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Experiment No.
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Contents
I. OBJECTIVES................................................................................................................... 4

II. INTRODUCTION AND THEORY.......................................................................................5

III. APPARATUS............................................................................................................... 5

IV. METHODOLOGY AND PROCEDURE............................................................................6

V. DATA AND CALCULATIONS............................................................................................7

VI. RESULTS AND GRAPHS...............................................................................................7

VII. DISCUSSION............................................................................................................... 9

VIII. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS..............................................................11

IX. REFERENCES.............................................................................................................12

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List of Figures and Tables

Figure 1 Bending Moment Apparatus......................................................................................6
Figure 2 Force and Deflection Plot...........................................................................................9
Figure 3 Force vs Radius of Curvature......................................................................................9
Figure 4 Force vs Bending Stress............................................................................................10

List of Tables
Table 1 Experiment Calculations Results...............................................................................................8

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PURE BENDING MOMENT

I. OBJECTIVES
 To calculate the modulus of Elasticity of Beam.
 Verification of the stress strain relationship M/I = 𝜎/y =E/R

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II. INTRODUCTION AND THEORY

The moment diagram can be used to calculate the bending moment, M, along the length of
the beam. The bending stress across the beam's cross section at any given point can then be
determined using the bending moment obtained at that place along the beam. The flexure
formula states that the bending moment changes with cross section height.

where y is the distance along the height of the cross section from the beam's neutral axis to
the point of interest, Ic is the centroidal moment of inertia of the beam's cross section, and M
is the bending moment at the point of interest along the beam's length.

The equation which are derived from the relationship of pure bending to calculate the
modulus of elasticity is given in below table

III. APPARATUS
The experiment has been performed on a beam with known dimensions. The loads are
applied on the beam at different points to calculated the modulus of elasticity.

The arrangement of the apparatus of bending moment experiment has been shown in figure
below.
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Figure 1 Bending Moment Apparatus

IV. METHODOLOGY AND PROCEDURE

The procedure followed during the performance of experiment is given below.
 First, the apparatus was arranged as shown below.


 Measured the dimension of beam and installed it in symmetric manner.
 The beam is set at L distance between the two supports.
 Reset the dial gauge installed at middle of beam.
 Installed two hooks with “a” distance from the two supports.
 Put weights in each of the hook and took the dial gauge reading to measure the
amount of deflection.
 Repeated the experiment for different loads.

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V. DATA AND CALCULATIONS

The modulus of elasticity has been obtained using following calculations.

Calculations:

E th =70000MPa

a=200mm

b=20mm

h=6mm

y=h/2= 3mm

L=1000mm

M= F x a = 3 x 200= 600 N mm

I = 1/12 bh3 = 360mm4

Deflection =d =2.48 mm

R= L2/8d=10002/ (8 x 2.48) = 50403.28 mm

σ = My/I = 600*3/360 = 5MPa

E= σR/y = ( 5 x 50403.2258)/ 3 = 84005.33MPa

VI. RESULTS AND GRAPHS

The modulus of elasticity has been calculated for different loading conditions. The overall
calculations and results are tabulated below.

Table 1 Experiment Calculations Results

σ (MPa)

S.No F (N) M (N mm) d(mm) R (mm) E(MPa)

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1. 3 600 2.48 50403.22 5 84005.37

2. 6 1200 5.5 22727.27 10 75757.58

3. 9 1800 8.4 14880.94 15 74404.19

4. 12 2400 11.6 10775.81 20 71839.05

5. 15 3000 14.44 8656.57 25 72137.58

The variation in deflection and radius of curvature R for different loading condition has been
plotted below.

3500

3000

2500

2000
d (mm)

1500

1000

500

0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
F(N)

Figure 2 Force and Deflection Plot

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60000

50000

R (mm) 40000

30000

20000

10000

0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
F(N)

Figure 3 Force vs Radius of Curvature

30

25

20
σ (MPa)

15

10

0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
F(N)

Figure 4 Force vs Bending Stress

VII. DISCUSSION

The experiment yielded values for the bending stresses, which are shown in the table above
and arranged in the appropriate cell based on the load that caused the bending moment.
The information is displayed graphically, and the theoretical bending moment is shown to
have a linear relationship with the load, meaning that its value increases as the applied load
increases and decreases as the applied load decreases.

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The ratio indicating the increase and decrease in the theoretical bending moment value is
equivalent to the ratio indicating the difference in the applied load value.These values, which
demonstrate the accuracy of the equipment and the technician's skills, show relatively little
variation. Because of the limitations of human skills, there will always be some degree of
human error leading to little differences in values. The percentage error in experimental
results from theoretical is calculated as.

|E− A|
% Error=
A

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σ (MPa)
M (N E(MPa
S.No F (N) d(mm) R (mm) % age Error
mm) )

84005.3
1. 3 600 2.48 50403.22 5 20.0077
7

75757.5
2. 6 1200 5.5 22727.27 10 8.22511
8

74404.1
3. 9 1800 8.4 14880.94 15 6.29252
9

71839.0
4. 12 2400 11.6 10775.81 20 2.62726
5

72137.5
5. 15 3000 14.44 8656.57 25 3.05369
8

VIII. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The purpose of this work was to examine how various forces affected the beam's bending
moment. The results indicate that the bending moment and applied load have a linear
relationship. The bending moment in theory and experiment both show an accurately defined
linear relationship with the applied load and very little variation in bending moment values.

The modulus of elasticity calculated is approximately equal to the theoretical

data, however the variation in result may be due to human or systematic error.
This can be minimized by doing repeated experiment in different environmental
conditions and using more precise instruments.

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IX. REFERENCES
 Gere, J.M.; Timoshenko, S.P. (1996), Mechanics of Materials:Forth edition, Nelson
Engineering, ISBN 0534934293
 ^ Jump up to:a b Beer, F.; Johnston, E.R. (1984), Vector mechanics for engineers:
statics, McGraw Hill, pp. 62–76
.

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