Carol Gilligan [1936- ] (Harvard)

TRADITIONAL ETHICS (Male oriented, MORALITY OF CARE (Feminine oriented,

bias) bias)

Rationally qualified Attention to relation and human

affective response

Emotion, particularity as irrelevant if not Emotion and particularity as relevant if

“contaminating” not “central”

Mathematical, logical, consistency, Receptivity, attachment, subjective,

detachment, objectivity, universality particular

Rationalistic “Reasonable” in considering a broader

range of factors

GIRLS BOYS

similar to mother difference from mother

attachment/intimacy/connection separation

empathy (feeling another’s feelings as individuation

one’s own)

intimacy independence

body mind

emotion reason
KOHLBERG’S
THEORY OF MORAL
DEVELOPMENT

PRE- STAGE ONE -right and wrong -“might makes

CONVENTIONAL defined according right”, authority
(goodness to hedonistic makes the rules
determined by consequences
tangible and
physical
consequences)

STAGE TWO -right a matter of -“you scratch my

satisfying my back, I”ll scratch
needs, and yours”, fairness as
sometimes those of equal sharing a
others pragmatic matter

CONVENTIONAL STAGE THREE -right a matter of -right motive to

(goodness family, group, maintain social
determined by national order
group wishes and expectations;
maintaining the identify with group
social order)

STAGE FOUR -fixed rules, -“the law is the

authority, to law,” and one must
preserve social do one’s duty
order for its own
sake

POST- STAGE FIVE -values and -autonomy based in

CONVENTIONAL principles apart “social-contract
(goodness legalistic
determined by
from groups or orientation”
abstract, universal persons holding
principles of them;
justice) critically examined,
agreed upon
individual rights

STAGE SIX -self-chosen ethical -universal

principles, principles of
appealing to logical justice, reciprocity
comprehen- and and equality
siveness, (think Kant and
universality and Rawls)
consistency