FORMULAS

TRIGONOMETRY

 PYTHRAGRUS

 SOHCAHTOA

 Sin Rule Area [ non right angled triangle]

A=
 Cosine Rule
Side. Angle Shortest Distance
Total Area=

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Earth Geometry

 Distance in km Distance in nautical miles

D= D=
D= D=
 Circumference
Great circle small circle
C= 2 C=2

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Coordinate geometry

 Distance
D= √
 Mid-point
m.p= ( )
 Gradient
m=
 Equation of a straight line
Y= mx + c

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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 Trigonometry
Definition: the branch of mathematics that deals with the relations between the sides and angles of plane or
Spherical triangles, and the calculations based on them.

The four types of triangles

 Right angled triangle Equilateral triangle

Has 1 right angle [ ] All 3 sides are of the same. All three angles equal,

 Isosceles triangle Scalene triangle

2 sides have equal length . All sides have difference length. Its angles are all different.
2 of its angles also measure equal.

PYTHAGORAS THEOREM
 Relates the length of the hypotenuse of a right –angled triangle to the lengths of the other two sides.
 This formula[theorem] is only true for right-angled triangle

Pythagoras’ theorem states that: for a right-angled triangle,

𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 Where[ a ] is the hypotenuse.

b a

A c B

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MWANTAWIZONSE VOLUME 3
 Example 1.

Calculate the length of the side marked X in each of following triangles.

1. 2. 25m 3. A

Xcm 26cm Xm Xmm

65m 24mm

24cm B 45mm C

Solutions.

1. 2. 3.

= 676 – 576 = 4225 – 625 = 576 + 2025

= 100 = 3600
= 100 √ √ √ √
√ √ X= 60m X = 51mm
X = 10cm

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Example 2.
(a) The width of a rectangle is 3m. If its diagonal is 8.5m long, calculate the length giving your answer
correct to 2 decimal places.
(b) Calculate the length of the diagonal of a square with sides of length 6cm.
Solutions.
(a) (b)
L
8.5m
3m 3m 6cm

=
= 72.25 – 9 = 36 + 36
= 63.25 √ =√
√ √ length of the diagonal = 8.49cm
L = 7.95m
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

MWANTAWIZONSE VOLUME 3

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 Trigonometric ratios.[ SOHCAHTOA ] : these are ratios that describes a relationship between a side
and angle of a triangle.
 Trigonometric ratios are only used in a Right-angled triangle.

Sin

Cos

Hyp Tan

Opp

𝜃
Adj

Example.
1. Find X

(a) (b) (c)

x 12cm 50m 14cm

x x

2. Find
(a) (b) (c)
40cm 25mm

𝜃
𝜃 41cm 24m 26m

36mm

MWANTAWIZONSE VOLUME 3

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SOLUTIONS:
1.
(a) (b) (c)

X=
X = 10.4cm X = 23.4m X = 11.7cm
2.
(a) (b) (c)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
The Sine Rule
 Sine rule is only true for non-right angled triangle.
 Two sides given and two angles
 Three sides given and the included angle
Refer to the triangle below.

C= AB a= BC

A b= AC C

Sine Rule:
Note: a,b and c represents sides while A,B and C represents angles.

Example
In the diagrams below find the angle [ ] and sides marked with letters.
(a) (b)
A X (c) A

10cm x a 15cm 130km 80km

B C Y 30cm Z B 160km C

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 Solutions:
(a) (b) (c)

a
X= a=
X = 12.8cm a = 42.4cm =
Area of non-right angled triangle.
The area of a non-right angled triangle is given by:
Area = , where a and b are sides and C the angle as shown below.

b a

A B
Example.
Find the area of the figure below.
(i) A (ii) X

130km 80km 9km

B C Y 12km Z
Solutions:
(i) (ii)
=
= 5121km = 40.8
Note: if all the three angles are known, use the angle in between the given sides as shown in ( ).

MWANTIWIZONSE VOLUME 3
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The Cosine Rule.
 Cosine Rule is only true for non-right angled triangle
 All sides are given without an angle
 Two sides given and the included angle
Using the triangle below, you can calculate the side and angle as follows.
A

c b

B a C
Sides

, ,

Angles

, ,

Example.
Find x and in the following diagrams.
(a) A (b) X (c) A

16cm 10cm
12m 18.6m X 80m

B X C Y 9m Z B 50m C

MWANTAWIZONSE VOLUME 3
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SOLUTIONS.
(a) (c)

= 8900 + 2996.85

√ √ √ √
= 18.28cm 109.1m
Note: if the angle is less than is always positive and if the angle is greater than ,
is always negative: where is the given angle.
((b) CosY=

= -0.492

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Shortest distance
It is a line which cutes/ meets the stated line at .
You can calculate the shortest distant if the total Area is given or known.
Example.
(a) Given that the area of the figure below is 39.4 , find the shortest distance from A to BC.
A since the shortest distance meets at , we use the Area
Of a right-angled triangle as follows:
7km 13km [ where h is the shortest distance ]

39.4 = 8.8

B 17.6km C
(b) Find the shortest distance from R to PQ given that the area of triangle PQR is 93469.10
P

93469.10 = 340
380mm 680mm = 275mm

R 500mm Q
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 COORDINATE GEOMETRY
The position of a point in a plain can be given by an ordered pair of numbers, written as ( x,y).These are
called the Cartesian coordinates of the point. The coordinates measure the displacement ( + or – ) of the point
from two perpendicular axes, the Y – axis and the x – axis , where O is the origin.
Distance between two points.
The distance between two points A and B is given by:
D = √ 𝑿𝟐 𝑿𝟏 𝟐 𝒀𝟐 𝒀𝟏 𝟐

Example.
1. Find the distance between A and B
2. Calculate the distance PQ given that the coordinate of P and Q are and
Solutions:
1. AB=√ 2. PQ= √
=√ =√
=√ =√
= √ = √
= √ = √ units or
= 51units = 7.07units
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Mid-point of a line.
Given A and B the mid-point of a line AB is given by:
𝒙𝟏 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟏 𝒚𝟐
M.P= ( )
𝟐 𝟐

Example
1. Find the mid-point of a line AB given that the coordinates of A and B are and
2. If is the Mid-point of PQ where P is , Find the coordinates of Q.
Solutions:
1. M.P= ( ) 2. M.P= ( )
= ( ) =( ) using the coordinates of P
=( ) 6= , 4= form equations and solve for x and y
= 12= 10 + , 8=5+
=2 , =3

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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 GRADIENT OR SLOPE OF A LINE
If the co-ordinate of A and B are and respectively, then the gradient [denoted by m] is given
by: 𝒚𝟐 𝒚𝟏
m=
𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟏
Example
1. Find the gradients of the following lines:
(a) and
(b) and
2. If 8 is the gradient of a line PQ, where the co-ordinates of P and Q are and respectively
Find the value of b.
Solutions:
1. (a) m= (b) m= 2. m = 8b = 8 + 16

m= m= 8b = 24
m= m= = b=3
m= = m=6 8b – 16 = 8
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
EQUATION OF A STRAIGHT LINE
The general formular for a linear equation passing through two points A and B is given by:
Where Y is the Y-coordinate, m is the gradient; X is the X-coordinate
Y= mx + c and C is the Y – intercept [ constant ]. C is found by using either the
Co-ordinates of A or B.
Calculating the equation of a straight line given one point and its gradient m.
1. Find the equation of the line
(a) through with gradient 4
(b) whose gradient is and passes through the point
Calculating the equation of a line given two points.
2. (a) Find the equation of the line passing through the points (2,1) and (7,3).
(b) Find the equation of the line through the point and
Solutions
1. (a) (b)
5 = 4(6) + c 11 = 2/3 12 + c
5 = 24 + c 11 = 8 + c
5 – 24 = c 11 – 8 = C
C = – 19 C=3

MWANTAWIZONSE VOLUME 3
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 2. (a) m= (b) m=

m= = m= = = =–1
y = mx + c [use any point i.e. ] y = mx + c [ m= – 1,
1 = 2/5 2 + c
1= 4/5 + c ,
1 – 4/5 = c C= 1
C=

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
WRITING DOWN THE GRADIENT AND Y–INTERCEPT OF A GIVEN EQUATION.
The gradient of a given line is determined as follows
 Make Y the subject [ Y = mx + c ]
 The coefficient of X [m] is the gradient
Example
1. Write down the gradient and Y-intercept of the following equations
(a) Y= 3x + 4 (b) 4y – 3x = 12 (c) 4x – 2y – 6 =0 (d) 2/3 – 5y = 2x
Solutions
(a) Y = 3x + 4 (b) 4y – 3x = 12 (c) 4x – 2y – 6 =0 (d) 2/3 – 5y = 2x
m=3 4y = 3x +12 – 2y = – 4x + 6 – 5y = 2x – 2/3
C=4 y=
m= , C=3 m = 2 , C= 3 m= , C=
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
PARALLEL LINES
Parallel lines have equal gradients.
Example
1. Find the equation of the line which is parallel to the line y= 2x + 4 and passes through the point
2. Find the equation of the line which is parallel to the line 12– 15x + 3y = 0 and passes through the point

Solutions
1. Y= 2x + 4 2. 12 – 15x + 3y =0 y =mx +c
m=2 3y = 15x – 12 0.5= 5
y= mx + c y= 5x – 4 C = 0.5
4=2 m=5
4 = 12 + C
4 – 12 = C
C=–8

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PROPERTIES OF LINE IN THE PLANE
 The gradient of any line parallel to the X-axis is zero
Y

m=0

0 X

 The gradient of any line parallel to the Y-axis is undefined

Y

m= undefined

0 X
 Lines with equal gradient are parallel
Y

0 X

 A line which slopes upwards to the right has a positive gradient

Y

m= +

0
 A line which slopes downwards to the right has a negative gradient
Y

m=–

0 X
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 CIRCLE GEOMETRY
THE CIRCLE:
A circle is a plain figure enclosed by a curved line, every point on which is equidistant from a point within,
called the centre.

Circumference
Radius Arc length
Quadrant sector
diameter
Center
Semi-Circle
Chord
Segment Tangent

 Circle – a locus of points in a plane that are located a constant distance (radius) from a fixed point
(center)
 Circumference – the distance around a circle
 A semicircle is one half of the whole circle.
 A quadrant is one quarter of a whole circle.
 A tangent to a circle is a straight line which meets the circle in one point only and does not cut the
circle when produced.
 Chord – a line segment on the interior of a circle.
 Diameter – the distance from one side of a circle to the other, passing through the center
 Radius – the distance from the center of a circle to the outside edge
 A segment is the name given to the parts into which a circle is divided by a chord.
 An arc is a portion of the circumference of a circle.
 A sector of a circle is the part of a circle between radii. If a sector is less than a semicircle it is called a
minor sector, if greater than a semicircle it is called a major sector.

MWATAWIZONSE VOLUME 3
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 PROPERTIES OF A CIRCLE
There are eight [8] reasonable properties of a circle.
1. The angle at the centre of a circle is twice the angle at the circumference subtended by the same arc
A
(a) (b)
2
B 2y o 2 y D
0

C
̂ ̂
2. Angles in the same segment are equal

(a) Y (b)
Y Y A u B

y E z

C D
x

Angle following segment X Angle C ̂ ̂

Y Angle A ̂ ̂
Z Angle B ̂ ̂
U Angle A ̂ ̂

3. Angle in a semi-circle is a right angle.

C

A B

̂ ̂

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 4. The opposite angles in a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary. If the opposite angles of a
quadrilateral are supplementary, then the quadrilateral is cyclic.

(a) a+b= y (b)

y+Z= a y

b z

5. A tangent to a circle is at right angle to a radius/diameter drawn from the point of contact.

6. Tangents to a circle from an exterior point are equal.

B BT = AT

∠OAT = ∠OBT (90°)

0 T

A
7. The exterior angle of a cyclic quadrilateral is equal to the interior opposite angle.

X=Y

b Y b=Z

X Z

MWANTAWIZONSE VOLUME 3

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 8. The angle between a tangent and a chord through the point of contact is equal to the angle in the
alternate [opposite] segment.

b Tangent

Example.
1. In the diagram below ST and UT are tangents to the circle with centre O. Angle B ̂ D =
S B

C T

X 0

(a) Find X
(b) Calculate
(i) Ô
(ii) Ô
(iii) B̂
(iv) B̂

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MWANTAWIZONSE VOLUME 3
 2. In the figure below AC is the diameter of the circle ABCD, O is the centre of the circle. Given that angle
Ô ̂ .
Calculate B

(i) B̂
(ii) Â
(iii) Â A 0 p C
(iv) D̂
(v) Ô

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Solutions.
1. (a) = (ii) O ̂ the tangent and radius meets at always

(b) . (i) O ̂ = (iii) B ̂

B̂

2. (i) B̂ ̂ (ii) A ̂ (iv) ̂

= 2
=
(iii) ̂ the angle in a semi-circle is always.

(v) ̂

MWANTAWIZONSE VOLUME 3
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 EARTH GEOMETRY
The Earth
N

Radius

Prime meridian
Longitude
W E
Equator

Latitude

S
 Latitude – is the distance of a point on the Earth from the equator, measured in degrees North or
South.
 Longitude – is the distance of a point on the Earth from the prime meridian, measured in decrees
East or West
 Equator-an imaginary line that goes around the centre of the Earth and divides it into Northern and
southern hemisphere.
 Prime meridian-the imaginary line on the Earth’s surface that all lines of longitude are measured from
it. It passes through Greenwich in England.
 The Radius of the earth is always 6370km
Position of points [places]
The positions of points or places are written in the form of , where X is the latitude and Y is the
longitude.
Example.
State the positions of A,B,C, D,P and R
solutions
A
A B N B
C
W E D
P R P

S R
C D

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 ANGLE BETWEEN TWO POINTS (PLACES) ON THE EARTH’S SURFACE
1. The Angle between two places/points on the same side of the equator or the prime meridian is found
by subtraction.
Example
Find the angle between the following places
(a)
(b)
Solutions
(a) (b)

2. The Angle between two places/points on the opposite sides of the equator or prime meridian is found
by addition.
Example
Find the Angle between the following points
(a)
(b)
Solutions
(a) (b)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO PLACES IN KILOMETERS
(a) Along Great circle
Great circles
N

W E
equator
longitude
prime meridian

S
Distance is given by: 𝜽
𝑫 𝟐𝝅𝑹
𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎
Where is the angle between the two points, R is the radius of a great circle[ only ] in Kilometer and
,radius in kilometer is always 6370km.

MWANTAWIZONSE VOLUME 3
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Example
1. The positions of A and B are respectively. Calculate the distance
of AB in km.
2. Two places on the same longitude are if one of them is on latitude and the other is in
the southern hemisphere, what is the latitude of the other?
Solutions
1. angle between AB

2.

angle between the two places

DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO PLACES IN NAUTICAL MILES

(b) Along Great circle
The distance between two places on the same Longitude in Nautical miles is given by:

𝑫 𝜽 𝟔𝟎𝒏𝒎

Where: is the Angle between the two points.

Example
1. Find the distance PQ in nautical miles, given that P and Q `
2. The position of Cairo is and that of town B is . Find the distance in nautical
miles between the two towns.
3. A and B are points on the same longitude, given that and , find the value
of Y given that the distance between A and B is 3600nm.
Solutions
1. angle between PQ

Page | 20
2. angle between the two towns 3.
3600

angle between AB
same side

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO PLACES IN KILOMETERS
(c) Along small circle

r
P Q

The distance between P and Q in kilometers is given:

𝜽 Where: is the angle between PQ and r is the radius of any
𝑫 𝟐𝝅𝒓 Small Circle[ Latitude ]
𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎
Let us find the value of r, the radius of a small circle[ Latitude]

r
p q
R
Since angle we can find angle using trigonometry ratio
0 R R is the radius of the earth and r is the radius of the small circle
[ Latitude] along PQ.

Where: is the Latitude

Therefore the distance between two places/points on the same Latitude is always given by:
𝜽 Where the radius of any small circle[Latitude]
𝑫 𝟐𝝅𝑹𝑪𝒐𝒔𝑿𝟎
𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎

Page | 21
Example
1. Find the distance between A and B
2. Town P is on Latitude ,longitude and point B is on latitude longitude . Given
that the radius of the earth is 6370km,find the distance along the circle of latitude between P and Q.
Solutions
1. angle between AB 2. angle between PQ

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO PLACES/POINTS IN NAUTICAL MILES
(d) Along a circle of Latitude
The distance between two places/points on the same latitude is given by:
𝑫 𝜽 𝟔𝟎𝑪𝒐𝒔𝑿𝟎 Where is the Latitude

Example
1. Find the distance between R and S
2. If A is point on and B is a point on
Solutions
1. 2.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
SHORTEST DISTANCE
The shortest distance between two places/points on the earth’s surface is the length of the arc along the great
circles [ longitude,equator and prime meridian] passing through them.
N
The Angle for shortest distance is given by:
𝜽 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟎 𝟐𝑿𝟎
P Q where is the latitude
in this case , the shortest distance is the distance PNQ

Page | 22
MWANTAWIZONSE VOLUME 3
 Example
1. Find the shortest distance in km between A and B
2. The diagram below shows the positions of two towns P and Q lying on the same Latitude.(

Q calculate the shortest distance of PQ in

P (a) kilometers
(b) Nautical miles

Solutions
1. 2.

(a)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
SPEED: is the distance travelled with respect to time.
If the distance travelled is in kilometers and the time taken is in hours, then speed is given by:
𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
𝑺𝒑𝒆𝒆𝒅 𝒌𝒎 𝒉
𝑻𝒊𝒎𝒆
Example
A jet flies from town P to R in 1080minutes; calculate the speed of the jet if the distance between P and Q is
1512km.
Solution

If the distance travelled is in nautical miles and the time taken is in hours, then Speed is given by:
𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 1nm/h 1knot
𝑺𝒑𝒆𝒆𝒅 𝑲𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒔
𝑻𝒊𝒎𝒆
Example
A plane flies due south from town G to town D in 12hours. Calculate the speed of
the plane if the distance GD is 5340nm.
Solution

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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TIME
STANDARD TIME ZONES AND TIME ZONES
These refer to different time zones pertaining to each country’s longitude. If each country was to keep time of
its own meridian, there would be much difference in local time between one town and the other. To avoid all
these difficulties a system of standard time is observed by all countries. The whole world has been divided into
24 standard time zones, each of which differs from the next by in longitude or one hour in time. When
going eastwards time is gained while when going westwards time is lost.
Each day the earth makes a complete rotation. A complete rotation is at an angle of and a full day is
24hours.The complete rotation each day makes in every 1 hour.
Complete rotation
Therefore 1hour
Examples
1. The diagram below shows the positions of four towns A,B,C and D

(a) When the time in town A is 16:20hours, calculate the time in:
(i) town B
A B (ii) town C
(iii) town D
(b) if the local time at town D is 22:19, what is the time in town C

C D

2. Time at town is . What time will it be in town

Solutions
(i) (iii) time at D is B and D are on the same longitude

(b)

Time at B time at C

(ii) Time at C is , A and C are on the same longitude.

(2

Time at town Y( )

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….....
Page | 24
 QUESTIONS
1. Three compounds Misisi (M),Kanyama (K) and Chawama (C) are linked by three straight foot path as
shown in the diagram. The bearing of Kanyama from Chawama is and the bearing of Misisi from
Chawama is
M K

N
140km 120km

C
(a) Find the value of
(b) Calculate
(i) the distance of Misisi from Kanyama correct to 1 decimal place
(ii) the Area of the foot path MCK correct to 1 decimal place
(c) Catherine a business lady wants to create a short cut from Chawama to meet Misisi Kanyama route at
Soweto (S). calculate the distance CS
(d) Edward the contractor charges K25million per kilometer. Calculate the total amount that was charged
for the construction of Misisi Kanyama route.
2. The diagram represents a roof structure at a construction site. QTS is a vertical beam and PSR is a
horizontal beam. PQ, RT and RQ are supporting beams. SR= 4.2m, ST=1.5m,TQ=4.5m and ̂
Q
Calculate
4.5 (a) TR
T (b) ̂
(c PQ

P S 4.2 R
b. An isosceles triangle has a base of length 16cm and perpendicular height 32cm. giving your answer
correct to 1 decimal place,
Calculate
(a) The length of one of the equal sides
(b) The perimeter of the triangle

Xcm
32cm

16cm
Page | 25
 3. The diagram shows a wooden frame that is to be part of the roof of a house.
Q

60m 90m

P S
(a) Calculate
(i) the distance PS correct to 1 decimal place
(ii) the area of the triangle PQS in square meters correct to 1 decimal place
(b) Chipo suspected that the frame was unbalanced, he decided to put up a supporting beam such that it
meets PS at N from Q. calculate the distance QN correct to 2 decimal places
4. In the diagram below ̂ , ̂ ̂ , AB=8m and BD= 20m.
Calculate
(i) BC A
(ii) AC
(iii)
(iv) ̂
(v) Area of ACD 8m

B 20m C D
(b the diagram below shows a triangle in which AB= 7.2km angle BAC= and angle ACD=
A

Find the length of BC

7.2km

B C D

Page | 26
 5. The diagram below shows Kapenta(K), Bream(M) and Chisense(C) fishing camps on lake Manzi. B is
20km due east of K, BC=16km and KC= 30.4km
C

16km

K 20km B
(i) Calculate
(a) ̂ to the nearest degree
(b) The area of triangle KBC
(ii) Anther fishing camp ndombe(N) is on KB produced, such that ̂ , calculate the distance
between C and N
6. Macky 2 and Slap D were among the selected Zambian musicians who were to perform at the opening
of a new night club, Mwatusheni night club in Kasama. Macky 2 from the CB travelled 80km and Slap D
from LSK travelled 75km as shown below.

75km 80km

L C
(a) Calculate
(i) the distance LC correct to three significant figures
(ii) the area of triangle KLC correct to 1 decimal place
(b) Joy wants to create a short cut such that it connects K to LC at town G. calculate the shortest distance KG
(c) If it takes 360minutes to travel from Lusaka(L) to copperbelt (C) ,calculate the average speed in km/h

Page | 27
6(b) A piece of land has the form of a quadrilateral ABCD with AB= 21km, BC= 19km, CD=7km and AD= 28km
. ̂ . The owner decides to divide the land into two plots by erecting a fence from A to C as shown
below.

19km

C
21km

7km

D
28km A
Calculate
(a) The length of the fence AC correct to 1 decimal place
(b) The size of ̂ correct to the nearest degree
(c) The size of ̂ correct to the nearest degree
(d) The area of the entire piece of land ABCD, correct to 1 decimal place
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
7. (a) The points P and R are respectively. If the midpoint of PR is , find the
values of a and b.
(b L is the point and M is the point . N is the midpoint of LM. State the coordinates of
N. P is the midpoint NQ and the coordinates of P are ( ). Find the coordinates of Q.
8. (a) Find the value of K so that the line passing through the point and is parallel to the line
passing through the points
(b Determined P when the Slop of the line joining the points is .
9. The diagram below shows the positions of three points A,B and C. not drawn to scale

Calculate 3 B
(i) The equations of the line AB
(ii) The midpoint of AB
(iii) The area of ODBC
D 1

A C
-2 0 4
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9.(b) In the diagram below ABCD is a trapezium with vertices and D. AT is the
perpendicular height of ABCD and P is the midpoint of BC. Point D lies on the X-axis.

0 D

(a) Determine the equation of DP if P is the midpoint of BC

(b) Determine the equation of AD
(c) Determine the equation of AT
(d) Determine the coordinates of T
(e) Determine the distance BC
9(c) where are the points in relation to the line
10. In the diagram below BD is a diameter of the circle, centre 0. C and A are two points on the circle. AB
and DC, when produced, meet at E. ̂ ̂

C D

E O

B
A
Calculate
(i) ̂
(ii) ̂
(iii) ̂
(iv) ̂
(v) ̂

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 11. In the diagram below A,B, C and D are points on the circumference of a circle. BT and ET are tangents
to the circle at C and D respectively. Given that AB=AD, ̂ ̂
B
Calculate C
(i) ̂
(ii) ̂ T A
(iii) ̂
(iv) ̂ D
(v) ̂
E
12. In the diagram below, TQ and TS are tangents to the circle through P,Q,R and S. SR produced meets TQ
at U. given that ̂ ̂ ̂
P

Calculate
(i) ̂
S Q (ii) ̂
(ii) ̂
(iv) ̂
R (V) ̂
U

13. In the figure EAF is a tangent to a circle with points A,B,C and D on its circumference. AB is parallel to
̂C and ̂
E B
Calculate
(a) ̂
(b) ̂
(c) ̂ A
D

C
F
Page | 30
 14. In the diagram below A,B,C and D are points on the circumference of the circle. Line DC produced
meets BF at E. the point O is the centre, DF and BF are tangents to the circle.
D

A O X C F

Given that ̂ , find B

(i) Angle X
(ii) ̂
(iii) ̂
(iv) ̂
15. In the diagram below, AT and CT are tangents to the circle ABCD. O is the centre of the circle and angle
̂
A

D O B

C
Calculate Q
(a) ̂ P R
(b) ̂ X
(c) ̂
(d) ̂

16. In figure 2.1

(a) Find the value of
(b) Calculate angle ̂ A B fig 2.1

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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 17. The diagram bellows shows the positions of four towns. The circle of latitude in the north is .and
the circle of latitude in the south is . P and R are on longitude while Q and S are on
longitude .take

P Q

R S

(i) Write the positions, using longitude and latitude, of the points P,Q,R and S
(ii) Calculate the difference in longitude between P and Q
(iii) Given that the time at town S is 10:00hours, what is the time at town Q and R
(iv) Calculate the distance along the longitude in kilometers
(v) Calculate the shortest distance from P to Q
18. (a)

P Q

A B

(1) State the positions of P and B

Calculate the distance
(a) PQ along a latitude N
(b) PA along a longitude
(2) Find the average speed of the jet moving from P to Q if it took 15hours during its journey
(3) Find the time at Q if the local time at P is 17:35hors.
(b An aeroplane leaves a point and flies due south at 333.57km/h. Find its position Q after
18hours. taking
(c Find the time difference between and
(d The position of a point . A point Z is 3558km due west of X. find the longitude of Z to
the nearest

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Page | 32
 19. The diagram shows positions of four towns P,Q,R and S on the earth’s surface. Two jets A and B are to
fly to town R from P. A flies along the circle of latitude to Q and then due south to R, while jet B
flies due south of S and then along the circle of latitude to R.

P Q

S R

(a) Calculate the total distance travelled by each Jet giving your answer in nautical miles
(b) Given that Jet A has speed of 250knots and assuming that it flies at this speed from P to R, calculate its
flight time nearest hour.
It is also given that jet B takes the same time to fly to town R as jet A
(c) Calculate the speed in knots of jet B, giving your answer to the nearest hundred.
(d) Hence states the difference in their speeds.
20. Towns A and B lie on the same longitude. Town A is on latitude town B also lies in the northern
hemisphere but below A. Given that the distance between the two towns is 2600km calculate the
latitude of B
21. The diagram below is an extract from an Atlas of the world map.

New Orleans Leningrad

Cairo

Durban

(a) Write down the position ( in latitude and longitude) of the town:
(i) New Orleans
(ii) Cairo
(iii) Durban
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 (b) Taking , calculate the distance, in kilometers from:
(i) Durban to Cairo
(ii) New Orleans to Leningrad
(c) When the time in Leningrad is 15:05hours, calculate the time in:
(i) Cairo
(ii) New Orleans
22. The diagram below shows the positions of three towns, Bergen, Norway; Melbourne, Australia; and
Montevideo, Uruguay. Bergen is on latitude while Montevideo and Melbourne are on the same
latitude .

Bergen

Montevideo
Melbourne

(a) Show that the circumference of the small circle along latitude reduces to .
hence find the circumference of the small circle in km.
(b) Dung from Bergen wants to fly to Melbourne for a general meeting. He decided to fly from Bergen to
Montevideo and then to Melbourne. Calculate the distance of Melbourne from Bergen in nm.
(c) If it takes 15hours to fly from Bergen to Melbourne. Calculate the average speed in knots.
(d) Find the time in Montevideo if the local time at Melbourne is 12:15hours.
23. The figure below shows the position of four points A,B,C and D on the earth’s surface. A and B are on
the same latitude while C and D are on latitude .

A B

C D

(a) Given that the difference in the distance of CD and AB is 2694.5km. show that , hence
find the value of latitude to the nearest degree.
Page | 34
END OF QUESTIONS
 ANSWERS
1. (a) (ii)

(i)
(c)
6434.8

√ √ (d)
235.8

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2.
(a) (c) PQ= 2 (b)

√ √ √ √

(b) ̂ P= 16 + 33 + 33
P= 82cm

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

3. a(i)

√ √

(b

QN= 51.50m

MWANTAWIZONSE VOLUME 3

Page | 35
 4. (a) (i) (iii) (v)
(ii
(iv)
√ √

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

5. (b) (i)

̂ (ii)
̂

h= 9.68
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
6. (a) (b)
(i)

√ √ (c)

(ii)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Page | 36
 (6b
(a) (c)

̂
̂ to the nearest degree
√ √

(b) ̂ (d)

̂
̂to the nearest degree
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
7. (a) ( ) (b) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
8. (a)

(b

12=6, 3P=12+6

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………........

MWANTAWIZONSE VOLUME 3 Page | 37

 9. (i) (ii) ( )

( ) ( )

(iii)
( ) ( )

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
9(b
(a) ( ) (d) solve the equation of AT and BC simultaneously
( ) AT ,
( ) using substitution method

or T is the midpoint of BP
( ) ( ) ( )
(b)

(e) √
(c) at the gradient is perpendicular √
√ √
using √

(9c The other point is below the line while the other point is above the line.

MWANTAWIZONSE VOLUME 3

Page | 38
 10.
(i) ̂ (v) ̂
(ii) ̂ same segment
(iii) ̂ ( ̂ )
( ̂ ) ( ̂ )
̂ ̂ ̂
̂
(iv) ̂ semi-circle ̂
..................................................................................................................................................................................
11.
(i) (v) ̂

̂
(ii) ̂
(iii) ̂
(iv)

̂
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
12.
(i) ̂ ̂ (iv) ̂

̂
(ii) ̂ (V) ̂
̂
̂
̂ ̂
(iii) ̂ ̂

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
13.
(a) ̂
(b) ̂
(c) ̂

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Page | 39
 14.
(i) (iii) ̂ [angle in a semi-circle]
(ii) ̂ (iv) ̂
̂

̂ ̂

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
15.
(a) ̂ (C) ̂ ̂
(b) ̂ ̂
̂
(d) ̂ ̂
̂
̂ ̂
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
16.
(a) ̂ )
̂
̂
same segment
(b) ̂

̂ ̂ ̂
̂

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
17.
(i)
(ii)

(iii) Time at Q is 10:00hours [ same longitude ]

Time at R

Page | 40
 (iv) (v)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
18. (a) 18(b)
1.
(a)

(b)

(c)
2.

3. difference in longitude (d)

is the longitude of Z (
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
19.
(a) Jet A

Page | 41
 Jet B
(c)

(d)
(b)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
20.

is the latitude of B

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
21. (a)
(i) (c) (i) time in Cairo= 15:05hours[ same longitude ]
(ii) (ii)
(iii)
(b
(i)

(ii)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
22.
(a)
[ to the nearest hundred ]
hence shown

Page | 42
 (b)

(c)
(d)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
23.
{( ) ( )}

{( ) ( )}

, hence mwantawizonse kachoka…

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

THE END OF MWANTAWIZONSE VOLUME 3

Check out for new volume all topics included.

Produced by: EDWARD LUNGU

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