1. Mention the significance of surge impedance loading.

Ans. : The Surge Impedance Loading (SIL) of a line is defined as the power delivered by a line
to a purely resistive load equal to its surge or characteristics impedance. SIL is called natural
power of the line. It helps in expressing power transmitted by a line in terms of per unit of SIL
which is the ratio of the power transmitted to the surge impedance loading. The permissible
loading of a transmission line can be expressed as a fraction of its SIL and it provides a
comparison of load carrying capabilities of lines.
2.Define factor of safety.

Ans. : The ultimate stress which conductor can sustain without fail is called breaking stress. The
normal tension in the conductor is called working stress. The ratio of breaking stress to the
working stress is called the factor of safety denoted as Sf.
3.What are the advantages of suspension type insulator ?

Ans. : i) Suspension type insulators are cheaper than pin type insulators.

ii) Each unit or disc of suspension type insulator is designed for low voltage level.

iii) If any one disc is damaged the hole string does not get affected.

iv) Provide greater flexibility to the line.

v) In case of failure of any of the units, the replacement work can be done very easily and entire
string need not be replaced.

vi) The increased demand can be satisfied by adding additional units to the string.
4.Give the properties of insulating material used for the cables. |

Ans. : i) High insulation resistance.

ii) High dielectric strength,

iii) Must be mechanically strong.

iv) Should be flexible,

v) Should be non-hygroscopic.

vi) Should be non-inflammable.

vii) Should be unaffected by acids and alkalies.

viii) Should have high temperature withstanding capability.

5.Disadvantages
Grading of cables, while beneficial in some cases, can have disadvantages such as increased
complexity in design and installation, higher costs due to specialized materials and processes,
potential for compatibility issues with existing infrastructure, and difficulties in maintenance and
repair. Additionally, over-grading cables can lead to unnecessary expenses without providing
significant performance improvements.
6.Give the relation for insulation resistance of a cable.

Ans. : The insulation resistance of a cable is given by,

Ri = (ρ / 2πl) ln (D/d)

D = Diameter of core

L = Length of cable

D = Diameter of sheath

Ρ = Resistivity of the insulating material

7.The Kelvin’s law states that the most economical size of a conductor is that for which annual
interest and depreciation on the capital cost of the conductor is equal to the annual cost of energy
loss.
LIMITATIONS:”2. The cost of energy loss can not be determined exactly. The cost of losses per
unit is more than the generating cost per unit.

2. The cost of conductor and rates of interest are changing continuously.

3. If economical conductor size is selected then voltage drop may be beyond the acceptable
limits.

4. The economical size of conductor may not have the enough mechanical strength.
8. What are various methods of earthing in substations ?

Ans. : The earthing in substations is carried out with the help of equipments such as
electrodes, driven rods, risers and grounding grid or mat consisting of number of meshes and
connected to several earth electrodes driven at intervals. The various methods adopted for
earthing are
 i. Solid or effective grounding

ii. Resistance grounding

iii. Reactance grounding

iv. Resonant grounding

9.List out the various FACTS devices.

Ans. : 1. Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM)

2. Static Synchronous Generator (SSG)

3. Static VAR Compensator (SVC)

5. Thyristorised witched or controlled reactor (TSR / TCR)

6. Static VAR Generator ( SVG ) 6. Static VAR System (SVS)

7. Thyristor Controlled Braking Resistor (TCBR)

8. Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC)

9. Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC)

10. Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC)

11. Inter Phase Power Controller (IPC)

12. Thyristor Controlled Voltage Limiter (TCVL)