Seismic Micro-Technology, Inc.

Examples of Gas Pay on AVO Crossplots

Intercept vs. Gradient / Near vs. Far Offset/Angle Amplitudes /
Unconventional Approaches

Rocky Roden, Chief Consulting Geoscientist

June 24, 2008
Reflections at Top of Class 1, 2 & 3 Gas Sands

0° - 35°
Ross and Kinman, 1995
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 Zoeppritz Approximations

Shuey (2 term) RC(θ)=A + B sin²θ

Shuey (3 term) RC(θ)=A + B sin²θ + C (sin²θ tan²θ)

Verm & Hilterman RC(θ)=NIpcos²θ + PR sin²θ

Bortfeld RC(θ)=BO+ B1 tan²θ + B2 (sin²θ tan²θ)

Smith & Gidlow RC(θ)=A/cos²θ + B sin²θ

Most approximations are expressed in angles

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CALCULATED AVO ATTRIBUTES
A = intercept
B = gradient Shuey 2 Term
r² = correlation RC (θ) = A + B (sin²θ)
A×B
(A + B)/2 ~ Rp - Rs
(A – B)/2 ~ Rs
A = intercept
B = gradient Shuey 3Term
C = curvature RC (θ) = A + B (sin²θ) + C (sin²θ)(tan²θ)
r² = correlation
A×B
(A + B)/2 ~ Rp - Rs
(A – B)/2 ~ Rs
A–C Verm-Hilterman
NIp = normal intercept
RC (θ) = NIp(cos²θ) + PR(sin²θ)
PR = Poisson reflectivity
r² = correlation
Nip × PR
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 From Castagna et al., 1998

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 Shuey 2 Term Approximation
RC (θ) = A + B (sin²θ)
+
Where:

AMP
RC = reflection coefficient sin²θ Æ
•
(RC=scaled amplitude) - • •• •• ••• • • ••• ••• • •••• •
A=intercept Horizon A
θ = angle of incidence B=gradient

A = p-wave intercept
= (normal incident)
=I
B = gradient Horizon A

= slope of amp vs sin²θ

=G

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 Top and Base Gas Sand Anomalies
(Class 2 transition into Class 3 Gas Sands)

Intercept vs Gradient
Quadrant II Quadrant I
Base

Top
B
G ase
as
Sa of
nd

G Top
as o
Impedance Sa f
nd

Shale

Top of Gas Sand Quadrant III Quadrant IV

Gas
Sand
Base of Gas Sand

Shale

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Line 355 through Raptor 5 well

Intercept vs. Gradient crossplot

for muted and 90° phase rotated
From Roden et al., TLE 2005 gathers
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Line 355 through Raptor 5 well

Intercept vs. Gradient crossplot

for muted and 90° phase rotated
From Roden et al., TLE 2005 gathers
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Trend
Line

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 BACKGROUND TREND CALCULATIONS (Castagna et al., 1998)
B = slope of trend line
Constant Vp/Vs; Constant density

B = [1 - 8(Vs/Vp)²]A

Constant Vp/Vs; Gardner density

B = 4/5 [1 - 9(Vs/Vp)²]A

Linear Vp/Vs; Constant density

B = [1 – 8/m (Vs/Vp)]A

Linear Vp/Vs; Gardner density

B = 4/5 [1 - 1/(mVp)² (Vp – c) (9Vp – c)]A

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 Top and Base Gas Sand Anomalies
(Class 2 transition into Class 3 Gas Sands)
RC(θ)=NIpcos²θ + PR sin²θ
Pr vs Ni
Quadrant II Quadrant I
Base

Top

Ba s S
G
se an
a

of d
To Sa
Ga
Impedance

p nd
s
of
Shale

Top of Gas Sand

Gas
Quadrant III Quadrant IV
Sand
Base of Gas Sand

Shale

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 Limited Offset Stacks
CDP Gather Offset Stacks

Near Mid 1 Mid 2 Far

Time

0’ 2500’ 5000’ 7500’ Offset

2500’ 5000’ 7500’ 10000’

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 Limited Angle Stacks
CDP Gather Angle Stacks

Near Mid 1 Mid 2 Far

Time

Offset
0°-10° 10°-20° 20°-30° 30°-40°

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Near Angle Stack vs Far Angle Stack
Crossplot

Far
+

I
Near +

IV I

III IIp
II

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 Top and Base Gas Sand Anomalies
(Class 2 transition into Class 3 Gas Sands)

Near vs Far Angle Stacks

Quadrant II Quadrant I

Base Far
Top + Ba
Ga se o
sS f
an
d

I
Impedance Near +

Shale
IV I
T
Ga op of
sS
Top of Gas Sand an
Gas III d
IIp
Sand II
Base of Gas Sand

Shale
Quadrant III Quadrant IV

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Line 355 through Raptor 5 Well

Near vs Far Offset Amplitudes

Crossplot
(not phase corrected)

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 Far⏐Far–Near⏐ “Angle Stack”
Volume or surface recognition

Near Far (Far–Near) Far(Far–Near) Far⏐Far–Near⏐

Angle Angle Angle Angle Angle

10 10 50 50

5 1 5 25 25
Amplitude

Angle 0
0 0 0
2
3
-5 -5 -25 -25
4

5
-10 -10 -50 -50

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 Far-Near vs. Near Cross plot

Without rotation 90 degree rotation

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Rotate stacked volume 90
degrees

(Far- Near) vs. Near Cross plot

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Rotate stacked volume 90
degrees

(Far- Near)*Far vs. Near Cross plot

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Rotate stacked volume 90
degrees

(Far- Near)*Far vs. Far Cross plot

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Rotate stacked volume 90
degrees

(Far- Near)*Near vs. Far Cross plot

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Rotate stacked volume 90
degrees

(Far- Near)*Near vs. Near Crossplot

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Rotate stacked volume 90
degrees

|Far- Near|*Far vs. Near Cross plot

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Rotate stacked volume 90
degrees

|Far- Near|*Far vs. Far Crossplot

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 Summary and Conclusions

1. AVO Classes really represent the expected AVO responses in

different geologic settings.
2. The industry uses Zoeppritz approximations to compute various
AVO attributes.
3. AVO attributes can provide information on the presence of
hydrocarbons, lithology, and acoustic properties.
4. Common AVO crossplots include Intercept versus Gradient and
Near versus Far Offset/Angle.
5. Any number of AVO crossplots can be generated to help provide
insight on the presence of hydrocarbons or lithology, especially
when calibrated with nearby well control.

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Thank you for your attention!

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