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circulation feeble, the respiration shallow and occasionally
interrupted by long-drawn sighs, the pupils are as a rule contracted,
constipation is present, often alternating with diarrhœa. When to
these conditions, for which no cause can be found upon careful
examination, there are added marked change in disposition, periods
of unaccountable dulness and apathy alternating with unusual
vivacity and brightness, especially when insomnia alternates with
periods of prolonged and heavy sleep, the abuse of morphia may be
suspected. If the hypodermic syringe be used the wounds made by
the needle confirm the diagnosis. These punctures are usually found
in groups upon the thighs, legs, arms, and abdomen. Close inquiry
into the habits of the patient, who either goes himself or sends at
short intervals for unusual quantities of opium or morphia to some
neighboring apothecary, is sometimes necessary to confirm the
diagnosis. Finally, the presence of morphine in the urine10 renders
the diagnosis positive, notwithstanding the most vehement
assertions of the patient as regards his innocence of the habit and
the extreme cunning with which it is concealed.
10 “According to Bouchardat, morphine, when taken in the free state or under the form
of opium, speedily appears in the urine, and may be detected by the liquid yielding a
reddish-brown precipitate with a solution of iodine in iodide of potassium. Since,
however, as we have already seen, this reagent also produces similar precipitates
with most of the other alkalies and with certain other organic substances, this reaction
in itself could by no means be regarded as direct proof of the presence of the alkaloid.
Moreover, we find that the reagent not unfrequently throws down a precipitate from
what may be regarded as normal urine, while, on the other hand, it sometimes fails to
produce a precipitate even when comparatively large quantities of the alkaloid have
been purposely added to the liquid” (Wormley, Micro-chemistry of Poisons).
The presence of meconic acid or morphine in the urine can only be positively
determined by elaborate chemical analysis. In cases of doubt the urine should be
submitted to a competent analyst. To make sure that opium or its derivatives are not
being taken, the feces must also be examined.
Chloral Hydrate.
The dose taken by victims of the chloral habit varies greatly. Thirty or
forty grains daily is a moderate amount. Not rarely this quantity is
repeated twice or oftener within the space of twenty-four hours. The
tolerance after a time exhibited by the organism for enormous doses
of alcohol and opium is not established, as a rule, in regard to
chloral. The victim of the latter after a little time discovers the
average dose required to produce narcotic effects, and, while he
may vary it within limits, he is liable to acute toxic effects if it be
greatly exceeded. Death from such excesses is not uncommon.
It has been claimed upon evidence that does not appear to the writer
adequate that chloral sometimes acts upon the sexual system as an
aphrodisiac, sometimes as the reverse. More or less complete
impairment of sexual power and appetite is the rule in individuals
addicted to great excesses in narcotics of all kinds. Menstruation is
not arrested by chloral as by morphine, nor does it necessarily cause
sterility in the female.
Paraldehyde.
Cocaine, within the short time that has elapsed since its introduction
into therapeutics, has unquestionably been largely abused, both
within the ranks of the profession and among the people. Highly
sensational accounts of the disastrous effects resulting from its
habitual use in excessive doses have appeared in the newspapers
and in certain of the medical journals. No case of this kind has fallen
under the observation of the writer, and it would appear premature to
formulate definite conclusions concerning the effects of cocaine
upon the data thus far available.
Treatment.