Influence on ethical behavior: Ethical behavior is shaped by a web of factors, including

societal, governmental, individual, corporate, and economic influences.

Ethical relativism: It’s a philosophical perspective that posits that ethical principles and

moral values are not universal but depend on context, culture, or individual beliefs. It

suggests that what is morally right or wrong can vary from one culture or situation to another,

and there is no objective or absolute ethical standard. Ethical relativism acknowledges the

diversity of moral beliefs and practices across different societies and individuals.

Theoretical Ethical Conduct:

1. Self-Interest Ethic (Ethical Egoism): Leaders prioritize their own interests, which

may be transferred to the team, focusing on what benefits them.

2. Personal Virtue Ethics: Ethical behavior is guided by personal virtues such as

wisdom, honesty, and integrity, serving as a moral compass.

3. Ethics of Caring: Emphasizes the importance of ethics in saving and helping more

people, often linked to altruism and compassion.

4. Utilitarian Ethics: Decisions are based on achieving the greatest good for the

greatest number of people, often through cost-benefit analysis.

5. Universal Rules Ethics: Ethical principles are applied universally, without

exceptions, ensuring consistency in ethical standards.

6. Individual Rights Ethics: Prioritizes individuals' rights and freedoms, including

freedom of speech and the right to life.

7. Ethics of Justice

1. Procedural: Emphasizes equity, requiring evidence when mistakes are made and

administering appropriate discipline.

 2. Compensation: Holds those who harm others responsible for compensating the

victims.

3. Retributive: Involves administering punishment for wrongdoing.

4. Distributive: Ensures the equitable sharing of benefits within the community.

Kohlberg's stages of moral development:

Level 1 - Preconventional Morality: Typically observed in children, two stages characterize

this level:

Stage 1: Obedience and Punishment Orientation: Children obey rules to avoid

punishment.

Stage 2: Individualism and Exchange: Children start to consider their own interests

and may make moral decisions based on self-benefit and reciprocity.

Level 2 - Conventional Morality: This level generally corresponds to adolescence and

adulthood and includes:

Stage 3: Interpersonal Relationships: Individuals value social relationships and seek

approval from others, making moral decisions based on societal expectations and maintaining

relationships.

Stage 4: Maintaining Social Order: Moral decisions are influenced by an

understanding of societal rules and the importance of maintaining social order.

Level 3 - Postconventional Morality: This level is not reached by everyone, and it includes:

Stage 5: Social Contract and Individual Rights: Moral choices are influenced by an

understanding of social contracts, individual rights, and the importance of democratic

principles.
 Stage 6: Universal Principles: Individuals at this stage develop their own internal

moral principles based on a sense of justice and a commitment to universal ethical values,

even if they conflict with societal norms.

Ethical Dilemma: An ethical dilemma arises when all available choices present undesirable

consequences, requiring individuals to identify, analyze, and weigh various ethical principles

and objectives to make a difficult decision. For example, what we saw in the video of poison

in burgers and decided what to do in that situation.

Who is responsible for ethics in the company?

It comes from the top of the company: The Board of Directors, followed by the Ethics

Committee, Ethics Officer, and Compliance Officer.