A

TECHICAL REPORT
ON
STUDENTS’ INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME (SIWES)
UNDERTAKEN AT

HEPHZIBAH AUTOCARE, AKURE, ONDO STATE

COMPILED BY

AJIJOLAIYA RAZAQ AKINKUNMI

MEE/18/6932

SUBMITTED TO
THE DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
THE FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, AKURE

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (B. ENG) IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING.

February, 2024
 ABSTRACT

This Industrial training report presents the experience garnered during my four months of

industrial training undertaken at Hephzibah Autocare, Akure, Ondo State. My training was on

the diagnosis, repairs, programming and maintenance of automobile vehicles. During this period,

I acquired practical knowledge on how to diagnose, repair, replace and install some mechanical

parts and systems and I also assisted in providing the units the functionality they need. This

report discusses the technical skills gained during the training period and justifying the relevance

of the scheme in equipping students with needed technical competence to thrive in the real

world.
 CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that this is the report of six-month Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme

(SIWES) undertaken at HEPHZIBAH AUTOCARE by AJIJOLAIYA RAZAQ AKINKUNMI

with matriculation number MEE/18/6932 under my supervision. This is also to certify that this

report is a fair reflection of the student’s input and that it meets the requirements of the

Department of mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering and Engineering Technology,

Federal University of Technology Akure, for the award of Bachelor’s Degree in Mechanical

Engineering.

…………………… …….………………………
Dr. T.S Mogaji Date
SIWES Coordinator

………………….. …. .………………………
Prof. S. A. Anjorin Date
Head of Deparment
 DEDICATION

I dedicate this report to God Almighty, the creator and sustainer of all things for His infinite

mercies, grace and divine wisdom granted unto me during my period of attachment at Hephzibah

Autocare. I also dedicate this report to my parents, siblings and friends for their support.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my deepest appreciation to God Almighty, who played a crucial role in

my successful completion of the 18-week Industrial Training Program. The strength, grace,

tenacity, and understanding I gained during my SIWES experience are truly remarkable and

could not have originated from any other source.

Furthermore, I want to extend my gratitude to my family, particularly my parents, Mr and Mrs

Ajijolaiya, for their unwavering emotional, financial, and moral support throughout the duration

of this training. Their presence and assistance were invaluable to my achievements.

Lastly, my time at Hephzibah Autocare was a success owing to the support and guidance of the

caring staff at the company. My appreciation goes to Engr. Aworinde Opeyemi, The CEO, for

his guidance and motivation during my time there. I would like to acknowledge the

commendable efforts of the Industrial Training Unit at the Federal University of Technology,

Akure, for implementing such a brilliant program that provides students with firsthand exposure

to the practical working environment in their respective fields of study. Undoubtedly, this

scheme has had a positive impact on my personal and professional growth.

My gratitude extends to all of the other employees and interns and to everyone who, in one way

or the other, helped make my SIWES a success.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT...................................................................................................................................................2
CERTIFICATION.........................................................................................................................................3
DEDICATION...............................................................................................................................................4
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.............................................................................................................................5
CHAPTER ONE..........................................................................................................................................10
1.0 INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................10
1.1 BACKGROUND INFORMATION ON SIWES.............................................................................10
1.2 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF SIWES............................................................................................12
1.3 FUNCTION AND RELEVANCE OF SIWES................................................................................13
1.4 BODY INVOLVED IN THE MANAGEMENT OF SIWES AND THEIR ROLES.....................14
CHAPTER TWO.........................................................................................................................................20
2.0 HISTORY OF HEPHZIBAH AUTOCARE....................................................................................20
2.1 ORGANOGRAM OF THE WORKSHOP......................................................................................21
2.2 DESCRIPTION OF ACTIVITIES AT HEPHZIBAH AUTOCARE..............................................21
2.3 VARIOUS SECTION/ UNIT AT HEPHZIBAH AUTOCARE.....................................................24
2.3.1 Vehicle Diagnosis...........................................................................................................................24
2.3.2 Vehicle Programming.....................................................................................................................24
2.3.3 Transmission Conversion................................................................................................................24
2.3.4 Vehicle Servicing............................................................................................................................25
2.3.5 Vehicle Electrical Repairs...............................................................................................................25
2.4 INFRASTRUCTURE DETAILS / FACILITIES AVAILABLE....................................................25
CHAPTER THREE.....................................................................................................................................27
3.0 THE TRAINING PROGRAMME...................................................................................................27
3.1 INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE...........................................................................................28
3.1.1 CLASS AND LECTURES SECTION...........................................................................................28
3.1.1.1 Description of Work................................................................................................................28
3.1.1.2 Introduction to Internal Combustion Engine...........................................................................29
3.1.1.3 Introduction to Automotive System.........................................................................................31
3.1.1.4 Vehicle Emission Control System...........................................................................................39
3.1.1.5 Vehicle Identification Number (VIN)......................................................................................42
3.1.2 AUTO REPAIR AND SERVICES SECTION...............................................................................44
3.1.2.1 Description of Work................................................................................................................44
 3.1.2.2 Sensor System in Vehicle........................................................................................................45
3.1.2.3 Vehicle Diagnostics.................................................................................................................47
3.2 LIST OF MAJOR CAR PROBLEM DURING SIWES, CAUSES AND SOLUTIONS................50
3.3 EXPERIENCE GAINED AT HEPHZIBAH AUTOCARE............................................................58
3.4 CHALLENGES ENCOUNTERED DURING MY SIWES PROGRAMME.................................59
CHAPTER FOUR........................................................................................................................................59
4.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS............................................................................59
4.1 CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................59
4.2 RECOMMENDATIONS.................................................................................................................60
REFERENCES............................................................................................................................................61
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Title Page
2.1 Organizational Chart of Hephzibah Autocare 19
2.2 AUTEL Scanner 24
2.3 Pliers 25
2.4 Muiltimeter 25
2.5 Different Types of Spanners 25
3.1 The Four Strokes of an Internal Combustion Engine 29
3.2 The Various Systems of a Vehicle 38
3.3 The Various Vehicle Emission Control System 40
3.4 A picture showing the interpretation of vehicle VIN 41
3.5 A picture showing the location of a vehicle VIN 42
LIST OF PLATES
Plate Title Page
2.1 Hephzibah Autocare Workshop 20
2.2 Company Sign Post 20
2.3 OBDII scanner (ELM 327 BT) 24

3.1 Lecture Ongoing 27

3.2 Servicing the Solenoid in a Gear 43
3.3 Inserting of ECM Connection Cable 43
3.4 Repair of Broken Gear Position Sensor Wire 45
3.5 Speed Sensor 45
3.6 Car Scanner Showing a Diagnostic Trouble Codes 48
3.7 Injector Nozzle 56
3.8 Electric Coil 56
 CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

This report contains full information pertaining all activities carried-out, experience gained,

innovative ideas and beneficial knowledge impacted during the Student Industrial Work

Experience Scheme (SIWES) done at Hephzibah Autocare. The Students Industrial Work

Experience Scheme (SIWES), is the accepted training programme, which is part of the approved

Minimum Academic Standard in the various degree programmes for all Nigerian Universities.

The scheme is aimed at bridging the existing gap between theory and practice of Sciences,

Agriculture, Medical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Management, and Information and

Communication Technology and other professional educational programmes in the Nigerian

tertiary institutions. This exposes students to machines and equipment, professional work

methods and ways of safeguarding the work areas and workers in industries, offices, laboratories,

hospitals and other organization.

1.1 BACKGROUND INFORMATION ON SIWES

The Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) was initiated in 1973 by the Industrial

training Fund (ITF), this was in response to the mandate given to ITF, through Decree 47 of

1971, charging it with the responsibility of promoting and encouraging the acquisition of skills in

industry and commerce with the view of generating a poll of trained indigenous manpower

sufficient to meet the needs of the economy. The Scheme exposes students to industry-based

skills necessary for a smooth transition from the classroom to the world of work. It affords

students of tertiary institutions the opportunity of being familiarized and exposed to industrial

skills and experience in handling real life situations which are usually not available in the

educational institutions.
The Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) is a program introduced into the

educational system to enable students gain practical knowledge and experience based on their

respective chosen profession. In other words, it was introduced because of the need to improve

the quality and standard of education in Nigeria. The Industrial training program under the

Students’ Industrial Work Experience Scheme is an integral part of some degree and diploma

course in institution of higher learning.

This scheme is usually undertaken at firms, industries, companies, establishments, and

government establishments to carry out activities relating to the students’ area of study. On

completion of the training, students are required to prepare a comprehensive technical report

based on activities done by him/her during the period of training. In essence, the rationale behind

the establishment of SIWES lies in the desire to bridge the existing gap between theory and

practice of various professional program in the Nigeria Tertiary Institution. Thus, the Student

Industrial Work Experience Scheme was established in 1978 and it was funded on a nationwide

basis by the Industrial trainings Fund (ITF) under the watchful eyes of the Federal Government.

Consequent upon the mandatory 6-month Industrial training program, required as a prerequisite

for the award of Bachelor of Engineering (B.ENG) in Mechanical Engineering, My SIWES

program was undertaken at Hephzibah Autocare as a Mechanical Engineering Intern. The choice

of the organization was informed by its excellence in vehicle fixing and maintenance. This report

also highlights on the problem encountered during the program and the solutions to these

problems.

1.2 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF SIWES

The In accordance with Decree 47 of October 8, 1971, the Industrial training Fund was

established to foster and encourage the strategic acquisition of skills in industries and commerce
with the view of generating and integrating a pool of indigenous manpower that is sufficient and

capable of standing up to the demand of the economy. More so, the aim of Students Industrial

Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) is to provide students with adequate practical experience in

their various course of study in the higher institutions and good training to prepare them for the

future and especially the task ahead of them in their different chosen professions.

The objectives of SIWES among others include:

1. To provide an avenue for students in institutions of higher learning to acquire industrial

skills and experience in their study.

2. To provide students with an opportunity to apply their theoretical knowledge in real

practical work in the professional field.

3. To enhance the efficiency and expertise of the professional workforce.

4. To expose students to work methods and techniques in handling equipment and

machineries that may not be in educational institutions.

5. To make transition from school to the world of work easier and enhance students

contacts for later job placements.

6. To consciously strengthen employers’ investment in the entire educational process for

preparing students for employment industry.

7. Exposure of students to the environment in which they will eventually work, thereby

enabling them to see how their future profession are organized in practice.

8. Enable students to bridge the gap between the knowledge acquired in institution and the

relevant production skills required in the work organization.

 9. Making science, Engineering and technology students appreciate the role of their

profession as the creator and wealth and indispensable contribution to growing the

economy and national development.

10. Minimization of the bewilderment experienced by students particularly those from non-

technological background pursuing course in science engineering and technology.

1.3 FUNCTION AND RELEVANCE OF SIWES

1. The Practical Exposure: SIWES offers students the opportunity to gain practical experience

in real- world engineering environments. It allows them to apply the theoretical knowledge

acquired in the classroom to actual industrial settings. This practical exposure is invaluable

for mechanical engineering students as it helps them understand the practical aspects of their

discipline and develop a deeper understanding of how engineering concepts are implemented.

2. Skill Development: SIWES provides a platform for mechanical engineering students to

develop and enhance their technical skills. They can work alongside professionals and learn

about various tools, equipment, and technologies used in the industry. This hands-on

experience helps them acquire new skills, such as operating machinery, performing tests and

measurements, troubleshooting, and maintenance, which are essential for a successful career

in mechanical engineering.

3. Industry Insights: SIWES exposes students to the day-to-day operations of engineering

industries, allowing them to gain valuable insights into the industry's working culture,

practices, and challenges. They can observe how engineering projects are managed, interact

with professionals, and understand the importance of teamwork, communication, and

problem-solving in the industry. This exposure helps students align their academic

knowledge with the industry's expectations and requirements.

4. Networking Opportunities: During SIWES, mechanical engineering students can build

connections and network with professionals in the field. These connections can be beneficial

for future job prospects, internships, or mentorship opportunities. Building a strong

professional network can open doors to potential employment or collaboration opportunities

after graduation.

5. Career Exploration: SIWES provides a chance for mechanical engineering students to

explore different sectors and specialties within the field. By working in various industrial

settings, students can get a glimpse of different career paths, understand their personal

preferences, and make informed decisions about their future career goals. It allows them to

assess their strengths and interests in specific areas of mechanical engineering.

1.4 BODY INVOLVED IN THE MANAGEMENT OF SIWES AND THEIR ROLES

For every system that has smooth and organized operation, there are some contributory

components that attributes to the effectiveness of the system, so also is it in the case of The

Students’ Industrial Work and Experience Scheme (SIWES). The program is also practiced in

other countries, but it has different names such as cooperative Education in United States of

America, Sandwich Education in United Kingdom, and student industrial training in Asia. The

program started first in the University of Glasgow in 1840 and from that time many countries

have adopted the program because of its positive effects on students. In Nigeria, the program has

its history traced back to the Polytechnic education which at the onset globally was not intended

to be part of higher-level institution. There are various Bodies involved in the management of

SIWES programme in Nigeria. Each of them has its respective roles. These SIWES Bodies work

seriously and together to ensure an effective and efficient administration of the industrial training

programme in Nigeria.
The Federal Government of Nigeria (FGN):

The Federal government is the highest authority in the executive arm of government, which is

headed by the President of the Federation, and in the case of this scheme, the Federal

government is charged with the following responsibilities.

1. To provide adequate funds to the I.T.F through the Federal Ministry of Trade &

Investment for the scheme

2. To make it mandatory for all ministries, companies, and parastatal, to offer places for the

attachment of students in accordance with the provisions of Decree No. 47 of 1971 as

amended in 2011.

3. Make policies that will enhance the effectiveness of the scheme.

4. To appoint SIWES coordinators

5. Create more regional offices of Industrial Trust Fund (ITF)

6. Make it mandatory for all establishments to offer places to the student for attachment.

National Universities Commission (NUC):

1. The NUC is responsible for the formulation of policies and guidelines governing SIWES

in Nigerian universities.

2. It sets standards for the implementation of SIWES across universities and ensures

compliance with these standards.

The Industrial Training Fund (ITF):

Industrial training Fund (ITF) was established and is being managed by the Federal Government

headed by a Director General to deliver into the hands of each student, the practical experience

of various discipline already been taught in school to achieve the much-required technological

advancement of the nation, the Industrial training Fund (ITF) is charged with the following

responsibilities.

1. To formulate Policies and Guidelines on SIWES for distribution to all participating

bodies, institutions and companies involved in the scheme.

2. Regularly organize orientation programs for students prior to their attachment.

3. Receive and process Master and Placement Lists from the Institutions through the

Supervising Agencies i.e. (N.U.C, N.B.T.E, and N.C.C.E)

4. Disburse supervisory and students’ allowances by e-payment.

5. Organize Biennial SIWES National Conference, seminars, workshops, and Review

meetings.

6. Provide insurance cover for students on attachment.

7. Provide logistics and materials necessary for effective administration of the schemes, such

documents as: I.T.F Form 8, S.C.A.F and D.E.P.F

8. Ensure the visitation of I.T.F officers to the supervising agencies, institutions, employers,

and students on attachment.

9. Provide information on companies for attachment and assist in the industrial placements

of students.
 10. Continuously review and carryout research into the scheme operations

11. Vet and process student’s logbooks and forms

12. To provide SIWES external supervisors

13. To disburse returning SIWES with the Federal Government’s provided fund

SIWES Coordinating Unit/Office in Universities:

1. Each university typically has a SIWES coordinating unit or office responsible for the day-

to-day management of the program within the institution.

2. This unit liaises with the ITF and industry partners to facilitate student placements, monitor

students during their industrial attachments, and ensure compliance with program

requirements.

Employing Organizations (Industries/Companies):

1. Various industries and companies across different sectors participate in the SIWES program

by offering placement opportunities to students.

2. These organizations provide students with hands-on experience in their field of study,

exposing them to real-world work environments and practices.

Supervisors/Mentors in Employing Organizations:

1. Within the employing organizations, designated supervisors or mentors oversee the

activities of SIWES students.

2. They guide and mentor students, assign tasks/projects relevant to their field of study, and

provide feedback on their performance.

The Industrial Training Students:

In the case of a University education, a student is a person who undergoes a long period of

educational training in the higher institution having pass through series of preliminary

educational level, this educational training usually qualifies the student as a professional in a

particular field or career, so SIWES in the University is meant for students in the School/Faculty

of Science, Technology, Engineering, Agriculture and Environmental studies for a period of six

(6) months in their fourth year (400L) during the period of the five (5) years of educational

studies, the Students are charged with the following responsibilities;

1. To be a university undergraduate in an NUC approved University (Private or government

owned)

2. To register for the program and submit at the point of registration, their bank account

details to their school coordinators.

3. Attend Orientation Program before going on attachment.

4. To be obedient to constituted authorities and adhere strictly to all rules and regulations of

the organization where they are attached.

5. Be regular and punctual at respective places of attachment.

6. Avoid change of attachment, except in special circumstances which must be determined

and approved by their Institutions, supervisor, employer and/or I.T.F

7. Complete the Student’s Commencement Attachment Form (S.C.A.F) and gets it endorsed

by the employers for onward submission to I.T.F

8. Record all industrial training activities and other assignments in logbook and complete

I.T.F forms to ensure proper assessment.

9. Be diligent, honest and take pride in the protection of employer’s properties throughout

the attachment period.

10. To seek an Industrial attachment placement in a relevant, approved, and qualified

organization that is practicing in his/her field of studies.

 CHAPTER TWO

2.0 HISTORY OF HEPHZIBAH AUTOCARE

Hephzibah Autocare was established in 2018 by the CEO Engr. Aworinde Opeyemi, who is also

the head of all Department/Section in the industry. The company with business number 315956

is registered under the CAC as a recognized entity whose sole aim and objectives is to offer its

best by being reliable, competent and Affordable. The company was started as a small-scale

business where most of the works performed was based on appointment with clients at different

specific locations and limited to three basic sections which are Vehicle diagnosis, Vehicle

programming and Vehicle services. Currently, Hephzibah Autocare holds five (5) functional

Section in the company and each section has its specific operations carried out. These sections

are, vehicle diagnosis, vehicle programming, transmission conversion, vehicle services and

vehicle electrical repair. Also, a training section was later added to the section as an avenue for

individuals with interest in acquiring skills in any of the department/section listed above.

2.1 ORGANOGRAM OF THE WORKSHOP

HEPHZIBAH AUTOCARE

OFFICE OF SECRETARY TECHNICIANS FINANCE AND

DIRECTOR ACCOUNTS

APPRENTICE

Figure 2.1. Organizational chart of Hephzibah Autocare

Geographically, Hephzibah Autocare has established a primary Head Offices in Akure, Ondo

state. This office serves as the only main office for which industrial activities are being carried

out. Field works are carried out in various other states across the nation based on appointment.

2.2 DESCRIPTION OF ACTIVITIES AT HEPHZIBAH AUTOCARE

Location

The first office of Hephzibah Autocare was commissioned in 2018 and located at Ilesha

expressway, Akure, Ondo state. The office was then moved in 2020 to its current location of

AKAD filling Station along Ilesha Expressway, Akure, Ondo state.

Hephzibah Autocare maintains just one Office across the nation which serves as the head office

although there are plans for expanding its coast in the nearest future.

Plate 2.1. Hephzibah Autocare Workshop Plate 2.2 Company Sign Post
Hephzibah Autocare Vision and Mission

Vision: To be a leading regulator through innovation and modern technology and give the best

results.

Mission: To ensure the sustainable development of Nigeria’s automotive section across the value

chain for our stakeholders through effective regulation while entrenching world class reliability,

competent and affordability.

Roles of Hephzibah Autocare

Hephzibah Autocare has the statutory responsibility of ensuring compliance to automotive

industrial laws, regulations and guidelines in the Automotive Industry. The discharge of these

responsibilities involves monitoring of operations at the workshop, production section,

diagnosing section and repair stations, vehicle part replacement import/export terminals, storage

depots, transmission stations, retail outlets, any other locations where vehicle parts and

instruments are either stored, used or sold while carrying out the following functions, among

others:

1. Supervising all automotive Industry operations being carried out under licenses and leases

in the country.

2. Diagnosis and repair of vehicles to customer’s satisfaction.

3. Effective transmission changing to best adaptation of a vehicle and customers

requirement.
 4. Monitoring the automotive Industry operations to ensure that they are in line with national

goals and aspirations including those relating to flare down and Domestic automotive

Supply Obligations.

5. Ensuring that Health Safety & Environment regulations conform to national and

international best automotive field practice.

Maintaining records on automotive industry operations, particularly on matters relating to

automotive reserves, production/exports, licenses and leases.

2.3 VARIOUS SECTION/ UNIT AT HEPHZIBAH AUTOCARE

2.3.1 Vehicle Diagnosis

This section practically undertakes all performances or practices of vehicle diagnostics and

produce a documented result which are specifically the faults generated on the vehicle being

diagnosed and reported for further review or repair. Different diagnosis was carried out on

several cars during the course of the training and procedures of proper diagnosis was understood

and well implored on outfield practices. This section is a very large section and most of the time

set out for the training was focused on the section.

2.3.2 Vehicle Programming

This section is another important and broad section in the organization which requires more time

and focus to successfully be learnt and understood. It holds the computing part of the company

which focuses on the programming of different functional parts of a vehicle. Examples are

programming of a car lock, programming of a car reverse camera and automatic winding of the

vehicle’s windows. Also programming of the vehicle’s transmission is done. This section was
not treated or understood during the course of the training and therefore there is little or no

knowledge on the section due to its broadness and work received during the SIWES period.

2.3.3 Transmission Conversion

This section deals with the conversion of a transmission either from a manual setting to an

automatic setting. The transmission section also deals with repair of damaged transmission

which is also known as the gear box of a car and being replaced with a new or higher

transmission. Some transmission systems are known to develop faults in not being able to change

from one number to another which sometimes results in conversion of the transmission system.

2.3.4 Vehicle Servicing

This is a section in Hephzibah Auto care which deals with the proper services done to a car and

regulate the cars functionality. Every vehicle that comes to this section goes through the vehicle

diagnosis section in other to properly inspect the vehicle and then get any important reports.

Also, changing of the vehicle’s oil is done in this section and changing of ignition coil and every

necessary, damaged or faulty parts are being checked and replaced for better performances.

2.3.5 Vehicle Electrical Repairs

This section deals with the Electrical parts of the vehicle. Its general purpose is to repair faulty

electrical part of the vehicle which include the Communication area network (CAN), Brainbox of

the vehicle (PCM, ECM, TCM). Also, this section works on faulty alternators and sensors of the

vehicle. Little knowledge was gotten from this section and being explained further in the

following chapter of the report

2.4 INFRASTRUCTURE DETAILS / FACILITIES AVAILABLE

Although Hephzibah Autocare does not possess much newly developed equipment and tools for

all the automotive section. However, there are several equipment in the workshop and the facility

is well conducive and spacious for all the sections available in the industry. The equipment used

during the course of the training was well enough to understand the scope of the studies being

carried out in Hephzibah Autocare.

SOME OF THE TOOLS AND DEVICES USED AT THE WORKSHOP

1. Spanners - Combination Spanner, Box Spanner, Ring Wench, Allen Key, Socket

Spanner etc.

2. Scanning Devices – OBDII Scanner ELM 327 WIFI, AUTEL 805, Car Scanner etc.

3. Pliers – Combination Plier, Long Nose Plier, Cutting Plier, etc.

4. Carmin – This is an application software that shows all wiring diagram of different

vehicles

5. Multimeter

Plate 2.3 OBDII Scanner (ELM 327 WIFI) Figure 2.2 AUTEL Scanner
Figure 2.3 Pliers Figure 2.4 Multimeter

Figure 2.5 Different Types of Spanners

 CHAPTER THREE

3.0 THE TRAINING PROGRAMME

The During my industrial training at Hephzibah Autocare, I worked in the Technical

Services/Maintenance Department, where we utilized instruments and tools for vehicle

diagnostics, programming, and electrical repairs. I had the opportunity to work with diagnostic

scanners, programming equipment, electrical testing devices, calibration tools, and specialized

wiring tools. These instruments allowed us to accurately diagnose issues, program vehicle

components, test electrical systems, calibrate sensors, and ensure reliable repairs. Working with

these instruments enhanced my skills and knowledge in providing high-quality automotive

services.

3.1 INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE

This chapter contains detailed report of the experience and knowledge that has been gained

during the course of this training and by extension the activities carried out during my internship

period at Hephzibah Autocare focusing on vehicle diagnostics. The industry-based Supervisor

was in charge of the training and he handled it diligently with nothing short of experience and

knowledge. He encouraged sequential understanding of every step. Due to the experience gained

daily, he advised a daily practice of what was done earlier to keep me in track and that really

help improved the knowledge acquisition.

The Intern schedule is a non-exhaustive framework which is meant to serve as a guideline for the

experience to be gained by the SIWES Trainee. At Hephzibah, the industry-based Supervisor

prepared flexible framework to enable easy accessibility and easy understanding for all interns
which took me throughout the internship program. And with all this I successfully underwent my

SIWES training.

3.1.1 CLASS AND LECTURES SECTION

3.1.1.1 Description of Work

During my internship at Hephzibah Autocare, I was often invited for classroom sessions at the

workshop as shown in plate 3.1 for formal lessons on automotive education.

Plate 3.1 Lecture Ongoing

The following are the knowledge I acquired owing to my participation in the academic activities

supervised by the industrial based supervisor at Hephzibah Autocare.

3.1.1.2 Introduction to Internal Combustion Engine

All internal combustion engines operate on a theory called the Otto Cycle of events, named after

Nikolaus Otto, who invented it in 1867. It occurs in 4 repeating steps or cycles:

i. Intake

ii. Compression
 iii. Expansion (or power)

iv. Exhaust

Spark-ignition (gasoline) engines;

Intake: The fuel and air are drawn into the engine cylinder by the piston moving down while the

intake valve is open.

Compression: When the piston starts moving up, both intake and exhaust valves are closed. The

piston moving up compresses the air and fuel mixture.

Expansion (Power): The air and fuel mixture is then ignited with a spark plug (in regular

gasoline engines), creating combustion. The extreme heat creates high pressure forcing the piston

down.

Exhaust: Next, the exhaust valve opens. The piston goes back up exhausting the exhaust gas.

Then the cycle is repeated.

Figure 3.1 The four strokes of an internal combustion engine

The process of combustion is the conversion of chemical energy (gasoline) into heat energy

(combustion) which is converted into reciprocating energy (pumping of the pistons). The pistons

turn a crank shaft via a connecting rod. As the piston goes up and down during combustion it
rotates the crankshaft. The crankshaft turns reciprocating energy into rotational energy. This

energy is eventually transferred to the wheels through the drivetrain.

Compression-ignition (diesel) engines;

In a diesel engine there are no spark plugs. The fuel is ignited based on compression alone. The

compression is higher on a diesel engine, which generates enough heat to cause the combustion.

Hybrid vehicles;

A hybrid vehicle uses an electric motor and battery for assisting propulsion along with the

internal combustion engine. The internal combustion engine generates electricity to recharge the

batteries. Also, the batteries are recharged when braking to a stop.

3.1.1.3 Introduction to Automotive System

The modern vehicle is made up of a variety of parts and components all working together to

achieve a final product: “The Car”. These parts and components are assembled in groups to

perform various tasks. These groups are referred to as systems.

There are many systems that make up the modern vehicle, some working with others to perform

a larger, sometimes more complex, task and others working individually in order to accomplish

an individual job. The following is a list of the major systems of a modern vehicle explained

during my SIWES programme:

The engine

The engine is the vehicle’s main source of power. This is where chemical energy, through

combustion, is converted into mechanical energy. The most popular type of engine is referred to

as the Internal Combustion Engine.

This engine uses air/fuel mixture as its working fluid. It burns an air/fuel mixture inside its

Combustion chamber in order to drive a series of pistons and connecting rods that in turn rotate a

crankshaft providing us with a continuous rotating motion with which to drive the vehicle and

other components.

Major Engine Components include;

i. The block is metal casting that holds all the other engine parts in place.

ii. The cylinder is a round hole bored (machined) in the block. It guides piston movement.

iii. The piston is a cylindrical component that transfers the energy of combustion (burning of

air-fuel mixture) to the connecting rod.

iv. The rings seal the small gap around the sides of the piston. They keep combustion

pressure and oil from leaking between the piston and the cylinder wall (cylinder surface).

v. The connecting rod links the piston to the crankshaft.

vi. The crankshaft changes the reciprocating (up-and-down) motion of the piston and rod

into useful rotary (spinning) motion.

vii. The cylinder head covers and seals of the top of the cylinder. It also holds the valves,

rocker arms, and often, the camshaft.

viii. The combustion chamber is a small cavity (hollow area) between the top of the piston

and the bottom of the cylinder head. The burning of the air-fuel mixture occurs in the

combustion chamber.

ix. The valves open and close to control the flow of the air-fuel mixture into the combustion

chamber and the exhaust gases out of the combustion chamber.

 x. The camshaft controls the opening of the valves.

xi. The valve springs keep the valves closed when they do not need to be open.

xii. The rocker arms transfer camshaft action to the valves.

xiii. The lifters, or followers, ride on the camshaft and transfer motion to the other parts of the

valve train.

xiv. The flywheel helps keep the crankshaft turning smoothly. It also provides a large gear for

the starting motor.

xv. The engine also incorporates other systems designed to prevent engine damage and wear

including the lubrication system and the cooling system, all working efficiently together.

The cooling system

The cooling system include a variety of components that maintains the engine at an ideal

operating temperature. These components include the following:

i. Coolant radiator

ii. Thermostat

iii. Coolant pump (mechanical or electric)

iv. Engine cooling fan

v. Temperature sensor
The lubricating system

The lubricating system ensures that all the moving parts are kept well-oiled in order to provide a

long serviceable life and also carry heat away from internal engine parts. The engine oil forms a

film of lubrication between all moving parts of an internal combustion engine to reduce friction

and wear. Choosing the right engine oil for your vehicle and changing the oil during regularly-

scheduled maintenance intervals will keep the engine running smoothly over time.

The components required to lubricate the engine parts include;

i. Oil Sump

ii. Engine oil filter

iii. Piston cooling nozzles

iv. Oil Pump

v. The Oil Galleries

vi. Oil Cooler

The fuel system

The fuel system’s job is to store and supply fuel to the engine. This system must add the right

amount of fuel to the air entering the cylinders and ensures that a very volatile (burnable)

mixture enters the combustion chambers.

The fuel system must also alter the air-fuel ratio (percentage of air and fuel) with changes in

operating conditions (engine temperature, speed, load, and other variables). Gasoline injection

systems use a control module, sensors, and electrically operated fuel injectors (fuel valves) to
meter fuel into the engine. An electric fuel pump forces fuel from the fuel tank to the engine. The

control module reacting to electrical data it receives from the sensors, opens the injectors for the

correct amount of time. Fuel sprays from the open injectors, mixing with the air entering the

combustion chambers. A throttle valve controls airflow, engine speed, and engine power.

When the throttle valve is open for more engine power output, the computer holds the injectors

open longer, allowing more fuel to spray out. When the throttle valve is closed, the computer

opens the injectors for only a short period, reducing power output.

The throttle valve (air valve) is connected to the accelerator pedal. When the pedal is pressed, the

throttle valve opens to increase engine power output.

Major components include;

i. Fuel tank

ii. Fuel pump

iii. Fuel lines

iv. Fuel filter

v. Fuel rail and injectors

The electrical system

The electrical system provides the voltage necessary to operate the many electrical components

on the vehicle. The main source of power for the electrical system is the battery. The electrical

system also includes subsystems like the starting system, the ignition system, the lighting system

and the charging system, all designed to perform a specific function.

The starting system

The starting system uses a high output electric motor (called the starter motor) to start the engine,

turning fast enough for the fuel and ignition system to take over.

Its main components include;

i. The battery

ii. Starter motor

iii. Solenoid

iv. Starter relay

The ignition system

The ignition system provides the spark necessary to ignite the air/fuel mixture inside the engine,

during the otto cycle of events, in order for combustion to take place. The spark must be

provided at the correct time and sequence to the various cylinders in order to produce maximum

power with the least amount of fuel thus emitting the lowest amount of harmful emissions.

Its main components include;

i. The battery

ii. Wires

iii. ignition coil

iv. spark plugs

The Lighting system

The lighting system consists of components that operate the vehicle’s interior and exterior lights,

such as the dome light, trunk light, headlights, brake lights, etc.

Its main components include;

i. Fuses

ii. Wires

iii. Switches

iv. Relays

The charging system

The charging system is needed to re-energize the battery. It consists of a large battery charger

called an alternator which is powered by the engine through the use of a drive belt to recharge

the battery and operate other electrical needs of the vehicle.

Its main components include;

i. The battery

ii. Alternator

iii. Voltage regulator

iv. Wires
The drive train

The drive train (drivetrain or powertrain) is a series of parts that transfer the energy of an internal

combustion engine to the wheels. It transmits the rotational force of the engine crankshaft to the

drive wheels. The drive train includes;

i. The clutch / torque converter

ii. Transmission / transaxle,

iii. Transfer case

iv. Drive shafts

v. Rear axle assembly

vi. Front drive axles

The transmission

The transmission which is where the actual gears are located, takes an input speed from the

crankshaft and reduces it to the output speed until the vehicle is in direct drive. It uses various

gear combinations and ratios to vary the input speed and torque from the engine to accommodate

driving conditions. Low gear ratios use higher input speed from the engine, allowing the vehicle

to accelerate quickly, while high gear ratios (and overdrive in modern vehicles) use lower input

speed from the engine, which results in better fuel economy. Manual transmission let’s the driver

shift between gears manually, while automatic transmission, on the other hand, does not have to

be shifted by the driver, it uses internal hydraulic system and electronic controls to shift gears.
The exhaust system

The exhaust system moves the burnt exhaust fumes safely and quietly away from the passenger

compartment. The exhaust system consists of a series of pipes that interconnect and direct the

burned gases to the tailpipe at the rear of the vehicle. This system also provides some emission

control by means of the catalytic converter where any unburned gases leaving the engine are

burned before leaving the exhaust system.

Major components;

i. Exhaust manifold

ii. Oxygen sensors

iii. Catalytic converter

iv. Resonator

v. Exhaust pipes

vi. Muffler

vii. Tailpipe
Figure 3.2 The various systems of a vehicle

3.1.1.4 Vehicle Emission Control System

These are the means employed to limit the discharge of harmful gases from the internal

combustion engine and other components. There are three main sources of these gases:

The engine exhaust

The exhaust emissions are responsible for two-thirds of the total engine pollutants. Two types of

systems are used to control emissions from the exhaust:

The air-injection system: In a typical air-injection system, an engine-driven pump injects air into

the exhaust manifold, where the air combines with unburned hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide

at a high temperature and, in effect, continues the combustion process. In this way a large

percentage of the pollutants that were formerly discharged through the exhaust system are

burned (though with no additional generation of power).

The exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) system: In EGR a certain portion of exhaust gases are

directed back to the cylinder head, where they are combined with the fuel-air mixture and enter

the combustion chamber. The recirculated exhaust gases serve to lower the temperature of

combustion, a condition that favours lower production of nitrogen oxides as combustion products

(though at some loss of engine efficiency).

Another area for additional combustion is the catalytic converter, consisting of an insulated

chamber containing ceramic pellets or a ceramic honeycomb structure coated with a thin layer of

metals such as platinum and palladium. As the exhaust gases are passed through the packed

beads or the honeycomb, the metals act as catalysts to induce the hydrocarbons, carbon

monoxide, and nitrogen oxides in the exhaust to convert to water vapour, carbon dioxide, and

nitrogen.

The crankcase

This is the portion of the engine block below the cylinders where the crankshaft is located. In the

crankcase, leaked combustion gases are combined with ventilating air and returned to the intake

manifold for re-burning in the combustion chamber. The device that performs this function is

known as the positive crankcase ventilation (PCV) valve.

The fuel tank

In the past, gasoline fumes evaporating from the fuel tank were released directly into the

atmosphere. Today those emissions are greatly reduced by sealed fuel-tank caps and the

evaporative control system. The evaporative control system works by channelling fuel vapour

through a purge valve to a canister (called the charcoal canister). The canister acts as a
storehouse; when the engine is running, the vapours are drawn by the resultant vacuum from the

canister, through a filter, and into the combustion chamber, where they are burned.

Improvements in combustion efficiency are effected by computerized control over the whole

process of combustion. This control ensures the most efficient operation of the systems described

above. In addition, computer-controlled fuel-injection systems ensure more precise air-fuel

mixtures, creating greater efficiency in combustion and lower generation of pollutants.

Figure 3.3 The various vehicle emission control system components

3.1.1.5 Vehicle Identification Number (VIN)

The Vehicle Identification Number (VIN) is a unique alphanumeric code assigned to each

individual automobile, serving as its distinctive identifier. Comparable to a fingerprint, no two

vehicles share the same VIN, making it an indispensable tool for tracking and managing

automotive-related information. Comprising 17 characters, the VIN encapsulates crucial details

about the vehicle's specifications, manufacturer, and production history. This comprehensive

identifier facilitates various administrative processes, including recalls, registrations, warranty

claims, theft prevention, and insurance coverage verification.

Decoding the VIN:

Understanding the composition of the VIN is paramount for extracting valuable information

encoded within it. Each of the 17 digits and letters in the VIN represents specific attributes of the

vehicle, providing insights into its origin, characteristics, and manufacturing details. A

breakdown of the VIN reveals essential data such as the manufacturer, vehicle model, engine

type, and production sequence as shown in figure3.4 enabling technician to discern vital

information about the vehicle's history and specifications.

Figure 3.4 A picture showing the interpretation of vehicle VIN

Locating the VIN:

Finding the VIN is a straightforward process, typically located in easily accessible areas within

the vehicle. The most common placement is on the dashboard, visible through the windshield
from the exterior, providing convenience for identification purposes. Alternatively, the VIN may

also be found on the driver's side door post, where it latches when closed. Additionally,

documents such as insurance cards, vehicle titles, and registrations often display the VIN,

offering multiple avenues for referencing and verifying the vehicle's identity.

Figure 3.5 A picture showing the location of a vehicle VIN

3.1.2 AUTO REPAIR AND SERVICES SECTION

3.1.2.1 Description of Work

During my internship at Hephzibah Autocare, I was obligated to report at the workshop where I

carried out a variety of tasks while being supervised by qualified technicians, some of which

include;

i. Assisting the technicians in replacement of damage vehicle parts such as; spark plugs,

injector nozzles, coolant temperature sensor, speed sensor, ignition coil etc.
 ii. Carrying out On-Board Diagnostic (OBD) on vehicles to diagnose and report mechanical

defects

iii. Carrying out tests on the battery, charging system and other electrical system repairs

iv. Replacement of Transmission Control Module (TCM) and Engine Control Module

(ECM)

v. Programming of engine control module, gear box and key immobilizer

vi. Servicing the solenoid in a gear by repeatedly tapping of the two terminals on the

positive and negative sides of the battery

vii. Accompanying technicians when conducting road tests of vehicles to detect operational

malfunction or inspect quality of repair

viii. Keeping equipment available for use

ix. Keeping daily records of activities.

Plate 3.2 servicing the solenoid in a Gear Plate 3.3 Inserting of ECM connection cable
3.1.2.2 Sensor System in Vehicle

Vehicle sensors are electronic devices that monitor and measure various parameters related to a

vehicle's operation, environment, and performance. These sensors play a critical role in modern

vehicles, providing data to onboard computers and control systems to optimize performance,

enhance safety, and improve efficiency.

Here's an overview of the work of a sensor and importance:

1. Safety: Sensors contribute significantly to vehicle safety by detecting potential hazards

and providing feedback to control systems.

2. Vehicle Dynamics: Sensors help monitor and control various aspects of vehicle

dynamics, enhancing stability and handling. Such as the Anti-lock Braking System

(ABS)

3. Performance Optimization: Sensors provide data to optimize engine performance, fuel

efficiency, and emissions:

4. Driver Assistance and Comfort: Sensors enhance the driving experience by providing

assistance and comfort features:

5. Diagnostic and Maintenance: On-board sensors help diagnose problems and facilitate

maintenance:

Some types of vehicle sensors I work with during my IT period:

1. Engine Sensors:

 Mass Air Flow (MAF) sensor

 Engine Coolant Temperature (ECT) sensor

  Oxygen (O2) sensor

 Crankshaft Position (CKP) sensor and Camshaft Position (CMP) sensor

2. Vehicle Dynamics Sensors:

 Wheel Speed sensors (used in ABS and traction control systems)

 Steering Angle sensor

 Acceleration sensors (accelerometers)

3. Transmission and Drivetrain Sensors:

 Transmission Fluid Temperature sensor

 Vehicle Speed sensor

 Throttle Position sensor

 Gear Position sensor

Plate 3.4 Repair of broken gear position sensor wire Plate 3.5 Speed Sensor
3.1.2.3 Vehicle Diagnostics

Vehicle diagnostics encompasses the process of identifying and analyzing issues, faults, or

malfunctions within a vehicle's systems and components. It involves using diagnostic tools,

software, and sensors to gather data, interpret error codes, and provide insights into the condition

of the vehicle.

Here's an overview of the typical steps involved in vehicle diagnostics:

1. Initial Inspection: The diagnostic process often begins with a visual inspection of the

vehicle and a discussion with the owner or driver to gather information about the

symptoms or issues they are experiencing. This step helps the technician to narrow down

potential problem areas and formulate a diagnostic plan.

2. Diagnostic Tools: Diagnostic tools are used to retrieve data and codes from the vehicle's

onboard diagnostic system. These tools can include: OBDII scanner, AUTEL etc.

3. Reading Diagnostic Trouble Codes (DTCs): The technician uses the diagnostic tool to

retrieve DTCs stored in the vehicle's computer. These codes provide information about

specific faults or malfunctions within the vehicle's systems.

4. Interpreting DTCs: The technician interprets the retrieved DTCs to identify the affected

system and potential causes of the issue. DTCs are standardized across vehicles and can

provide valuable clues for diagnosis.

5. Diagnostic Procedures: Based on the DTCs and initial inspection findings, the

technician performs diagnostic procedures to further isolate and identify the root cause of

the problem. This may involve:

  Visual inspection of components and wiring

 Functional tests of specific systems or components

 Using diagnostic tools to monitor live data and sensor readings

 Conducting test drives to replicate and verify reported symptoms

6. Data Analysis and Troubleshooting: The technician analyzes the data collected during

diagnostic procedures to identify abnormalities, trends, or correlations that may indicate

the source of the problem. Troubleshooting techniques may involve:

 Circuit testing to identify open circuits, shorts, or faulty connections

 Component testing to check for proper operation and integrity

 Comparison of sensor readings to expected values

 Review of technical service bulletins (TSBs) or manufacturer diagnostic

procedures for known issues

7. Repair and Resolution: Once the root cause of the issue has been identified, the

technician performs the necessary repairs or adjustments to resolve the problem. This

may involve replacing faulty components, repairing damaged wiring, updating software,

or performing other corrective actions.

8. Verification and Testing: After completing repairs, the technician verifies the

effectiveness of the repairs by rechecking DTCs, conducting functional tests, and

confirming that the issue has been resolved. Test drives may be performed to ensure that

the vehicle operates properly under normal driving conditions.

 9. Final Inspection and Customer Communication: Once diagnostics and repairs are

complete, the technician performs a final inspection to ensure that all systems are

functioning correctly. The technician communicates the diagnosis, repairs performed, and

any recommendations for ongoing maintenance or future repairs to the vehicle owner or

driver.

Plate 3.6 Car Scanner showing a diagnostic trouble codes

3.2 LIST OF MAJOR CAR PROBLEM DURING SIWES, CAUSES AND SOLUTIONS

1. Problem and repair of car alternator

The alternator is an essential component of a car's charging system. It generates electrical power

to charge the battery and supply electricity to various electrical systems while the engine is

running. If your car's alternator is damaged, it can lead to battery drain, electrical system

malfunctions, and eventually, your car may fail to start. Here's a general overview of common

problems and potential repairs for a damaged car alternator:

i. Battery not charging: If your battery is frequently running low or doesn't hold a charge, it

could indicate a problem with the alternator. The alternator might have a faulty voltage

regulator, worn-out brushes, or damaged wiring. In this case, you may need to replace the

voltage regulator or repair/replace the entire alternator.

ii. Noisy operation: A damaged alternator can produce unusual noises, such as grinding,

whining, or squealing sounds. These noises may be caused by worn-out bearings, a loose

belt, or internal components that need repair or replacement. Replacing the faulty

components or the entire alternator may be necessary.

iii. Warning lights: If the battery warning light or the charging system warning light on your

car's dashboard illuminates, it could indicate a problem with the alternator. These warning

lights are designed to alert you to potential issues with the charging system. You should

have the alternator and associated components inspected and repaired as needed.

iv. Dim or flickering lights: A faulty alternator can result in dim or flickering headlights,

interior lights, or dashboard lights. This occurs because the alternator fails to provide
 sufficient power to the electrical systems. In this case, repairing or replacing the alternator

may be necessary.

v. Overcharging: Sometimes, the alternator can malfunction and deliver excessive voltage,

leading to overcharging the battery. This can cause damage to the battery and other

electrical components. If you notice bulging batteries, a strong sulfur smell, or melted

wiring, you should address the issue immediately. Repairing or replacing the alternator

and damaged components will be necessary.

2. Problem and repair of car air conditioning system

The car air conditioning system is responsible for cooling and dehumidifying the air inside the

vehicle, providing comfort during hot weather. If your car's air conditioning system is not

functioning properly, it can lead to discomfort and reduced visibility due to foggy windows. Here

are some common problems and potential repairs for a malfunctioning car air conditioning

system:

i. Insufficient cooling: If the air blowing from the vents is not as cold as it should be, it

could indicate a refrigerant leak or a problem with the compressor. Low refrigerant levels

can prevent the system from cooling effectively. A qualified technician can inspect the

system, locate the leak, repair it, and recharge the refrigerant to the appropriate level.

ii. No cooling at all: If the air conditioning system is not producing any cold air, it could be

due to a malfunctioning compressor, a faulty clutch, or an electrical issue. The compressor

may need to be replaced, and the electrical connections and fuses should be checked and

repaired as necessary.
iii. Weak airflow: If you notice weak airflow from the vents, it may be caused by a clogged

cabin air filter or a problem with the blower motor. The cabin air filter should be inspected

and replaced if dirty, while the blower motor may need repair or replacement.

iv. Unpleasant odors: Foul or musty odors when the air conditioning is running can be a sign

of mold or bacterial growth in the system. The evaporator and ventilation system may

need to be cleaned or treated with an antimicrobial solution to eliminate the odor-causing

organisms.

v. Strange noises: Unusual noises such as squealing, grinding, or rattling sounds could

indicate a problem with the compressor, blower motor, or other components. These parts

may need to be inspected, repaired, or replaced.

3. Problem and repair of car gear

If you're experiencing issues with your car's gear system, it can greatly affect your ability to shift

gears smoothly and drive safely. Here are some common problems and potential repairs for a

malfunctioning car gear system:

i. Difficulty shifting gears: If you're having trouble engaging or shifting gears, it could be

due to a variety of issues. One possibility is a worn-out clutch, which may require

replacement. Additionally, problems with the gear linkage, such as misalignment or

damaged bushings, can make shifting gears difficult. The gear linkage may need to be

adjusted or repaired.

ii. Grinding noise during shifting: A grinding noise when shifting gears can indicate a

problem with the clutch or the synchronizers. If the clutch isn't fully disengaging or the
 synchronizers are worn out, it can cause gear grinding. In this case, the clutch may need

adjustment or replacement, and the synchronizers may need to be repaired or replaced.

iii. Gear slipping: If you notice that the transmission slips out of gear or shifts on its own

while driving, it can be a sign of a worn-out clutch, damaged gear teeth, or issues with the

shift solenoid or hydraulic system. The clutch may need replacement, and any damaged

components should be repaired or replaced accordingly.

iv. Unresponsive gear shifting: When you try to shift gears but experience delayed or

unresponsive engagement, it can be due to a worn-out clutch, low transmission fluid, or a

malfunctioning shift solenoid. The clutch may need to be replaced, and the transmission

fluid level should be checked and topped up if necessary. A faulty shift solenoid may

require repair or replacement.

v. Gear lever feels loose or sloppy: If the gear lever feels loose or has excessive play, it could

be a sign of worn-out bushings or linkage components. The bushings or linkage may need

to be inspected, and worn parts should be replaced to restore proper gear shifting.

4. Problem and repair of car engine

Car engines can experience a variety of problems that can affect their performance and

reliability. Here are some common engine problems and potential repairs:

i. Misfiring: Engine misfires can occur when the air-fuel mixture in one or more cylinders

fails to ignite properly. This can be caused by issues such as faulty spark plugs, ignition

coils, fuel injectors, or a malfunctioning engine control unit (ECU). Depending on the

specific cause, the faulty components may need to be replaced or repaired.

 ii. Overheating: Engine overheating can result from problems with the cooling system, such

as a malfunctioning thermostat, radiator, water pump, or cooling fan. It can also be

caused by low coolant levels or a blockage in the cooling system. Repairing an

overheating engine may involve replacing or repairing the faulty components, flushing

and refilling the cooling system, or addressing any underlying issues causing the

overheating.

iii. Oil leaks: Oil leaks can occur due to worn gaskets, seals, or damaged components like the

oil pan or valve cover. It's important to identify the source of the oil leak and repair or

replace the faulty parts. Regularly checking and replacing engine oil and gaskets can help

prevent oil leaks.

iv. Lack of power or acceleration: If the engine lacks power or struggles to accelerate, it can

be caused by various factors. Common causes include clogged fuel injectors, a faulty

mass airflow sensor (MAF), a malfunctioning throttle body, or issues with the fuel

delivery system. The specific component or system causing the problem will need to be

diagnosed and repaired accordingly.

v. Strange noises: unusual noises like knocking, tapping, or grinding sounds can indicate

internal engine problems. These noises may be caused by issues such as worn-out

bearings, damaged pistons, or a malfunctioning timing belt or chain. It is important to

have the engine inspected by a qualified mechanic to determine the source of the noise

and perform the necessary repairs.

vi. Check Engine Light (CEL) on: The Check Engine Light can illuminate due to various

engine-related issues. It is triggered by the ECU when it detects a fault or anomaly. The
 underlying problem needs to be diagnosed using a diagnostic scanner to retrieve error

codes. Once the problem is identified, the appropriate repairs can be carried out.

5. Problem and repair of car fuel problem

Car fuel problems can manifest in various ways and can be caused by several factors. Here are

some common fuel-related problems and potential repairs:

i. Fuel pump failure: A faulty fuel pump can result in a lack of fuel reaching the engine,

causing issues such as hard starting, engine sputtering, or stalling. If the fuel pump is

diagnosed as the problem, it will typically need to be replaced. In some cases, the fuel

filter may also need to be replaced if it has become clogged due to debris.

ii. Clogged fuel injectors: Over time, fuel injectors can become clogged with deposits,

affecting fuel spray patterns and fuel delivery. This can result in reduced engine

performance, misfires, or poor fuel efficiency. Fuel injector cleaning may be necessary to

remove deposits and restore proper fuel flow. If the injectors are severely clogged, they

may need to be replaced.

iii. Contaminated fuel: If the fuel you've filled your car with is contaminated with impurities

or water, it can cause fuel system issues. Symptoms may include rough running, engine

hesitation, or stalling. In such cases, draining and replacing the contaminated fuel is

necessary. Additionally, the fuel filter may need to be replaced to ensure any remaining

contaminants are captured.

iv. Fuel pressure regulator problems: A malfunctioning fuel pressure regulator can lead to

either insufficient or excessive fuel pressure, causing poor engine performance. The

regulator may need adjustment or replacement to maintain the correct fuel pressure.
 v. Fuel line or fuel tank issues: Leaks or damage to the fuel lines or fuel tank can lead to fuel

supply problems. If a fuel line is leaking, it will need to be repaired or replaced. Similarly,

a damaged fuel tank may require repair or replacement to ensure proper fuel storage and

supply.

vi. Faulty fuel cap: A loose or damaged fuel cap can cause fuel evaporation and trigger the

"Check Engine" light. If the fuel cap is faulty, it should be replaced to maintain proper fuel

system pressure and prevent fuel loss.

6. Problem and repair of car key starter

If you're experiencing issues with your car's key starter system, it can prevent the engine from

starting or cause intermittent starting problems. Here are some common problems and potential

repairs for a malfunctioning car key starter:

i. Key fob battery: If the key fob battery is low or dead, it can result in the car not starting or

the key not being recognized by the system. Replacing the key fob battery is a simple

repair that can often resolve the issue.

ii. Faulty key fob: If the key fob itself is damaged or malfunctioning, it may not send the

proper signals to the car's ignition system. In this case, replacing the key fob or repairing

the internal components may be necessary.

iii. Ignition switch issues: A faulty ignition switch can prevent the key from turning or

engaging the starter system. If you're having difficulty turning the key or experiencing no

response when turning it, the ignition switch may need to be repaired or replaced.
iv. Starter motor problems: The starter motor is responsible for initiating the engine's

cranking process. If the starter motor fails or malfunctions, it can prevent the engine from

starting. In such cases, the starter motor may need to be repaired or replaced.

v. Immobilizer system malfunction: Many modern cars are equipped with an immobilizer

system that prevents unauthorized starting of the vehicle. If there is a problem with the

immobilizer system, such as a faulty antenna or a malfunctioning transponder, it can

prevent the engine from starting. Diagnosing and repairing the immobilizer system will be

necessary.

Plate 3.7 Injector Nozzle Plate 3.8 Electric Coil

3.3 EXPERIENCE GAINED AT HEPHZIBAH AUTOCARE

During the course of the program, several experiences were gained, new knowledge gotten and

new skills acquired. The following are experiences gained during my time as an intern at

Hephzibah Autocare.
 i. Collaboration and teamwork

ii. Time Management and organization

iii. Adaptation and Flexibility

iv. Safety Practices and Procedures

v. Diagnostic skills

vi. Technical knowledge

vii. Customer service and communication

3.4 CHALLENGES ENCOUNTERED DURING MY SIWES PROGRAMME

I found my training to be very fruitful and educative although, some small problems were

encountered during the four months period I spent at Hephzibah Autocare. Some of those

problems were;

i. Transportation: The issue of transportation was quite challenging for me as the workshop

was quite far from my residence which I feel dampened my learning experience.

ii. Another problem for me was physical demand. Working in an automobile workshop can

be physically demanding such as lifting heavy parts, working in tight space, spending

long hours standing or kneeling.

iii. Also, automobile workshop service a wide range of vehicle models from different

manufacturers. Each model has unique specifications, systems and components.

iv. Weather conditions were also an issue. Some days were too hot and sunny which is

unconducive.
 CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

4.1 CONCLUSION

My industrial training at Hephzibah Autocare has proven to be an exceptionally beneficial and

enlightening experience, providing me with invaluable knowledge and a comprehensive

understanding of industrial work conditions and practices. This training has equipped me with

essential practical and theoretical knowledge that I may not have acquired solely through

classroom lectures. It has also offered me a glimpse into the post-graduation working

environment.

My attachment at Hephzibah Autocare has been an immensely valuable experience. It has

provided me with extensive knowledge and exposure, allowing me to gain a deeper

understanding of the procedures and practical implementation in Automobile diagnostics and

repairs. Working under the guidance of skilled experts, I had the opportunity to conduct

experiments and carry out various diagnosis, which has given me a fresh perspective and

enhanced my practical skills. This experience will undoubtedly benefit my future professional

career and enable me to contribute effectively to society. Moreover, the training program has

allowed me to interact with fellow students from different institutions, fostering knowledge

sharing and further enriching my learning experience.

Overall, the SIWES training program has fulfilled my expectations in terms of educational skills,

technical knowledge, and administration. It has strengthened my understanding of the principles

of automobiles. The skills and insights gained through this industrial experience will

undoubtedly be valuable in my Mechanical Engineering studies and beyond.

4.2 RECOMMENDATIONS

This section of the study contains recommendations and proposals targeted at improving the

student industrial work experience scheme (SIWES). If implement by Industrial Training Fund

(ITF), the body in charge of the student industrial work experience scheme, Hephzibah Autocare,

and the Federal University of Technology Akure (FUTA), these measures would not only make

the scheme more enjoyable but also critical in the development of tertiary institution students.

TO SIWES

i. Standardization of Guidelines: Develop standardized standards and best practices for

implementing SIWES programs across institutions to guarantee uniformity in the quality

of experiences provided to students.

ii. Expansion of Industry Partnerships: Expand the network of industry partners

collaborating with SIWES to provide students with a wider range of opportunities and

exposure to diverse sectors and professional environments.

iii. Integration of Emerging Technologies: Incorporate emerging technologies and trends

relevant to various industries into the SIWES curriculum to equip students with the skills

and knowledge needed to thrive in a rapidly evolving job market.

iv. Continuous Monitoring and Evaluation: Establish robust mechanisms for monitoring and

evaluating the effectiveness of SIWES programs, collecting feedback from stakeholders,

and making necessary adjustments to enhance the overall experience for students and

employers.
TO HEPHZIBAH AUTOCARE

i. Organizations should give stipends to students in order to cater for their upkeep

ii. Implement eco-friendly practices, such as proper disposal of hazardous materials and

recycling of used parts.

iii. Optimize workflow to minimize times for customers.

iv. Efficient scheduling and timely completion of repairs can enhance customer satisfaction

TO FUTA

i. Enhance Collaboration with Industry Partners: Encourage the university to foster stronger

ties with industries relevant to your field of study to ensure that the SIWES programs

align more closely with industry needs and standards.

ii. Regular Feedback Mechanisms: Establish structured mechanisms for both students and

employers to provide feedback on their SIWES experiences. This can help identify areas

for improvement and ensure that the program remains effective and relevant.

iii. Integration of Soft Skills Development: Incorporate modules or workshops focused on

soft skills development such as communication, teamwork, and problem-solving into the

SIWES curriculum to better prepare students for the workplace.

iv. Expand Opportunities for Remote Internships: Given the increasing prevalence of remote

work, explore opportunities to facilitate remote internships to provide students with

diverse experiences and access to companies beyond their geographical locations.

REFERENCES

Bauer & Horst (1996). Bosch automotive handbook (4th ed.). Stuttgart: Robert Bosch GmbH.

pp. 806–807. ISBN 0-8376-0333-1.

Dan, F. (2022, November). How to do a parasitic battery drain test. Retrieved June 1, 2023,

from https://axleaddict.com/auto-repair/car-batterydrain/

Gosden, D.F. (1990, March). Modern electric vehicle technology using an AC motor

drive: journal of electrical and electronics engineering. Australia: Institution of Engineers.

Innovation discoveries (2021). Modern automotive technology: everything you must know.

Retrieved May 20, 2023, from https://innovationdiscoveries.space/modern-automotive-

technology-everything-you-must-know-a-to-z-part-1/

Jeff, C. (n.d.). The Crawford’s auto repair guide to beginner’s auto maintenance & repair.

Mirex marketing, Arizona. https://crawfordsautoservice.com/automotive-education/crawfords-

auto-repair-guide-free-ebook/

Jerry, A.N. & Robert, C. (2010, January). Emission control system. Retrieved June 17, 2023,

from https://www.britannica.com/technology/emission-control-system/

Theraja, B.L. & Theraja, A.K. (2013, July) A textbook of electrical technology. 23rd ed., Uttah

Pradesh: S Chand & Co Ltd.