CONSTRUCTON OF CRITICAL TEMPERATURE

ALARM SYSTEM

by

ONOJA BAMAIYI PETER

MATRIC NO: NKFI/NID/2018/EEE/006

PRESENTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND

ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING(EEE)
of

THE NIGERIA – KOREA FRIENDSHIP INSTITUTE OF VOCATIONAL

AND ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY

AWARD OF NATIONAL INNOVATION DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL AND

ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

OCTOBER, 2021.

1
 APPROVAL PAGE
This is to certify that this project work on the project topic “CONSTRUCTION OF CRITICAL
TEMPERATURE ALARM SYSTEM” was carried out by Onoja Bamaiyi Peter as partial fulfilment
for the award of National Innovation Diploma in Electrical and Electronics Engineering.

Mr. Amobeda Samson Date

(project Supervisor)

Mr. Ambass.S. Ogwuche Date

(HOD)

2
CONSTRUCTON OF CRITICAL TEMPERATURE
ALARM SYSTEM

3
 DEDICATION
I dedicate this project to God Almighty the author and the finisher of faith who gave me the
knowledge, wisdom, strength, understanding and inspiration at the course of my two years
NATIONAL INNOVATION DIPLOMA (NID) program at THE NIGERIA – KOREA FRIENDSHIP
INSTITUTE OF VOCATIONAL AND ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY LOKOJA, KOGI SATE.

In a special way, am dedicating this work to my wonderful mother, Mrs. Veronica Ojochenemi
Onoja and Hon. Rosemary Ojochenemi Osikoya. I also dedicate this project to my forever friend
and supporter, Miss Endurance Sim James and Miss Elizabeth Enuwa Onoja whose continual
prayers, advice, support and love has helped me to develop courage, steadfastness and hard
work at the course of my program.

To God alone be all the Glory forever, Amen.

4
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I give thanks to God Almighty for His love, grace, inspiration, help and mercy that kept me all
through my two years of NATIONAL INNOVATION DIPLOMA (NID) program at the NIGERIA –
KOREA FRIENDSHIP INSTITUTE OF VOCATIONAL AND ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY Lokoja, Kogi
state.

With a joyful heart, my sincere appreciation and gratitude also goes to KOREA INTERNATIONAL
COOPERATION AGENCY (KOICA), my mother, Mrs. Veronica Ojochenemi Onoja, Mr. Innocent
Onoja, Hon Onoja Isaac, Onoja Elizabeth Eruwa, Rev. Ralph Onoja, my HOD Mr. Ambass .S.
Ogwuche, my project supervisor, Mr. Amobeda Samson and many others which their names are
not mentioned here for their financial commitment, support and prayers. May God Almighty in
His infinite mercy rewards you greatly.

5
 ABSTRACT

The term “critical point” is sometimes used to denote specifically the

vapour-liquid critical point of a material. The vapour-liquid point
denotes the condition above which distinct liquid and gas phases so not
exist. The project, the construction of critical temperature measuring
instrument is aimed at measuring the critical point substances thereby
obtaining its liquid-vapour critical temperature and pressure for a
selected substance. The chapter one of this project gave a brief
introduction on sensors and also considering types of temperature
measurement sensors. Also discussed are the aims and objective of this
project as well as its scope and limitation. The chapter two of this
project gave a general over view of individuals who have successfully
contributed towards the past and present technological advancement
of temperature measurement. The chapter three and four explains the
principle behind this project various components used during the
construction and design and analysis of this project. Finally, conclusion,
recommendation and reference followed.

6
 TABLE OF CONTENT

TITLE PAGE-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------I

CERTIFICATION -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------II

DEDICATION----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------III

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------IV

ABSTRACT-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------V

TABLE OF CONTENT-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------VII

CHAPTER ONE --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1

INTRODUCTION-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1

SCOPE/LIMITATION---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2

Function-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2

CHAPTER TWO---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6

LITERATURE REVIEW-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6

CHAPTER THREE-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------10

PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------10

BASIC COMPONENT USED----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------13

CHAPTER FOUR------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------32

DESIGN ANALYSIS---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------32

THEORY AND CALCULATION--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------34

CHAPTER FIVE--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------38

CONCLUSION---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------38

RECOMMENDTION--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------39

REFERENCES----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------40

7
 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

A sensor is a device that measures a physical quantity and converts it into a signal
which can be read by an observer or by and instrument. For example, a mercury-
in-glass thermometer converts the measured temperature into expansion and
contraction of a liquid which can be read on a calibrated glass tube. A
thermocouple converts temperature to an output voltage which can be read by a
voltmeter. For accuracy, all sensors need to be calibrated against known
standards.

A sensor is a device which receives and responds to a signal or stimulus. Here the
term “stimulus” means a property or a quantity that needs to be converted into
electrical form. Hence, sensor can be defined as a device which receives a signal
and converts it into electrical form which can be further used for electronic
devices.

Sensor sensitivity indicates how much the sensor’s output mercury in a

thermometer moves 1 cm when the temperature changes by 1°C, the sensitivity is
1cm/°C. Sensors that measures very small changes by changes must have very
high sensitivities. Sensors also have impact on what they measure; for instant, a
room temperature thermometer inserted into a got cup of liquid cools the liquid
while the liquid heats the thermometer. Sensors need to be designed to have a
small effect on what is measured; making the sensor smaller often improves this
and may introduce other advantages.

8
CLASSIFICATION OF MEASUREMENT ERRORS

A good sensor obeys the following rules:

1) It’s sensitive to the measure property;

2) It’s insensitive to any other property;

3) It does not influence the measured property.

Ideal sensors are designed to be linear. The output signal of such a sensor is
linearly proportional to the value of the measured property. The sensitivity is then
defined as the ratio between the output signal and measured property. For
examples if a sensor measures temperature and has a voltage output, the
sensitivity is a constant with the unit [V/K]. This sensor is linear because the ratio
is constant at all points of measurement.

FUNTIONS

Temperature sensors are wireless or connected alarm system designed to record

temperatures, detect extreme conditions and alert owners of any changes. A
temperature alarm sensor wait for the continuous presence of extremely cold or
hot conditions outside of a set range to prevent false alarms.

They are devices to measure temperature readings through electrical signals.

The sensor is made up of two metals, which generate electrical voltage or
resistance once it notices a change in temperature. Contact sensors are used
mainly in hazardous areas.

9
 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

In 1701, Ole Christense Romer created one of the first practical thermometers.
Romer’s thermometer used red wine as the temperature indicator. Romer
created a temperature scale for his thermometer with O representing the
temperature of a salt and ice mixture (at about 259K), 71⁄2 representing then
freezing point of water (273.15K), and 60 representing the boiling water
(373.15K). In 1676, Romer became the first scientist to measure the speed of
light.

Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit in 1686-1736, devoted most of his life to crating

precision meteorological instrument. Fahrenheit invented the mercury
thermometer in 1714, and later discovered the effect of pressure on the boiling
point of liquid. Fahrenheit sought to create a practical temperature scale in which
in 0 corresponded with the coldest temperature normally invented in Western
Europe and 100 corresponded to the hottest temperature. Fahrenheit initially
created a temperature scale in which 0 represented the temperature of a salt and
ice mixture (at about 255K), 30 representing the freezing point of water (273.15K)
and 90 representing the mean human body temperature (310K). Fahrenheit later
adjusted his scale so that 32 representing the freezing point of water and 212
representing the boiling point of water (313.15K). The Fahrenheit temperature
scale is still used today in the United States and other backward places. 1731, Rein
Antoine Farchault de Reamu- created a simple temperature scale in which 0
represented the freezing point of water (273.15K) and 80 represented the boiling
point (313.15K). The Reamu- temperature scale became popular in France but it
was superseded by the centigrade temperature scale.

In 1742, Andes Celsius created and invented centigrade temperature scale in

which 0 represented the freezing point of water (273.15K) and 100 represented
the boiling point of water (373.15K). The centigrade relative temperature scale

10
gradually became popular throughout the world. The units of the centigrade
temperature scale were designated “degree centigrade” (symbol ˚C).

In 1848, William Thomson proposed a thermodynamic temperature scale which

assigned 0 to thermodynamic absolute zero and used the degree centigrade scale
(after Thomson’s pear title) and its unit designated degree Kelvin (symbol ˚K).

In 1859, William John Macquom Rankine proposed another thermodynamic

temperature scale which also assigned 0 to thermodynamic absolute zero but
used the degree Fahrenheit as its base unit. This absolute scale wsa late named
the Rankine thermodynamic temperature scale and its unit designated degree
Rankine (symbol ˚R).

In 1954, the tenth General conference on weights and measure selected the
degree Kelvin as the metric unit of thermodynamic temperature. The degree
Kelvin was named in honour of its creator Sir William Thomson Baron Kelvin of
largs and lord of Scotland. The conference defined the degree Kelvin by assigning
the exact value 237.16K to the triple point of water. The triple point of a
substance is the thermodynamic singularity at which the gas, liquid and solid
phases may coexist in thermodynamic equilibrium. A triple point is therefore a
much more accurate temperature reference than either a freezing point or a
boiling point.

11
 CHAPTER THREE

PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

Basically, research on this project (critical temperature alarm system) was done
both on the internet and on various electrical/electronic text books. Finally, we
arrived at making use of a temperature measuring instrument that is attached to
breaker that has thermometer to achieve the desired results of various criteria
temperature of substance.

The critical temperature alarm system consists of the following stages based on
its mode of operation: Input sensor section, control/circuit, power supply section
and the outsensor section respectively.

Below is a typical block diagram of a critical temperature alarm system.

CONTOL OUTUT
INPUT

CIRCUIT SENSOR
SENSOR

POWER

SUPPLY

Input sensor section: This input sensor section consists of the variable quantities
whose critical temperature is to be measured. Here the quantity is inserted into
the beaker and subjected to heating. At this stage the temperature of the
quantity increases gradually until heating stage gradually become unstable
thereby responding to the heat causing its temperature increase which in turn will
cause the quantity to change its shape as it approaches its critical temperature.

Control circuit section: This section consists of a thermistor with NTC

characteristics which serves as the temperature measuring sensor. This
thermistor is tied to an AND GATE function which consists the switching elements

12
as it receives signal during a précised critical temperature value. The switching
element is a transistor in a common emitter configuration with high (heft) value.

Power supply section: The power supply section processes and brings out both
the reference voltage and the monitored voltage in D.C values. The 220v a.c input
voltage from the supply authority is fed to the primary of the transformer T1,
which is a stepdown transformer with an output voltage of 12v a.c. The 12v a.c
from the transformer is rectified using the bridge rectifier made up of four diodes.
Filtering capacitor c1, with value of 100µf connected in parallel to the output is
used to filter the ripples and to produce a cleaner 12v d.c voltage.

Control circuit section: The control circuit consists of a thermistor which acts as
the temperature sensitive device which is tied to an AND gate configured in such
a way that when the desired critical temperature is attained it produces an output
which is almost equal to the supply voltage. The voltage triggers ON the alarm
sensor indicating that the measuring quantity is at its critical temperature.

Output sensor section: The output sensor section is made is made up of a

transducer that converts electrical energy to sound energy. This transducer can
only come on when the critical temperature has been attained.

13
 BASIC COMPONENTS USED

CAPACITOR

RESISTOR

TRANSISTOR

DIODES

INTEGRATED CIRCUIT (IC)

TRANSFORMER

14
 CHAPTER FOUR

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

+12V
+12V

+12V
R1 R2 R4
1.00K 1.00K 1.00K

BUZZER

12
8.7K TH 11 R3
C1815
13
22.0K

0-5V
10K C1
50% 4.7uF

12V

D2 D4 C3 R5
1N4007 3.30K
1N4007

T1 uF
10000uF-POL
D1 D3
1N4007 1N4007 LED1
220/50Hz
TS_AUDIO_10_TO_1

CRITICAL TEMPERATURE ALARM SYSTEM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

15
The circuit diagram of a critical temperature alarm system was studied and

components used were available, the components used with their rating and

quantities are as shown below:

10KΩ resistor

1 KΩ resistor

2.2 KΩ

3.3 KΩ

1000µf/25v capacitor

IN4007 diode

LED

C1815 transistor

Thermistor

CD4081 AND GATE

The construction of the critical temperature alarm system was carried out first on a

project board, then on the vero board. This vero board has a parallel copper tracks

running the length. The vero board is simply a board that has electrical conducting

lines of copper with holes provided in a straight line to accommodate lead out wires

of the circuit components.

16
 TESTING THE CIRCUIT

After the construction, the circuit was properly analyzed and shot circuit and open

circuit were all corrected. The circuit is then powered with a voltage supply of 12v

and some parameters were measured.

RESULT

At the end of the circuit test, the following results were achieved to show a
smooth operation of the circuit.

The output voltage of the transformer gave 12 a.c and after rectification gave 13
d.c

The supply to the I.C (pin 14 and pin 7) gave 12v which approximately the voltage
of the regulator.

The resistance of the thermistor increase gradually as the temperature of the

measuring quantity increases.

The output of the AND GATE g which gave 12v with respect to ground.

The voltage at the base-emitter function gave 0.6v i.e (VBE) when the transistor is
triggered ON.

Finally, the alarm is triggered ON at 12v as soon as the transistor is fully tuned ON.

17
 CHAPTER FIVE

CONLUSION

The field of engineering is so complex that both theoretical and practical knowledge

should complement each other. Proper understanding of the complexity of this

project involving the design, development and construction of the circuit, good

knowledge, necessary materials, test equipment, accurate component values and

supervision were required in order to arrive at a functioning and successful project.

The construction of a critical temperature alarm system circuit has candidly exposed

us to some latent ideas we never knew or thought of before, though it was quite

challenging but it has broadened our horizons.

This project functions as a source of technological development as well as a source

of knowledge and skill for the active participation of students dwelling in circuit

designs. This project x-rays the essence of this device, its design methodology, its

applications, etc. it also tells us that it is a dual-purpose protection device for our

domestic electrical/electronic appliances.

18
RECOMMENDATION

Based on the fact that the project has important role to play in protection of

electrical/electronic appliances equipment, we hereby recommend to the

appropriate authorities to ensure that students of Polytechnics and other

technological institutions of this country should embark on this type of project

always as it will help to widen our knowledge and increase our skills. Secondly, I

strongly recommend that every household should have this device in order to

protect our domestic appliances.

19
REFERENCES

1.Tipping circuit, leta, G.W Mc Cornick,E.D (US Atomic commission system Entry

Date 11th July, 2007)

2. United States patent; Electronics over current Detection and Tripping Circuit Lee

A. Davis Anderson ,N.J www.google.com, www.yahoo.com.

3. Power System Relaying (3rd Edition) Stanley H. Horowhz, Avin U.Phadke.

4. Principles of Power System; V.K. Mehta and Rohit Mehta

5. Home Clinic Tripping circuit Breaker and Fuses; John Wande Publication, 1994.

B.L. Thereja, A. K. Thereja (2003) 23rd Edition, S.Chad.

Giorgio Rizzon, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering 3 rd Edition

Peter et al; “Fuzzy logi controller with dynamic Rules set”

Proc of 1992 IEEE Int’l Symposium on intelligent control

August, 1992.

Microcomputer/Microprocessor user’s Manual, prentice- Hall, Inc

http://www.mitedn.freeserve.co.uk/circuit

T. Williams, “fuzzy logic suppliers complex control problems”, Computer design.

20