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CHAPTER 13
Radiation Heat Transfer
HEAT TRANSFER View Factor

SKMM 3443 Black surfaces

DR. MOHD FAIRUS MOHD YASIN Diffuse, Gray surfaces

C24-309
mohdfairus@fkm.utm.my
07-5534574 Radiation shields
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Towards an Entrepreneurial University 1

VIEW FACTOR BLACK SURFACES DIFFUSE & GRAY SURFACES

Objectives View Factor

• Define view factor and understand its importance in • Radiation heat transfer
radiation heat transfer calculations. between surfaces depends
• Develop view factor relations and calculate the on the orientation of the
unknown view factors in an enclosure by using these surfaces relative to each
relations. other
• Calculate radiation heat transfer between black • Dependence on orientation
surfaces. is accounted for the view
• Determine radiation heat transfer between diffuse factor
and gray surfaces in an enclosure using the concept
of radiosity.
• Analyze effects of radiation shields

VIEW FACTOR BLACK SURFACES DIFFUSE & GRAY SURFACES VIEW FACTOR BLACK SURFACES DIFFUSE & GRAY SURFACES

View Factor View Factor

• Purely geometric quantity 𝐹𝑖→𝑗 = 𝐹𝑖𝑗
• Also called the shape factor,
configuration factor, and • 𝐹𝑖𝑗 is the fraction of the
angle factor radiation leaving surface 𝑖
• View factor based on the
assumption that the surfaces that strikes surface 𝑗
are diffuse emitters and directly.
diffuse reflectors is called the
diffuse view factor • Ranges between 0 and 1.
• View factor based on the
assumption that the surfaces
are diffuse emitters but
specular reflectors is called the
specular view factor.

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VIEW FACTOR BLACK SURFACES DIFFUSE & GRAY SURFACES VIEW FACTOR BLACK SURFACES DIFFUSE & GRAY SURFACES

View Factor View Factor: From a Surface to Itself

𝑄𝐴1→𝐴2
The view factor from a
𝐹12 = 𝐹𝐴1→𝐴2 = surface to itself is zero for
𝑄𝐴1
(a) Plate surface plate or convex surfaces
1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃2
= 𝑑𝐴1 𝑑𝐴2 and nonzero for concave
𝐴1 𝐴2 𝐴1 𝜋𝑟 2
surfaces.

𝑄𝐴2→𝐴1
𝐹21 = 𝐹𝐴2→𝐴1 = (b) Convex surface
𝑄𝐴2
1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃2 Geometry for the determination of the
= 𝑑𝐴1 𝑑𝐴2 view factor between two surfaces
𝐴2 𝐴2 𝐴1 𝜋𝑟 2

(c) Concave surface

VIEW FACTOR BLACK SURFACES DIFFUSE & GRAY SURFACES VIEW FACTOR BLACK SURFACES DIFFUSE & GRAY SURFACES

View Factor: Concentric Spheres View Factor: Assumptions

For two concentric spheres:
𝐹1→2 = 1
• All radiation leaving the
surface 1 is intercepted by
surface 2
• Radiation received by a surface proportional to the solid angle
subtended by the surface as viewed from the source
• Radiation is uniform in all direction (diffuse emitters and
reflectors)
• Non-participating medium
• Medium between the surfaces does not absorb, emit, or
scatter radiation

VIEW FACTOR BLACK SURFACES DIFFUSE & GRAY SURFACES VIEW FACTOR BLACK SURFACES DIFFUSE & GRAY SURFACES

3D Finite Size Geometries 2D Infinitely Long Geometries

Geometry Relation Geometry Relation
Aligned parallel rectangles Parallel plate with midlines connected by
perpendicular line

Coaxial parallel disks

Inclined plates of equal width and with a
common edge

Perpendicular rectangle with a

common edge Perpendicular plates with a common edge

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VIEW FACTOR BLACK SURFACES DIFFUSE & GRAY SURFACES VIEW FACTOR BLACK SURFACES DIFFUSE & GRAY SURFACES

2D Infinitely Long Geometries Two aligned parallel rectangles of

Three-sided enclosure
equal size.

Infinite plane and row of cylinders

VIEW FACTOR BLACK SURFACES DIFFUSE & GRAY SURFACES VIEW FACTOR BLACK SURFACES DIFFUSE & GRAY SURFACES

Two perpendicular rectangles with a Two Coaxial Parallel Disks

common edge.

VIEW FACTOR BLACK SURFACES DIFFUSE & GRAY SURFACES VIEW FACTOR BLACK SURFACES DIFFUSE & GRAY SURFACES

Two Concentric Cylinders Of Finite View Factor Relations

Length
• Radiation analysis on an enclosure consisting of
𝑁 surfaces requires the evaluation of 𝑁 2 view factors.
• Once a sufficient number of view factors are available,
the rest of them can be determined by utilizing some
fundamental relations for view factors.

Outer cylinder to itself

Outer cylinder to inner cylinder

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VIEW FACTOR BLACK SURFACES DIFFUSE & GRAY SURFACES VIEW FACTOR BLACK SURFACES DIFFUSE & GRAY SURFACES

Reciprocity Rule Summation Rule

The sum of the view factors from surface 𝑖 of an enclosure to all
surfaces of the enclosure, including to itself, must equal unity.

𝐹𝑗→𝑖 = 𝐹𝑖→𝑗 when 𝐴𝑖 = 𝐴𝑗 𝑁

𝐹𝑗→𝑖 ≠ 𝐹𝑖→𝑗 when 𝐴𝑖 ≠ 𝐴𝑗 𝐹1→𝑗 = 1

𝑗=1

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𝐴𝑖 𝐹𝑖→𝑗 = 𝐴𝑗 𝐹𝑗→𝑖 𝐹1→𝑗 = 𝐹1→1 + 𝐹1→2 + 𝐹1→3 = 1
𝑗=1

VIEW FACTOR BLACK SURFACES DIFFUSE & GRAY SURFACES VIEW FACTOR BLACK SURFACES DIFFUSE & GRAY SURFACES

Superposition Rule Symmetry Rule

The view factor from a surface 𝑖 to a
surface 𝑗 is equal to the sum of the • Two (or more) surfaces that possess symmetry about a
view factors from surface 𝑖 to the third surface have identical view factors from that surface.
parts of surface 𝑗. • If the surfaces 𝑗 and 𝑘 are symmetric about the surface 𝑖
then
𝐹𝑖→𝑗 = 𝐹𝑖→𝑘 and 𝐹𝑗→𝑖 = 𝐹𝑘→𝑖
𝐹1→(2,3) = 𝐹1→2 + 𝐹1→3

The view factor from a

surface to a composite
surface is equal to the sum of
the view factors from the
surface to the parts of the
composite surface.

VIEW FACTOR BLACK SURFACES DIFFUSE & GRAY SURFACES VIEW FACTOR BLACK SURFACES DIFFUSE & GRAY SURFACES

Find a View Factor Crossed-Strings Method

Consider a cylindrical enclosure whose height is View factors between infinitely
twice the diameter of its base. Determine the long , 2-dimensional surfaces
view factor from the side surface of this
cylindrical enclosure to its base surface.

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VIEW FACTOR BLACK SURFACES DIFFUSE & GRAY SURFACES VIEW FACTOR BLACK SURFACES DIFFUSE & GRAY SURFACES

Black Surfaces Radiation Black Surfaces Radiation

• No reflection exist for blackbodies
• No reflection exist for blackbodies • Net radiation rate from surface 1 to surface 2:
• Net radiation rate surface 1 to surface 2: Radiation leaving Radiation leaving
Radiation leaving Radiation leaving 𝑄1→2 = surface 1 and − surface 2 and
𝑄1→2 = surface 1 and − surface 2 and strikes surface 2 strikes surface 1
strikes surface 2 strikes surface 1 = 𝐴1 𝐸𝑏1 𝐹1→2 − 𝐴2 𝐸𝑏2 𝐹2→1 [W]
= 𝐴1 𝐸𝑏1 𝐹1→2 − 𝐴2 𝐸𝑏2 𝐹2→1 [W] Apply :
𝐸𝑏 = 𝜎𝑇 4 blackbody emissive power
𝐴1 𝐹1→2 = 𝐴2 𝐹2→1

Yield:
Two general black surfaces 𝑄1→2 = 𝐴1 𝐹1→2𝜎(𝑇14 − 𝑇24 ) Two general black surfaces
maintained at uniform maintained at uniform
temperatures 𝑇1 and 𝑇2 . temperatures 𝑇1 and 𝑇2 .

VIEW FACTOR BLACK SURFACES DIFFUSE & GRAY SURFACES VIEW FACTOR BLACK SURFACES DIFFUSE & GRAY SURFACES

Black Surfaces Enclosure Radiation between Black Surfaces

A furnace is of cylindrical shape with 𝑅 = 𝐻 =
3m. The base, top, and side surfaces of the
furnace are all black and are maintained at
• An enclosure consists of 𝑁 black surfaces uniform temperatures of 500, 700, and 1400 K,
• Surfaces maintained at specified temperature
respectively. Determine the net rate of radiation
Net radiation heat Sum of the net radiation heat transfer to or from the top surface during
transfer from any surface 𝑖 = heat transfer from surface 𝑖
of this enclosure to each of the surfaces steady operation.
𝑁 𝑁
𝑄𝑖 = 𝑗=1 𝑄𝑖→𝑗 = 𝑗=1 𝐴𝑖 𝐹𝑖→𝑗 𝜎(𝑇⁴𝑖 − 𝑇 4𝑗 ) [W]

VIEW FACTOR BLACK SURFACES DIFFUSE & GRAY SURFACES VIEW FACTOR BLACK SURFACES DIFFUSE & GRAY SURFACES

Diffuse And Gray Surfaces Radiosity

 Most enclosures encountered in practice involve nonblack Radiosity 𝐽: The total radiation
surfaces, which allow multiple reflections to occur. energy leaving a surface per unit
 Radiation analysis of such enclosures becomes very time and per unit area.
complicated unless some simplifying assumptions are made.
 It is common to assume the surfaces of an enclosure to be
opaque, diffuse, and gray.
 Also, each surface of the enclosure is isothermal, and both
the incoming and outgoing radiation are uniform over each For a gray and opaque surfaces (𝜀𝑖 = 𝛼𝑖 , 𝛼𝑖 +𝜌𝑖 = 1)
surface. Radiation emitted Radiation reflected
𝐽𝑖 = +
by surface 𝑖 by surface 𝑖
= 𝜀𝑖 𝐸𝑏𝑖 + 𝜌𝑖 𝐺𝑖
= 𝜀𝑖 𝐸𝑏𝑖 + (1 − 𝜀𝑖 ) 𝐺𝑖

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Net Radiation Heat Transfer to or from

Radiosity
a Surface
Radiosity 𝐽: The total radiation Net rate of radiation from surface 𝑖:
energy leaving a surface per unit
time and per unit area. Radiation leaving Radiation incident
𝑄𝑖 = −
surface 𝑖 on surface 𝑖

= 𝐴𝑖 𝐽𝑖 − 𝐺𝑖
𝐽𝑖 − 𝜀𝑖 𝐸𝑏𝑖 𝐴𝑖 𝜀𝑖
= 𝐴𝑖 𝐽𝑖 − = 𝐸 − 𝐽𝑖
For a blackbody (𝜀 = 1) 1 − 𝜀𝑖 1 − 𝜀𝑖 𝑏𝑖
𝐽𝑖 = 𝐸𝑏𝑖 = 𝜎𝑇⁴𝑖 𝐴𝑖 : Area of surface 𝑖
The radiosity of a blackbody is equal to its emissive power since
radiation coming from a blackbody is due to emission only.

VIEW FACTOR BLACK SURFACES DIFFUSE & GRAY SURFACES VIEW FACTOR BLACK SURFACES DIFFUSE & GRAY SURFACES

Net Radiation Heat Transfer to or from

Surface resistance to radiation
a Surface
Net rate of radiation from surface 𝑖: 𝐸𝑏𝑖 − 𝐽𝑖
𝑄𝑖 = [W]
𝑅𝑖

𝑄𝑖 =
Radiation leaving
−
Radiation incident Surface resistance to radiation:
surface 𝑖 on surface 𝑖 1 − 𝜀𝑖
𝑅𝑖 =
= 𝐴𝑖 𝐽𝑖 − 𝐺𝑖 𝐴𝑖 𝜀𝑖
𝐽𝑖 − 𝜀𝑖 𝐸𝑏𝑖 𝐴𝑖 𝜀𝑖 What is 𝑹𝒊 for a blackbody?
= 𝐴𝑖 𝐽𝑖 − = 𝐸 − 𝐽𝑖
1 − 𝜀𝑖 1 − 𝜀𝑖 𝑏𝑖 Electrical analogy of surface
resistance to radiation
Surface resistance to
radiation

VIEW FACTOR BLACK SURFACES DIFFUSE & GRAY SURFACES VIEW FACTOR BLACK SURFACES DIFFUSE & GRAY SURFACES

Surface resistance to radiation Reradiating Surface

𝐸𝑏𝑖 − 𝐽𝑖 𝐸𝑏𝑖 − 𝐽𝑖
𝑄𝑖 = [W] 𝑄𝑖 = [W]
𝑅𝑖 𝑅𝑖
Surface resistance to radiation: • Back surface is adiabatic
1 − 𝜀𝑖 • A surface loses as much
𝑅𝑖 =
𝐴𝑖 𝜀𝑖 radiation energy as it gains:
What is 𝑹𝒊 for a blackbody? 𝑄=0
Electrical analogy of surface  Zero. Since 𝜀𝑖 = 1and Electrical analogy of surface 𝐽𝑖 = 𝐸𝑏𝑖 = 𝜎𝑇 4 [W/m2 ]
resistance to radiation 𝐽𝑖 = 𝐸𝑏𝑖 resistance to radiation • Surface resistance is
negligible

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VIEW FACTOR BLACK SURFACES DIFFUSE & GRAY SURFACES VIEW FACTOR BLACK SURFACES DIFFUSE & GRAY SURFACES

Net Radiation HT Between Any Two Net Radiation HT Between Any Two
Surfaces Surfaces
Two diffuse, gray, opaque (DGO) at uniform 𝑄𝑖→𝑗 > 0: Two diffuse, gray, opaque (DGO) at uniform
temperature: Net heat transfer from temperature:
surface 𝑖 to 𝑗

𝑄𝑖→𝑗 < 0: Net heat

Apply reciprocity and rearrange: transfer from Apply reciprocity and rearrange:
surface 𝑗 to 𝑖

Where surface resistance 𝑅𝑖→𝑗 : Where surface resistance 𝑅𝑖→𝑗 :

VIEW FACTOR BLACK SURFACES DIFFUSE & GRAY SURFACES VIEW FACTOR BLACK SURFACES DIFFUSE & GRAY SURFACES

Net Radiation HT Between Any Two Methods of Solving Radiation

Surfaces Problems
Based on conservation of energy: Surfaces with specified 𝑇𝑖 Surfaces with specified 𝑄:

From and equation above:

VIEW FACTOR BLACK SURFACES DIFFUSE & GRAY SURFACES VIEW FACTOR BLACK SURFACES DIFFUSE & GRAY SURFACES

Radiation Heat Transfer in Two-Surface Radiation Heat Transfer in Two-Surface

Enclosures Enclosures
Net rate of radiation heat transfer Eq. 13-36 simplified: Net rate of radiation heat transfer
from S1 to S2 (opaque surfaces with from S1 to S2 (opaque surfaces with
𝑇1 and 𝑇2 ): 𝑇1 and 𝑇2 ):
𝑄12 = 𝑄1 = −𝑄2 𝑄12 = 𝑄1 = −𝑄2

Radiation network with 2 surface Radiation network with 2 surface

resistance and one space resistance resistance and one space resistance

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VIEW FACTOR BLACK SURFACES DIFFUSE & GRAY SURFACES

Class Example Radiation shields and Radiation Effects

• Radiation heat transfer between two surfaces can be reduced greatly by
inserting a thin, high-reflectivity (low-emissivity) sheet of material
between the two surfaces.
• Such highly reflective thin plates or shells are called radiation shields.
• Multilayer radiation shields constructed of about 20 sheets per cm
thickness separated by evacuated space are commonly used in cryogenic
and space applications.
• Radiation shields are also used in temperature measurements of fluids to
reduce the error caused by the radiation effect when the temperature
sensor is exposed to surfaces that are much hotter or colder than the fluid
itself.
• The role of the radiation shield is to reduce the rate of radiation heat
transfer by placing additional resistances in the path of radiation heat
flow.
• The lower the emissivity of the shield, the higher the resistance.

Radiation heat transfer

between two large parallel
plates

Radiation heat transfer between two large parallel plates with one shield

If the emissivities of
all surfaces are
The radiation equal
shield placed
between
two parallel
plates and the
radiation
network
associated with
it.

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VIEW FACTOR BLACK SURFACES DIFFUSE & GRAY SURFACES

Summary
• View factor and its relations
• Calculate radiation heat transfer between
black surfaces.
• Determine radiation heat transfer between
diffuse and gray surfaces.
• Radiation shield and radiation effects