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“Your reverend love should know that the lord Ep. 58. a.d. 796.
King Charles has often spoken to me of you in a
loving and trusting manner. You have in him an entirely most faithful
friend. Thus he sent messengers to Rome for the judgement of the
lord apostolic and Ethelhard the archbishop. To your love he sent
gifts worthy. To the several episcopal sees he sent gifts in alms for
himself and the lord apostolic, that you might order prayers to be
offered for them. Do you act faithfully, as you are wont to do with all
your friends.
“In like manner he sent gifts to King Æthelred and his episcopal
sees. But, alas for the grief! when the gifts and the letters were in the
hands of the messengers, the sad news came from those who had
returned from Scotia[111] by way of you, that the nation had revolted
and the king [Æthelred] was killed. King Charles withdrew his gifts,
so greatly was he enraged against the nation—‘that perfidious and
perverse nation,’ as he called them, ‘murderers of their own lords,’
holding them to be worse than pagans. Indeed, if I had not
interceded for them, whatever good thing he could have taken away
from them, whatever bad thing he could have contrived for them, he
would have done it.
“I was prepared to come to you with the king’s gifts, and to go
back to my fatherland.” This was from three to four years later than
his latest visit to our shores. “But it seemed to me better, for the sake
of peace for my nation, to remain abroad. I did not know what I could
do among them, where no one is safe, and no wholesome counsel is
of any avail. Look at the very holiest places devastated by pagans,
the altars fouled by perjuries, the monasteries violated by adulteries,
the earth stained with the blood of lords and princes. What else
could I do but groan with the prophet,[112] ‘Woe to the sinful nation, a
people laden with iniquity, a seed of evildoers; they have forsaken
the Lord, and blasphemed the holy Saviour of the world in their
wickedness.’ And if it be true, as we read in the letter of your dignity,
that the iniquity had its rise among the eldermen, where is safety and
fidelity to be hoped for if the turbid torrent of unfaithfulness flowed
forth from the very place where the purest fount of truth and faith
was wont to spring?
“But do thou, O most wise ruler of the people of God, most
diligently bring thy nation away from perverse habits, and make them
learned in the precepts of God, lest by reason of the sins of the
people the land which God has given us be destroyed. Be to the
Church of Christ as a father, to the priests of God as a brother, to all
the people pious and fair; in conversation and in word moderate and
peaceable; in the praise of God always devout; that the divine
clemency may keep thee in long prosperity, and may of the grace of
its goodness deign to exalt, dilate, and crown to all eternity, with the
benefaction of perpetual pity, thy kingdom—nay, all the English.
“I pray you direct the several Churches of your reverence to
intercede for me. Into my unworthy hands the government of the
Church of St. Martin has come. I have taken it not voluntarily but
under pressure, by the advice of many.”
Offa died in the year in which this letter was written, and his death
brought great changes in Mercia. Excellent as Offa had in most ways
been, we have evidence that the Mercian people were by no means
worthy of the fine old Mercian king. In reading the letter which
contains this evidence, we shall see that Offa had a murderous side
of his character. In those rude days, chaos could not be dealt with
under its worse conditions by men who could not at a crisis strike
with unmitigated severity.
CHAPTER VI
Grant to Malmesbury by Ecgfrith of Mercia.—Alcuin’s letters to Mercia.—Kenulf
and Leo III restore Canterbury to its primatial position.—Gifts of money to the
Pope.—Alcuin’s letters to the restored archbishop.—His letter to Karl on the
archbishop’s proposed visit. Letters of Karl to Offa (on a question of discipline) and
Athelhard (in favour of Mercian exiles).