Name : SITI NAZIRA BT NASARUDDIN STUDENT ID : 2023424662

Test 1 Biodiversity

1. What are the five principles of National Policy on Biodiversity?

2. Write down the definitions of in-situ conservation and ex-situ conservation.
3. Describe about binomial system of nomenclature and the rules of writing the names.
4. Describe the importance of binomial system
5. Rule out 3 components of viruses.
6. Describe the virus lytic cycle
7. List down and describe the structures of bacteria

Answers :

1. 5 Principles in National Policy on Biodiversity (NPBD)

I. PRINCIPLE 1 – Heritage : BioD is national heritage that must be sustainably managed and
wisely utilized today and conserved for future generations.
II. PRINCIPLE 2 – Precautionary : The lack of full scientific certainty should not be used as a
reason to postpone measures to minimize threats of significant loss of biodiversity.
III. PRINCIPLE 3 – Shared Responsibility : The conversation and sustainable utilization of
biodiversity are the shared responsibility of all sectors of society
IV. PRINCIPLE 4 – Participatory : Planning and management of biodiversity must be carried
out in a participatory manner
V. PRINCIPLE 5 – Good Governance : Good governance, including accountability and
transparency in decision making, is crucial to biodiversity conservation

2. IN-SITU CONSERVATION
 On-site conservation or conservation of genetic resources in a natural population of
plants such as forests genetic resources in natural population of tree species
 It is the process of protecting an endangered plant in its natural habitat either by
protecting or cleaning up the habitat itself or by defending the species from predators
 It is applied to conservation of agriculture biodiversity in agro ecosystem by farmers,
especially those using unconventional farming practice

EX-SITU CONSERVATION

 Ex-situ conservation means literally “off-site conservation”. It is the process of

protecting an endangered species of plant or animal outside of its natural habitat,
 For example, by removing part of the population from a threatened habitat and placing
it in a new location, which may be a wild area or within the care of humans

3. Binomial System of Nomenclature

  In the 18th century, CAROLUS LINNEAUS, a Swedish botanist and natural historian
simplified the classic scientific classification
 Each species is assigned with a two-part name (scientific name) that is generally derived
from Greek or Latin words
 Usually it composed of Latinized version of the names of persons, places or
characteristics
 For example; Escherichia coli (Escherichia – Theodor Escherich : Scientist who discover
it), coli (inhabit the colon)

Rules of writing the names

i. In a scientific name : first part designates the genus (pl:genera), second part designates
the specific epithet (name), example Felis catus or Felis catus
ii. Genus name must be capitalized, specific epithet is not capitalized, both names must be
either Underlined or Italicized, Genus name can be used alone to designate all species in
the genus, specific epithet can never be used alone
iii. Same specific epithet, example
 Homarus americanus (Atlantic Lobster)
 Ursus americanus (Black Bear)
 Bufo americanus (American Toad)

4. The Importance of Binomial System

 Allows biology to become an International language
 Although at different locations and languages, an organism can be universally identified
by its scientific name
 Eliminates repeated study done on the same organism

5. Three (3) component of viruses :

a. Nucleic acid (DNA or RNA). The DNA or RNA could be single or double stranded
b. A Capsid or protein coat which functions in protecting the genetic material during the
viral infection process
c. In some viruses, there is an outer Envelope that encloses the coat, and is made of parts
of the previously infected cells.
d. A complete virus that consist of the genetic material, the protein coat and an envelope
is called the Virion

6. Virus Lytic Cycle :

 i. Attachment
A virus will attach to a suitable host cell
ii. Penetration
The whole virus or only the genetic material (nucleic acid) will penetrate the cell’s
cytoplasm. A bacteriophage capsid remains on the outside of the bacterial cell whereas
many viruses that infect animal cell enter a host cell intact
iii. Replication and synthesis
The viral DNA/RNA directs the host cell to produce many copies of viral nucleic acids and
proteins necessary for its replication
iv. Assembly
The viral nucleic acids and proteins are assembled together to form new infectious
particles
v. Release
Newly generated viral particles are released from the host cell

7.