Bioenergetics- Anaerobic

and Aerobic
Bioenergetics- Anaerobic
 Energy
• Energy can be explained simply as the ability or capacity to do work. The
human body requires energy to perform vital functions of the body including
respiration, digestion, blood circulation, body temperature regulation,
muscle contraction etc.

• Metabolism refers to all the chemical reactions that take place within the
body in order to maintain the living state of cells and the organisms as a
whole.

• When a person eats food, the Fats (9kcals/g), Carbohydrates/Sugars

(4kcals/g) and Proteins (4kcals/g) are broken down through a series of
metabolic reactions into molecules that release energy used by the body for
various functions.

• Cells can only use a molecule called Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) for its
cellular activities.
 The Cell

Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm

Mitochondria

Curated by Shilpi Arora

 Bioenergetics
The different pathways through which the body generates Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
come under the purview of Bioenergetics

1) Anaerobic Pathways - (ATP generated without using Oxygen, takes place in cytoplasm)

-ATP-Creatine Phosphate (CP) System / Phosphagen System

-Lactic acid system

2) Aerobic Pathways - (ATP generated using Oxygen, takes place in mitochondria)

Important terminologies
• Glycogenolysis
• Glycolysis
• Glycogenesis
• Gluconeogenesis
• Ketogenesis
• Ketolysis
Curated by Archit Kaul
 Glycogenolysis
1) GLYCOGENOLYSIS- Breakdown of Glycogen

• “GLYCOGENO” represents Glycogen

• “LYSIS” means Breakdown
• Hence, Glycogenolysis means breakdown of Glycogen

HORMONE: Glucagon
ENZYME: Glycogen Phosphorylase

Glycogen Phosphorylase
GLYCOGEN GLUCOSE

Curated by Archit Kaul

 Glycolysis
2) GLYCOLYSIS- split/broken down into 2 molecules of Pyruvate.

• “GLYCO” stands for Glucose

• “LYSIS” means Breakdown
• Hence, Glycolysis means breakdown of Glucose

GLUCOSE Glycolytic Enzymes PYRUVATE

Curated by Archit Kaul

 Glycogenesis
3) GLYCOGENESIS- it refers to the process in which Glycogen is
Synthesized/ Created from Glucose.

• “GLYCO” here stands for Glycogen

• “GENESIS” means Synthesis or Creation
• Hence, Glycogenesis means creation/synthesis of Glycogen

HORMONE: Insulin
ENZYME: Glycogen Synthase

Glycogen Synthase
GLUCOSE GLYCOGEN

Curated by Archit Kaul

 Gluconeogenesis

4) GLUCONEOGENESIS- it refers to the process in which Glucose is

Synthesized/ Created from non-carbohydrate sources.

• “GLUCO” here stands for Glucose

• “NEO” means new
• “GENESIS” means Synthesis or Creation
• Hence, Gluconeogenesis means creation/synthesis of Glucose
from Glycerol, Lactate

GLYCEROL, LACTATE GLUCOSE

Curated by Archit Kaul

 Ketogenesis

5) KETOGENESIS- it refers to the process in which Ketone Bodies are

Synthesized/ Created from Fatty Acids.

• “KETO” here stands for Ketone Bodies

• “GENESIS” means Synthesis or Creation
• Hence, Ketogenesis means creation/synthesis of Ketone Bodies

FATTY KETONE
ACIDS BODIES

Curated by Archit Kaul

 Ketolysis

6) KETOLYSIS- it refers to the process in which Ketone Bodies are

broken down.

• “KETO” here stands for Ketone Bodies

• “LYSIS” means Breakdown
• Hence, Ketolysis means breakdown of Ketone Bodies

KETONE
ACETYL-COA
BODIES

Curated by Archit Kaul

 Ketone Terminology

Ketone Bodies Energy substrates from fatty acid oxidation

Ketosis Blood levels>0.5 mmol/L

Nutritional Dietary strategy to elevate blood ketones

Ketosis
Keto- Acidosis Pathologically high ketones (>10 mmol/L)

Keto- Physiological shift towards using fat and ketones

Adaptation for fuel
Exogenous Betahydroxy butyrate salts supplementation for a
Ketones temporary increase in blood serum levels.
 1. ATP – CP / Phosphagen System
What is Creatine?

• Creatine is a nitrogen containing metabolite.

• It is synthesized in the liver and kidneys

• The amino acids involved are Arginine, Glycine and Methionine

• Creatine’s chemical name is Methylguanidino acetic acid

• 95% of creatine in the body is stored in skeletal muscle and 5% is stored in

the heart, brain and testes

• Muscle Stores: Creatine is 1/3rd and Creatine Phosphate (CP) is 2/3rd

• Creatine’s function is to donate its high-energy phosphate to ADP to make
ATP for muscle contraction

• Creatine gets converted to Creatinine and is excreted from the body via urine.
Creatine Synthesis

Curated by Meenal Sharma

 1. ATP – CP / Phosphagen System

Energy rich bond

ATP ADP Pi Energy

Curated by Shilpi Arora

 1. ATP – CP / Phosphagen System

Creatine Phosphate Creatine

Pi

Energy

ADP ATP

Curated by Shilpi Arora

1. ATP – CP / Phosphagen System
Creatine
Phosphate

ADP

ADP Increased Exercise

Performance
Through
Rapid Production of
Energy
Muscle Creatine
Contraction
.
ATP

Phosphate
Curated by Shilpi Arora
 1. ATP – CP / Phosphagen System
Creatine is NOT
1. A protein - it’s not a chain of amino acids
2. A tripeptide - it’s not a chain of 3 amino acids
(joined together)
3. An amino acid - it’s structure is not like an amino
acid
Creatine is a “N-containing metabolite”

• One creatine Phosphate molecule produces 1 ATP

• Creatine store in muscle is only 4-5 times the ATP
store
• Used during high-intensity short duration (‘power’)
activities e.g.
Weight Training, 100m Sprint, Golf Swing
• Lasts for 5-10 seconds
 2. Lactic Acid System

MUSCLE GLYCOGEN

Location: Cytoplasm

ATP produced

PYRUVATE
Without using
Oxygen
LACTIC ACID

H+ LACTATE

Curated by Archit Kaul

 2. Lactic Acid System

• Lactic Acid system is also known as anaerobic glycolysis

• At high intensity – O2 supply cannot meet demand (anaerobic)
• Pyruvate is converted to Lactate
• Hydrogen ions build up in muscle - produced faster than cleared by the
blood
• Muscle becomes acidic & enzymes stop working
Source: Muscle/Liver Glycogen and Blood Glucose

Time limit
● Lasts for 2-3 minutes; E.g. a weight training set (30-45 seconds)
● Used during high-intensity short duration (‘power’) activities
Bioenergetics- Aerobic
 3. Aerobic Energy System
Large amount of ATPs produced under aerobic conditions

• Oxygen is used
• Limited by exercise intensity - cannot be used for ATP generation in high
intensity exercise
• Predominantly used during low to moderate intensity, long duration activities
e.g. brisk walking, long distance swimming
 3. Aerobic Energy System

Sufficient MITOCHONDRIA
O2
Ketones ACETYL-COA
Free fatty acids

CITRIC ACID CYCLE / TRICARBOXYLIC

ACID (TCA) CYCLE / KREBs CYCLE

ATP produced

ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN

(ETC)
ATP produced

Curated by Archit Kaul

 3. Aerobic Energy System
CO2

Mitochondria

Acetyl Krebs Electron

CoA Cycle Transport
Chain

Water

Curated by Shilpi Arora

 Normalizing Effects of Correct Nutrition on -

• Quantum of Energy
• Refeeds
• Ability to do Physical Activity in a Fasted state with optimal blood flow
available to the Musculoskeletal System
• Power- Weight Ratio
• Inflammation
• Handling of Lactate

Curated by Archit Kaul

 KETOGENESIS

TRIGLYCERIDE

3 FREE FATTY ACIDS + GLYCEROL

ACETYL-COA
In (Predominant
ACETOACETATE
Liver ketone in the urine)

ACETONE BETA HYROXYBUTYRATE

(Ketone exhaled out (Predominant ketone
through lungs) in the blood)

Curated by Archit Kaul

KETOLYSIS (except Liver and Red Blood Cells)

BETA HYROXYBUTYRATE

ACETOACETATE

ATP
ACETYL-COA GENERATION

Curated by Archit Kaul

FATTY ACIDS UTILIZED BY LIVER CELLS

FATTY ACIDS

ATP
ACETYL-COA GENERATION

Curated by Archit Kaul

 GLUCONEOGENESIS

TRIGLYCERIDE

3 FREE FATTY ACIDS + GLYCEROL GLUCOSE

In Liver

Curated by Archit Kaul

 SPECIAL CASE - RED BLOOD CELLS

TRIGLYCERIDE

3 FREE
FATTY ACIDS + GLYCEROL GLUCOSE

GLUCOSE ENTERS THE UTILIZED BY

BLOODSTREAM RBCs

STORED AS LIVER
GLYCOGEN

Curated by Archit Kaul

 SPECIAL CASE - MUSCLE CELLS
TRIGLYCERIDE

3 FREE
FATTY ACIDS + GLYCEROL GLUCOSE

GLUCOSE ENTERS THE

BLOOD STREAM

STORED AS MUSCLE
GLYCOGEN

UTILIZED DURING INTENSE

ACTIVITY BY THE MUSCLE

Curated by Archit Kaul

 Special Case
(Liver And RBCs)
LIVER CELLS
• Liver cells lack the enzyme
called as Thiophorase and
hence cannot breakdown
Ketones to Acetyl-CoA
through Ketolysis
• Hence, cannot use Ketones
for energy
Curated by Archit Kaul
RED BLOOD CELLS
• Red Blood Cells lack the
organelle called as
Mitochondria and hence
cannot generate energy
through the Aerobic
Pathways
• Glucose is the sole energy
substrate for them
 FAT: COMPLETE
ENERGY MOLECULE

Fatty Fatty
Ketone Ketone
Acid Acid
Conversion
In Liver
Fatty
Glycerol Glucose Ketone
Acid

Glucose: Red Blood Cells

Free fatty acids: Liver cells
Ketones: Rest of the Body cells
Curated by Archit Kaul
 Relevance of Physical Activity

ACETOACETATE BETA HYROXYBUTYRATE

(Predominant ketone (Predominant ketone
in the urine) in the blood)

CONVERSION DEPENDS ON PHYSICAL ACTIVITY

• Higher the Physical Activity more the conversion of

Acetoacetate to D-Betahydroxybutyrate

• In case of a Sedentary Lifestyle the conversion of

Acetoacetate to D-Betahydroxybutyrate is lower

Curated by Archit Kaul

 Testing Ketone Bodies is it Required?

ACETOACETATE BETA HYROXYBUTYRATE ACETONE

(Predominant ketone (Predominant ketone (Ketone exhaled out
in the urine) in the blood) through lungs)

Curated by Archit Kaul

 NUTRITIONAL KETOSIS V/s DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS

• Beta hydroxybutyrate • Beta hydroxybutyrate

(Predominant Ketone in
Blood) levels of 0.5-3
millimoles per litre (mmol/L)
• It is the Normal state for a
human being.
(Predominant Ketone in
Blood) levels of 10+
millimoles per litre
(mmol/L)
• It is a pathological
condition that occurs only
in People having Insulin
Dependent Diabetes
Mellitus

Perfect Analogy to differentiate

between the two: Rain Vs Flood
Curated by Archit Kaul