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Another random document with
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The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Cambridge natural
history, Vol. 02 (of 10)
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever.
You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project
Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If
you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the
country where you are located before using this eBook.
Editor: S. F. Harmer
Sir A. E. Shipley
Language: English
Credits: Keith Edkins, Peter Becker and the Online Distributed Proofreading
Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
generously made available by The Internet Archive)
EDITED BY
AND
VOLUME II
NEMERTINES
By Miss L. Sheldon, Newnham College, Cambridge
ROTIFERS
By Marcus Hartog, M.A., Trinity College, Cambridge (D.Sc. Lond.), Professor of Natural
History in the Queen's College, Cork
POLYCHAET WORMS
By W. Blaxland Benham, D.Sc. (Lond.), Hon. M.A. (Oxon.), Aldrichian Demonstrator of
Comparative Anatomy in the University of Oxford
POLYZOA
By S. F. Harmer, M.A., Fellow of King's College, Cambridge
London
MACMILLAN AND CO., Limited
NEW YORK: THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
1901
PAGE
Scheme of the Classification adopted in this Book ix
NEMERTINEA
CHAPTER V
NEMERTINEA
Introductory—External Characters—Anatomy—Classification—
Development—Habits—Regeneration—Breeding—
Geographical Distribution—Land, Fresh-Water, and Parasitic
Forms—Affinities 99
POLYZOA
CHAPTER XVII
POLYZOA
Introduction—General Characters and Terminology—Brown
Bodies—History—Outlines of Classification—Marine Polyzoa
—Occurrence—Forms of Colony and of Zooecia—Ovicells—
Avicularia—Vibracula—Entoprocta 465
CHAPTER XVIII
POLYZOA—continued
Fresh-water Polyzoa—Phylactolaemata—Occurrence—Structure
of Cristatella—Division of Colony—Movements of Colony—
Retraction And Protrusion of Polypides in Polyzoa—
Statoblasts—Table for Determination of Genera of Fresh-
water Polyzoa—Reproductive Processes of Polyzoa—
Development—Affinities—Metamorphosis—Budding 492
CHAPTER XIX
POLYZOA—continued
Classification—Geographical Distribution—Palaeontology—
Methods for the Examination of Specific Characters—
Terminology—Key for the Determination of the Genera of
British Marine Polyzoa 515
Addendum to Chaetognatha 534
Index 535
SCHEME OF THE CLASSIFICATION ADOPTED IN THIS BOOK
PLATYHELMINTHES (p. 3)
Family.
TURBELLARIA Planoceridae
(p. 3) (p. 19).
Leptoplanidae
Acotylea (p. 16) (p. 19).
Cestoplanidae
(p. 19).
Polycladida
Enantiidae (p. 19).
(p. 7)
Anonymidae (p. 19)
Pseudoceridae
(p. 19).
Cotylea
Euryleptidae (p. 19).
Prosthiostomatidae
(p. 19).
Paludicola
Planariidae (p. 42).
(p. 30)
Procerodidae
Maricola (p. 42).
Tricladida (pp. 30, 32) = Gundidae.
(p. 30) Bdellouridae (p. 42).
Bipaliidae (p. 42).
Terricola Geoplanidae (p. 42).
(pp. 30, 33) Rhynchodemidae
(p. 42).
Rhabdocoelida Proporidae (p. 49).
(p. 42) Acoela (p. 42) Aphanostomatidae
(p. 49).
Macrostomatidae
(p. 49).
Microstomatidae
(p. 49).
Prorhynchidae
Rhabdocoela (p. 49).
(p. 43) Mesostomatidae
(p. 49).
Proboscidae (p. 49).
Vorticidae (p. 50).
Solenopharyngidae
(p. 50).
Alloeocoela Plagiostomatidae
(p. 43) (p. 50).
Bothrioplanidae
(p. 50).
Monotidae (p. 50).
Temnocephalidae
(pp. 53, 73).
Tristomatidae
(pp. 53, 73).
Monogenea (pp. 5, 52)
Polystomatidae
= Heterocotylea + Aspidocotylea
(pp. 53, 73).
(p. 73)
Gyrodactylidae
(pp. 53, 61).
Aspidobothridae
(p. 73).
TREMATODA Holostomatidae
(pp. 3, 51) (p. 73).
Amphistomatidae
(p. 73).
Distomatidae
Digenea (pp. 5, 52) = Malacocotylea (p. 73).
(p. 73) Gasterostomatidae
(p. 73).
Didymozoontidae
(p. 73).
Monostomatidae
(p. 73).
Cestodariidae
= Monozoa (p. 91).
Bothriocephalidae
(p. 91).
CESTODA (pp. 3, 74) Tetrarhynchidae
(p. 91).
Tetraphyllidae
(p. 91).
Taeniidae (p. 91).
MESOZOA
Dicyemidae (p. 93).
MESOZOA (pp. 3, 92) Orthonectida
(p. 94).
NEMERTINEA (p. 99)
HOPLONEMERTEA (p. 110) = Metanemertini (p. 112).
SCHIZONEMERTEA (p. 111) = Heteronemertini (ex parte) (p. 113).
PALAEONEMERTEA (p. 111) = Protonemertini (p. 112). + Mesonemertini
(p. 112). + Heteronemertini (ex parte) (p. 113).
Echinorhynchidae
(p. 182)
Gigantorhynchidae
(p. 183).
ACANTHOCEPHALA (pp. 123, 174)
Neorhynchidae
(p. 184).
Arhynchidae
(p. 185).
Melicertidae
(p. 221).
MELICERTACEAE (p. 221)
Trochosphaeridae
(p. 221).
Philodinidae
BDELLOIDA (p. 222)
(p. 222).
Asplanchnidae
ASPLANCHNACEAE (p. 222)
(p. 223).
Pedalionidae
SCIRTOPODA (p. 223)
(p. 223).
Microcodonidae
(p. 224).
Rhinopidae (p. 224).
Hydatinidae
(p. 224).
Synchaetidae
Illoricata (p. 223)
(p. 224).
Notommatidae
(p. 224).
Drilophagidae
(p. 224).
Triarthridae (p. 224).
Rattulidae (p. 225).
PLOIMA (p. 223)
Dinocharididae
(p. 225).
Salpinidae (p. 225).
Euchlanididae
(p. 225).
Cathypnidae
Loricata (p. 224)
(p. 225).
Coluridae (p. 225).
Pterodinidae
(p. 225).
Brachionidae
(p. 225).
Anuraeidae (p. 225).
SEISONACEAE (p. 225) Seisonidae (p. 226).
GASTROTRICHA
GASTROTRICHA Euichthydina (p. 235)
(p. 231). Apodina (p. 235)
Gnathobdellidae
(p. 407).
GNATHOBDELLAE (p. 407)
Herpobdellidae
(p. 407).
BY
CHAPTER I
TURBELLARIA
The Trematodes[2] may be divided into those living on the outer surface of various
aquatic animals, usually fish (Ectoparasites); and those which penetrate more or
less deeply into the alimentary canal or the associated organs of the host
(Endoparasites). They are oval, flattened Platyhelminthes ranging from a
microscopic size to a length of three feet (Nematobothrium, Fig. 22), and are
provided with organs of adhesion by which they cling to the outer surface, or to the
interior, of the animals they inhabit. Trematodes occur parasitically in all groups of
Vertebrates, but, with the exception of the liver-flukes of the sheep (Distomum
hepaticum and D. magnum), and of Bilharzia haematobia found in man (in the
blood-vessels of the urinary bladder) over the greater part of Africa, their attacks
are not usually of a serious nature. Ectoparasitic Trematodes are Monogenetic;
that is, their larvae grow up directly into mature forms. The Endoparasitic species,
however, are usually Digenetic. Their larvae enter an Invertebrate and produce a
new generation of different larvae, and these another. The last are immature
flukes. They enter a second host, which is swallowed by the final Vertebrate host in
which they become mature.