IMAGINE A TIME WHEN SKIES WERE YET TO BE CONQUERED

AND AVIATION WAS A DREAM YET TO BE REALISED…..TODAY

WE WILL DELVE INTO THE RICH HISTORY AND EVOLUTION
OF INDIAN AIRFORCE ,,,, A JOURNEY THAT SPARES DECADES
OF COURAGE INNOVATION AND NATIONAL PRIDE THAT HAS
SHAPED THE SKIES OF OUR NATION…….SO FASTEN YOUR
SEATBELTS AND PREPARE FOR AN EXHILARATING JOURNEY
THROUGH THE UNCHARGED SKIES OF HISTORY OF INDIAN
AIRFORCE……SO LETS SOAR THROUGH TIME, WITNESSING
THE EVOLUTION OF FLIGHT AND PIONEERS WHO DARED TO
DREAM OF REACHING NEW HEIGHTS

So let's start with the formation of the Indian Air Force.

Officially established on October 8, 1932, the IAF began its
journey with a small yet significant step. The first flight
formation took place on April 1, 1933, comprising six RAF-
trained officers and 19 Havai Sepoys, or air soldiers.
Our initial aircraft inventory included four Westland Wapiti
IIA biplanes, which were stationed at Drigh Road. This unit
was known as "A" Flight, which later became the nucleus of
the planned No. 1 (Army Co-operation) Squadron. This
modest beginning laid the foundation for what would
become a crucial component of India's defense forces.
Next, let's talk about the early actions and expansion of the
Indian Air Force. "A" Flight saw its first action four and a half
years after its formation, operating from Miranshah in North
Waziristan to support the Indian Army against the Bhittani
tribesmen.
In terms of expansion, "B" Flight was formed in April 1936
with the same Wapiti aircraft, followed by "C" Flight in June
1938. These additions brought No. 1 Squadron to full
strength.
By the time World War II began, the IAF had grown to 16
officers and 662 men, with No. 1 Squadron being the sole
IAF formation. This early expansion was critical in
establishing a robust foundation for the Indian Air Force
during the challenging war years ahead.

Now, let's move on to the defence reassessment and

expansion of the Indian Air Force. In 1939, the Chatfield
Committee reassessed India's defence needs. They
proposed re-equipping the RAF squadrons in India and
suggested raising five IAF flights on a voluntary basis to
defend the principal ports.
As a result, the IAF Volunteer Reserve was authorised, but
its growth was limited by aircraft availability. Coastal
Defence Flights, or CDFs, were established at several key
locations: No. 1 in Madras, No. 2 in Bombay, No. 3 in
Calcutta, No. 4 in Karachi, No. 5 in Cochin, and later, No. 6 in
Visakhapatnam.
These flights were initially equipped with ex-RAF Wapitis
and Hawker Harts. However, due to spares shortages, they
reverted to Wapitis, which were later supplemented by
Audaxes. This expansion was crucial in strengthening India's
coastal defence during the early years of World War II.

Now, let's look at the reorganisation and new equipment in

1941. In March of that year, significant changes occurred
within the Coastal Defence Flights. Nos. 1 and 3 CDFs had
their Wapiti aircraft requisitioned to equip No. 2 Squadron
at Peshawar. They were then issued Armstrong Whitworth
Atalanta transports, which patrolled the Sunderbans delta
area south of Calcutta.
No. 2 CDF received D.H. 89 Dragon Rapides, which they used
for convoy and coastal patrol duties. Meanwhile, No. 5 CDF
acquired a single D.H. 86 to patrol the area west of Cape
Comorin and along the Malabar Coast.
These changes and additions in aircraft allowed the IAF to
enhance its coastal defence capabilities and better support
the ongoing war efforts.
In 1941, the IAF focused on training and modernization. To
build a robust training structure, RAF instructors were
assigned to flying clubs to train IAF Volunteer Reserve
cadets on Tiger Moths. By the end of the year, 364 pupils
received elementary flying training at seven clubs in British
India and two in princely States.
Modernization efforts also took significant strides. In August
1941, No. 1 Squadron began converting to the Westland
Lysander at Drigh Road. By November, the Bombay War
Gifts Fund had presented them with 12 Lysanders at
Peshawar. In September 1941, No. 2 Squadron transitioned
from Wapiti to Audax aircraft. Additionally, in October 1941,
No. 3 Squadron was raised at Peshawar, equipped with
Audax aircraft.
These steps marked a critical phase in enhancing the IAF’s
capabilities and readiness during the war.

NOW LETS TALK ABOUT the transition and wartime

operations of the Indian Air Force. As the conflict
intensified, the IAF Volunteer Reserve was inducted into the
regular IAF, initially retaining their coastal defence status.
With Japan's entry into World War II in December 1941, No.
4 Flight was deployed to Burma, operating from Moulmein.
Unfortunately, the flight suffered significant losses, with
four out of their six aircraft lost to Japanese bombing.
In January 1942, No. 4 Flight was replaced by No. 3 Flight at
Moulmein. No. 3 Flight, re-equipped with four ex-RAF
Blenheim Is, played a crucial role as the sole air cover for
ships arriving at Rangoon harbor for a month.
These operations highlight the IAF's significant contributions
and challenges faced during the early stages of World War II.

NOW I WILL TELL YOU ABOUT details OF the operations of

No. 1 Squadron in Burma during World War II. Deployed on
February 1, 1942, with Lysander aircraft, the squadron
conducted tactical reconnaissance missions from Toungoo.
Later, they transferred to Mingaladon, with a flight
stationed at Lashio.
In combat, the Lysanders were equipped with 250-pound
bombs for low-level, unescorted missions against Japanese
air bases in Mae-Haungsaun, Cheingmai, and Chiangrai in
Thailand. However, despite their efforts, the relentless
Japanese advance forced the evacuation of Burma.
In June 1942, No. 1 Squadron personnel were flown back to
India, where they began conversion to Hurricane IIB fighters
at Risalpur.
These operations underscore the challenges faced by the IAF
during World War II and their efforts to adapt and respond
to evolving wartime conditions.
As we delve into Slide 8, we witness further squadron
developments within the Indian Air Force during World War
II.
No. 2 Squadron, by the end of 1941, had transitioned to
Lysanders, initially engaging in anti-invasion exercises.
However, their role evolved as they embraced Hurricanes in
September 1942, marking a significant shift in their
operational capabilities.
Meanwhile, No. 4 Squadron's journey began on February
16, 1942, with a fleet of four Lysanders. Despite their
humble beginnings, they continued to serve with distinction
until June 1943, when they were re-equipped with
Hurricanes.
These transitions underscored the IAF's commitment to
adaptability and readiness amidst the evolving demands of
wartime operations.

In Slide 9, we witness a significant expansion and training

initiative within the Indian Air Force during the early 1940s.
No. 6 Squadron, established six months earlier, epitomized
this expansion, being equipped with Hurricanes right from
its inception. Meanwhile, training received a boost with the
opening of 10 aircrew schools across India between March
and December 1942. Notably, the No. 1 Flying Training
School at Ambala played a pivotal role, providing
comprehensive training for IAF pilots over a four-and-a-half-
month course.
By the end of 1942, the IAF boasted a total of five
squadrons, with the coastal defense flights disbanded to
pave the way for new formations. No. 7 Squadron emerged,
drawing personnel from existing flights and equipped with
U.S.-built Vengeance I dive bombers by mid-February 1943.
Similarly, No. 8 Squadron was raised on December 1, 1942,
absorbing coastal defense personnel and achieving
operational status on June 25, 1943, armed with Vengeance
dive bombers.
These developments underscored the IAF's rapid expansion
and modernization efforts in response to the escalating
demands of wartime operations.

In Slide 10, we delve into the evolution of squadron

equipment within the Indian Air Force during the pivotal
years of World War II.
The adoption of Vengeance dive bombers initially posed
challenges, grappling with defects and teething troubles.
However, these issues were gradually addressed, paving the
way for operational milestones. No. 8 Squadron marked a
significant moment by conducting the first Vengeance
sorties against Japanese targets from Chittagong on
December 15, 1943. Meanwhile, No. 7 Squadron
commenced operations in the Arakan from Uderbund
airstrip near Kumbigram on March 12, 1944, eventually
transitioning to Vengeance IIIs during their missions.
As the war progressed, the IAF witnessed the formation of
new squadrons, with Nos. 9 and 10 raised on Hurricanes in
early 1944. By the end of 1944, the operational strength of
the IAF surged to nine squadrons, comprising Hurricanes
and Spitfires.
The Arakan offensive, spanning from December 1944 to May
1945, showcased the valor of Hurricane-equipped
squadrons. However, with the war's end drawing near, the
phased withdrawal of Hurricanes commenced, making way
for the dominance of Spitfires. No. 4 Squadron emerged as
the second IAF Spitfire unit in May 1945, while No. 9
Squadron completed its conversion to Spitfires by July 1945.
This transition marked the end of an era, with the
Hurricane, once the backbone of the IAF's combat element,
gradually phased out in favor of more advanced aircraft.

In Slide 11, we explore the Indian Air Force's journey during

the tumultuous war years of World War II.
During this period, the IAF maintained a strong emphasis on
army co-operation and tactical reconnaissance, despite
operating ageing equipment such as the Hurricane. While
other Allied forces were procuring advanced aircraft like the
Thunderbolt and Mosquito, the IAF faced a sense of
equipment inferiority.
However, despite these challenges, the IAF forged ahead,
establishing traditions of courage and efficiency that were
second to none. Their valor and dedication were recognized
through numerous decorations, including 22 Distinguished
Flying Crosses.
In a significant moment of acknowledgment, the IAF was
honored with the prestigious prefix "Royal" in March 1945,
a testament to its remarkable achievements and
contributions during the war.

Slide 12 sheds light on the significant post-war

developments within the Indian Air Force (IAF).
After World War II, the RIAF witnessed a surge in personnel
strength, reaching 28,500 individuals, including 1,600
officers. Notably, No. 4 Squadron became part of the British
Commonwealth Occupation Forces in Japan, exchanging
their Spitfire VIIIs for Mk XIVs in October 1945.
The transition to Spitfires was a pivotal development, with
remaining Hurricane-equipped fighter squadrons converting
to Spitfires at various bases like Kohat, Samungli, and
Risalpur. By mid-1946, the entire RIAF fighter force had
transitioned to Spitfire aircraft.
Additionally, the establishment of No. 12 Squadron marked
the inception of the RIAF's transport capabilities. Initially
raised on Spitfires in December 1945, the squadron received
C-47 Dakotas in late 1946.
Furthermore, the decision to re-equip with Tempest II
aircraft signified a shift towards modernization.
Implementation began in autumn 1946, with No. 3
Squadron at Kolar being the first to re-equip, followed by
No. 10 Squadron later in the same year.

Slide 13 encapsulates the post-war downsizing and the

partition-related developments within the Indian Air Force
(IAF).
Following the conclusion of World War II, the post-war
personnel strength of the RIAF was drastically reduced to
approximately 14,000 officers and men.
The British authorities proposed an expansion plan for the
RIAF, envisioning the growth of the existing ten squadrons
to a total of twenty, encompassing fighters, bombers, and
transport aircraft. However, due to the rapidly changing
political landscape, definitive decisions regarding defence
matters were deferred to the emerging Government of
Independent India.
Amidst these changes, the IAF underwent a significant
transition, with units like No. 4 Squadron returning from
Japan and converting to the Tempest II. Other squadrons,
including Nos. 7, 8, 1, and 9, also received Tempest IIs.
The partition of India on 15 August 1947 led to the stand-
down of units and the transfer of equipment to the newly
formed Royal Pakistan Air Force. At partition, the principal
components of the RIAF included squadrons equipped with
Tempests and Spitfires, along with transport units and air
observation flights.

Slide 14 highlights the involvement of the Royal Indian Air

Force (RIAF) in the post-partition conflict and its continued
modernization efforts.

Following the partition of India, the RIAF faced immediate

challenges due to the loss of bases and establishments
resulting from the division of the country.

In response to the conflict in Jammu and Kashmir, the RIAF

played a crucial role. On October 27, 1947, No. 12 Squadron
air-lifted Ist Sikhs to Srinagar airstrip, marking the initial
response to insurgent forces entering the region.
Subsequently, on October 30, 1947, Spitfires engaged
raiders near Pattan, showcasing the swift action of the RIAF.

No. 7 Squadron, equipped with Tempests, played a decisive

role in the battle of Shelatang, which halted the insurgent
momentum. The conflict lasted 15 months, with the
ceasefire declared on January 1, 1949.
Despite operational commitments, the RIAF continued its
efforts in reorganization and modernization. Air
Headquarters was established in New Delhi, separate from
the Combined Services Headquarters, which included
Operational and Training Commands. Additionally, No. 1
Operational Group was formed to supervise RIAF units
engaged in the Jammu and Kashmir campaign.

Slide 15 illustrates the post-conflict modernization efforts of

the Royal Indian Air Force (RIAF).

Squadron Re-equipment:
No. 2 Squadron transitioned to Spitfire XVIIIs, while No. 9
Squadron was re-raised with the same aircraft model.
Formation of No. 101 Photo Reconnaissance Flight,
equipped with Spitfire PR Mk. XIXs, achieving full squadron
status in April 1950.

Procurement and Attrition Replacement:

To replenish losses from the Kashmir operations, additional
Tempest IIs were procured from the UK in December 1948.

Introduction of B-24 Liberators:

HAL was contracted to reconstruct B-24 Liberators from ex-
USAF bombers. This led to the formation of No. 5 Squadron
with HAL-reconditioned B-24s in November 1948.
Subsequently, No. 6 Squadron was reformed with B-24s in
early 1950, with No. 16 Squadron established for back-up
training.

Introduction of Prentice Basic Trainers:

The RIAF received Prentice Basic Trainers in 1948, utilized at
Jodhpur, Tambaram, and Ambala for training purposes.

Introduction of Vampire Jet Fighters:

Three Vampire F.Mk.3 jet fighters arrived on November 4,
1948, marking the introduction of jet aircraft into the RIAF.
This acquisition paved the way for the procurement of over
400 Vampires in the subsequent years. No. 7 Squadron
achieved operational status on Vampire FBMk.52, making
the RIAF the first Asian air arm to operate jets.

Slide 16 encapsulates the period of transition and expansion

for the Indian Air Force (IAF) post the Republic formation.
Transition to Republic: In January 1950, India became a
Republic within the British Commonwealth, prompting the
dropping of the "Royal" prefix from the Indian Air Force.
Operational Structure: The IAF in 1950 comprised six fighter
squadrons equipped with Spitfires, Vampires, and Tempests,
along with one B-24 bomber squadron, one C-47 Dakota
transport squadron, and one AOP flight. Additionally, there
was a communications squadron at Palam and a growing
training organization.
Training Organization: Training closely mirrored the RAF,
with establishments like the No. 1 Flying Training School at
Hyderabad and the No. 2 FTS at Jodhpur. IAF colleges were
set up at Begumpet, Coimbatore, and Jodhpur.

In conclusion, the journey of the Indian Air Force from its

inception to post-Republic era showcases remarkable
resilience, growth, and adaptation. From its modest
beginnings with aging aircraft to becoming a modern and
formidable force, the IAF's evolution reflects the spirit of a
nation determined to safeguard its skies and sovereignty. As
we look ahead, the IAF continues to uphold its legacy of
valor, innovation, and service to the nation, poised to meet
the challenges of the future with unwavering dedication and
excellence.