bible Criticism
,, 205
the Pentateuch
,, 205
Explanation of 2 Kings xxii. 8 sqq. 207
Abraham ibn Ezra’s View on the Integrity of the Pentateuch 210
Authenticity of the Book of the Prophet Isaiah 212
Authenticity of the Book of Daniel 214
On Principle IX. 215
Explanation of Jer. xxxi. 31–33 216
some Talmudical Passages
,, ,, 216
 The Immutability of the Torah according to Maimonides 217
The Immutability of the Torah according to Jehudah hallevi 218
The Immutability of the Torah according to Albo and R.
Abraham b. David 219
On Principle X. 220
XI.
,, ,, 221
Eternal Punishment
,, 223
Vicarious Atonement
,, 224
Principle XII.
,, 225
Maimonides on Messiah, Jesus, and Mohammed 226
Principle XIII. 231

[xii]

OUR DUTIES.

On Religious Duties in General 233

Classification of the Divine Precepts 239
Object of the Divine Law 242
I. The Ten Commandments 247–272
Notes on the Ten Commandments 266–272
Different Opinions on the Division of the
Commandments 266
Ibn Ezra on Exod. xx. 2 269
Abarbanel and R. S. Hirsch on the Ten
Commandments 270
Parallels to the Decalogue 272
II. General Moral Principles 272–328
Duties towards God 273–291
(a.) Duties of the Heart 273–278
Fear and Love of God 273
Gratitude toward Him 275
Reverence for His Name 275
Obedience to His Will 276
Faith and Confidence in His Goodness 277
Resignation to His Will 277
(b.) Duties with reference to Speech 278–288
Prayer 280
Study of His Word 285
(c.) Duties with reference to Action 288–291
Sanctification of God’s Name 289
Imitation of His Ways 290
Duties towards our Fellow-creatures 292–319
General Principles 292
Duties in reference to the Life and the Property
of our Fellow-man 292
Prohibition of Interest and Usury 294
Duties in reference to our Fellow-men’s Honour
and Well-being 298
Charity, ‫‏גמלות חסד‬‎and ‫‏צדקה‬‎ 302
Special Duties 305–318
Children and Parents 305
Friends 306
Husband and Wife 310
Fellow-citizens 310
Fellow-members of a Community [xiii] 312
Duties towards Members of another Community 312
Employers and Employed 313
Superiors and Inferiors 313
 Teacher and Pupil; Master and Servant; Rich 314
and Poor
Duties towards the Old, Magistrates, and all to
whom Honour is due 317
Kindness to Animals 318
Duties to Ourselves 319–328
III. Signs as Outward Reminders of God and His Will 328–338
Tsitsith 329
Tefillin 331
Mezuzah 335
Circumcision 336
Notes 336
IV. Sabbath, Festivals, and Fasts 339–413
On Sabbath and Festivals in General 339–360
1. ‫‏זכור‬‎“Remember” 340–349
Kiddush and Habhdalah 340
Lessons from the Pentateuch and the Prophets 345
2. ‫‏שמור‬‎“Take Heed” 349–353
Work Forbidden 349
3. ‫‏ענג‬‎“Delight” 353–355
Sabbath and Festivals Days of Cheerfulness 353
4. ‫‏כבוד‬‎“Honour” 355–358
Sabbath and Festival Bread and Lights 355
Notes 358
The Jewish Calendar 360
Notes 367
The Festivals 368–409
The Three Festivals ‫‏שלש רגלים‬‎ 369–400
The Four Distinguished Sabbaths 369
Passover 372–392
Seder-evening 379
 Counting of the Omer 389
The Days of the Counting of the Omer 392
The Feast of Weeks 393–394
The Feast of Tabernacles 395–400
Solemn Days ‫‏ימים נוראים‬‎ 400–409
New-year [xiv] 402
Day of Atonement 405
Historical Feasts and Fasts 409–413
Chanuccah 409
Purim 411
The Four Fasts 412
Optional Fasts 413
V. Divine Worship 413–455
Beginnings of Divine Worship 413
Sacrifices 414
Prayer 418–455
Devotion 419
Minhag or Custom 419
Prayer in Hebrew 420
Efficacy of Prayer 422
Synagogue 423
Instrumental Music in Synagogue 427
The Ritual, in Talmud and Midrash 429
Prayers at Fixed Times 435
Shema, ‫‏שמע‬‎ 436
Amidah or Tefillah 437
Abridged Forms of the Amidah 439
Other Constituent Elements of the Service 439
Night-prayer 440
Public Service 441