Natural Selection and Genetic Modification

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1. Natural selection Process where organisms with favorable variations sur-

vive and reproduce

2. Evolution Gradual change in heritable characteristics of a population

over time

3. Darwin's Theory Theory of evolution by natural selection proposed by

Charles Darwin

4. Living organisms Study of the relationship between organisms and their

and their environ- surroundings
ments

5. Photosynthesis Process of converting sunlight into chemical energy in

green plants

6. Decomposers Organisms that break down large dead organisms in

ecosystems

7. Respiration and Gases exchanged in respiration: oxygen and carbon diox-

photosynthesis ide; gases exchanged in photosynthesis: carbon dioxide
and oxygen

8. Water cycle Repeated movement of water between the Earth's surface

and the atmosphere

9. Nitrogen fixation Conversion of nitrogen gas into a form usable by plants

10. Species' role in The specific function or niche a species occupies in its
its ecosystem ecosystem

11. Evolution by nat- Process where populations evolve due to natural variation
ural selection and survival of the fittest

12. Antibiotic resis- Ability of bacteria to survive and reproduce in the presence
tance of antibiotics

13. Genotype Genetic makeup of an organism

14. Phenotype Observable characteristics of an organism

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15. Dominant alleles Alleles that determine the phenotype when present in a
heterozygous individual

16. Recessive alleles Alleles that only determine the phenotype when present in
a homozygous individual

17. Punnett square Diagram used to predict the probability of offspring having
particular alleles

18. DNA replication Process of copying a DNA strand to create two identical
DNA strands

19. Mutations Random changes in DNA that contribute to genetic diver-

sity and evolution

20. Pentadactyl limb Limb with five fingers or toes found in vertebrates

21. Fossil records Incomplete records of species due to various factors like
fossilization conditions and destruction

22. Speciation Formation of new species through geographical isolation

and genetic changes

23. Darwin's finches Finches on the Galapagos Islands that evolved differently
due to different selection pressures

24. Classification hi- Systematic arrangement of organisms into hierarchical

erarchy groups based on shared characteristics

25. Artificial classifi- Classification based on observable differences, such as

cation color or size

26. Phylogenetic Classification based on evolutionary relationships with an-

classification cestors

27. Archaea Domain of organisms without a nucleus, containing ex-

tremophiles

28. Bacteria

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Domain of organisms without a nucleus, containing eu-
bacteria

29. Eukaryota Domain of organisms with a nucleus, containing protists,

fungi, animals, and plants

30. Selective breed- Breeding of organisms with desirable traits to produce

ing offspring with those traits

31. Advantages of Improved traits, increased crop yield, and desired charac-
selective breed- teristics
ing

32. Disadvantages of Harm to animals, unpredictable outcomes, expensive, dis-

selective breed- ease susceptibility, narrow gene pool
ing

33. Genetic engi- Process of manipulating an organism's genes to achieve

neering desired traits

34. Advantages of Production of medicinal proteins, improved farming, dis-

genetic engineer- ease study, drug testing
ing

35. Disadvantages of Ethical concerns, environmental impact, unknown

genetic engineer- long-term effects
ing

36. Tissue culture Process of growing cells in a lab to study diseases, devel-
op medicines, and breed plants

37. Advantages of Study viruses, cancer, drug side effects, treat diseases,
tissue culture plant breeding

38. Disadvantages of No 100% acceptance, ethical concerns, potential harm to

tissue culture animals, expensive

39. Biological con- Use of natural predators or genetically modified organisms

trol to control pests

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40. Advantages of bi- Cheaper, easier, reduces pesticide use, targeted pest con-
ological control trol

41. Disadvantages of Potential harm to other species, unpredictable outcomes

biological con-
trol

42. Fertilisers Substances containing plant nutrients used to enhance

crop growth

43. Advantages of Increased crop yield, improved plant growth

fertilisers

44. Disadvantages of Environmental pollution, nutrient runoff, soil degradation

fertilisers

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