Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Get Warhammer 40 000 Codex Astra Militarum 9th Edition Games Workshop LTD PDF Full Chapter
Get Warhammer 40 000 Codex Astra Militarum 9th Edition Games Workshop LTD PDF Full Chapter
Get Warhammer 40 000 Codex Astra Militarum 9th Edition Games Workshop LTD PDF Full Chapter
https://ebookmeta.com/product/warhammer-40-000-codex-astra-
militarum-8th-edition-games-workshop-ltd/
https://ebookmeta.com/product/warhammer-40-000-codex-
tyranids-9th-edition-games-workshop-ltd/
https://ebookmeta.com/product/warhammer-40-000-codex-aeldari-9th-
edition-games-workshop-ltd/
https://ebookmeta.com/product/warhammer-40-000-codex-orks-9th-
edition-games-workshop-ltd/
Warhammer 40 000 Codex Drukhari 9th Edition Games
Workshop Ltd
https://ebookmeta.com/product/warhammer-40-000-codex-
drukhari-9th-edition-games-workshop-ltd/
https://ebookmeta.com/product/warhammer-40-000-codex-necrons-9th-
edition-games-workshop-ltd/
https://ebookmeta.com/product/warhammer-40-000-codex-craftworld-
eldar-9th-edition-games-workshop-ltd/
https://ebookmeta.com/product/warhammer-40-000-codex-death-
guard-9th-edition-games-workshop-ltd/
https://ebookmeta.com/product/warhammer-40-000-codex-adeptus-
mechanicus-9th-edition-games-workshop-ltd/
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
time in the imagos of Pteronarcys (see p. 401). Although these
fossils are of such enormous antiquity, the tracheae can, M.
Brongniart says, be still perceived in these processes.
They are very depressed, that is, flat, Insects, with a large head,
which exhibits a great variety of shape; frequently it is provided in
front of the antennae with some peculiar tubercles called trabeculae,
which in some cases are mobile. The antennae are never large,
frequently very small; they consist of from three to five joints, and are
sometimes concealed in a cavity on the under side of the head.
Fig. 215.—Under-surface of head of Lipeurus heterographus. (After
Grosse.) ol, Labium; md, mandible; mx, maxilla; ul, labium.
The eyes are very rudimentary, and consist of only a small number
of isolated facets placed behind the antennae; sometimes they are
completely absent. The mouth parts are situated entirely on the
under-surface of the head and in a cavity. The upper lip is frequently
of remarkable form, as if it were a scraping instrument (ol, Fig. 215).
The mandibles are sharply toothed and apparently act as cutting
instruments. The maxillae have been described in the principal work
on the family[270] as possessing in some cases well-developed palpi.
According to Grosse[271] this is erroneous; the maxillae, he says, are
always destitute of palpi, and are of peculiar form, being each merely
a lobe of somewhat conical shape, furnished on one aspect with
hooks or setae. The under lip is peculiar, and apparently of very
different form in the two chief groups of Mallophaga. The large
mentum bears, in Liotheides (Fig. 216, B), on each side a four-
jointed palpus, the pair of palps being very widely separated; the
ligula is broad and undivided; on each side there is a paraglossa
bearing an oval process, and above this is a projection of the
hypopharynx. In Philopterides (Fig. 216, A) the palpi are absent, and
the parts of the lower lip are—with the exception of the paraglossae
—but little differentiated. The lingua (hypo-pharynx) in Mallophaga is
largely developed, and bears near the front a chitinous sclerite
corresponding with another placed in the epipharynx.
The testes and ovaries are of a simple nature. The former consist of
two or three capsules, each having a terminal thread; the vasa
deferentia are tortuous and of variable length; they lead into the
anterior part of the ejaculatory duct, where also opens the elongate
duct proceeding from the bicapsular vesicula seminalis; these
structures have been figured by Grosse[272] as well as by Giebel.
The ovaries consist of three to five short egg-tubes on each side; the
two oviducts combine to form a short common duct with which there
is connected a receptaculum seminis.
It has been stated by some writers that the mouth is truly of the
sucking kind, and that the Mallophaga feed on the blood of their
hosts. This is, however, erroneous; they eat the delicate portions of
the feathers of birds, and of mammals perhaps the young hair. Their
fertility is but small, and it is believed that in a state of nature they
are very rarely an annoyance to their hosts. The majority of the
known species live on birds; the forms that frequent mammals are
less varied and have been less studied; most of them have only one
claw to the feet (Fig. 220), while the greater portion of the avicolous
species have two claws.
The Liotheides are more active Insects, and leave their host after its
death to seek another. But the Philopterides do not do so, and die in
about three days after the death of their host. Possibly Mallophaga
may be transferred from one bird to another by means of the
parasitic two-winged flies that infest birds. The writer has
recorded[276] a case in which a specimen of one of these bird-flies
captured on the wing was found to have some Mallophaga attached
to it.
The Embiidae are one of the smallest families of Insects; not more
than twenty species are known from all parts of the world, and it is
probable that only a few hundred actually exist. They are small and
feeble Insects of unattractive appearance, and shrivel so much after
death as to render it difficult to ascertain their characters. They
require a warm climate. Hence it is not a matter for surprise that little
should be known about them.
Fig. 223.—Under-surface of Embia sp. Andalusia.
The wings in Embiidae are very peculiar; they are extremely flimsy,
and the nervures are ill-developed; stripes of a darker brownish
colour alternate with pallid spaces. We figure the anterior wing of
Oligotoma saundersii, after Wood-Mason; but should remark that the
neuration is really less definite than is shown in these figures; the
lower one represents Wood-Mason's interpretation of the nervures.
He considers[278] that the brown bands "mark the original courses of
veins which have long since disappeared." A similar view is taken by
Redtenbacher,[279] but at present it rests on no positive evidence.
CHAPTER XVI
The term White Ants has been so long in use for the Termitidae that
it appears almost hopeless to replace it in popular use by another
word. It has, however, always given rise to a great deal of confusion
by leading people to suppose that white ants differ chiefly from
ordinary ants by their colour. This is a most erroneous idea. There
are scarcely any two divisions of Insects more different than the
white ants and the ordinary ants. The two groups have little in
common except that both have a social life, and that a very
interesting analogy exists between the forms of the workers and
soldiers of these two dissimilar Orders of Insects, giving rise to
numerous analogies of habits. The word Termites—pronounced as
two syllables—is a less objectionable name for these Insects than
white ants.
The wings of Termitidae are not like those of any other Insects; their
neuration is very simple, but nevertheless the wings of the different
forms exhibit great differences in the extent to which they are made
up of the various fields. This is shown in Fig. 228, where the
homologous nervures are numbered according to the systems of
both Hagen and Redtenbacher. The area, VII, that forms the larger
part of the wing in C, corresponds to the small portion at the base of
the wing in B. The most remarkable feature of the wing is, however,
its division into two parts by a suture or line of weakness near the
base, as shown in Fig. 225. The wings are used only for a single
flight, and are then shed by detachment at this suture; the small
basal portion of each of the four wings is horny and remains
attached to the Insect, serving as a protection to the dorsal surface
of the thorax.
The nature of the suture that enables the Termites to cast their wings
with such ease after swarming is not yet understood. There are no
true transverse veinlets or nervules in Termites. Redtenbacher
suggests[284] that the transverse division of the wing at its base, as
shown in Fig. 225, along which the separation of the wing occurs at
its falling off, may have arisen from a coalescence of the subcostal
vein with the eighth concave vein of such a wing as that of Blattidae.
The same authority also informs us that the only point of
resemblance between the wings of Termitidae and those of Psocidae
is that both have an unusually small number of concave veins.
The information that exists as to the internal anatomy of Termites is
imperfect, and refers, moreover, to different species; it would appear
that considerable diversity exists in many respects, but on this point
it would be premature to generalise. What we know as to the
respiratory system is chiefly due to F. Müller.[285] The number of
spiracles is ten; Hagen says three thoracic and seven abdominal,
Müller two thoracic and eight abdominal. In fertile queens there
usually exist only six abdominal stigmata. There is good reason for
supposing that the respiratory system undergoes much change
correlative with the development of the individual; it has been
suggested that the supply of tracheae to the sexual organs is
deficient where there is arrest of development of the latter.