CREEP

Mohd Hafiz Bin Ab. Ghafar (MEA 221011)

 Creep And Its Significance In Engineering Systems

• Creep is high-temperature
deformation that occurs under Arrows indicate the flow of
constant load, causing vacancies through the grains
dimensional changes,
distortion, and component
failure.

• It is critical in engineering, especially

in applications like gas turbines and
high-temperature environments.
• Creep rate increases with higher stress
and temperature.
 The Mechanisms Of Creep Deformation In Metallic Materials

• Creep deformation involves diffusion and dislocation climb.

• Diffusion enables atom movement and plastic deformation in metals. Higher
temperatures accelerate diffusion and increase creep rates.
• Mechanisms vary based on metal type and microstructure, with precipitates
impacting creep behavior in certain metals.
 How They Differ From Other Modes Of Deformation

• Creep deformation is gradual and

time-dependent, happening under
a constant load and influenced by
high temperatures.
• It differs from plastic and fatigue
deformation, as it involves slow
and continuous deformation driven
by diffusion and dislocation
movement.
• Plastic deformation leads to
permanent changes, while fatigue
deformation involves crack
propagation.
 Factors That Affect The Creep Behaviour Of Metallic Materials

Temperatures
Composition
Higher temperatures speed
composition, impurities, and
up creep, while increased
alloying elements can impact
stress levels make it
creep behavior.
happen faster.

Microstructure
Material microstructure, grain size,
boundaries, and precipitates,
influences its resistance to creep.
Coating
Coatings and layers applied to the
material also have an effect on
creep and its properties.
 Factors Interact And Influence The Rate Of Creep Deformation

• The higher the temperature the

greater the creep at a particular
stress.
• The higher the stress at a
particular temperature the greater
the creep

• The creep behaviour of a metal depends on

its composition.
• A low temperatures high grained size
material has the best creep properties while
at high temperature coarse grained material
is best.
 The Progression Of Creep Failure In The Gas Turbine

• Creep failure in gas turbines progresses

through stages: initiation, creep
deformation, accelerated creep, and
eventual rupture or failure.

• Monitoring temperature and stress levels

and implementing maintenance measures
are also important for mitigating the
effects of creep and ensuring the reliability
of gas turbines.
The figure shows the location of the four
stages damage on the creep strain/exposure
time curve
(A) Isolated cavities
(B) Oriented cavities
(C) Macrocracks (linking of cavities)
(D) Formation of macrocracks
 Stages Of Creep

• Creep deformation: Time-

dependent process in metallic
materials under constant
load/stress at high temperatures.
• Stages:
• (I) Primary creep: Gradual
deformation, minimal strain.
• (II) Secondary creep: Steady-state
deformation, significant strain. the primary-creep-rate decreases with increasing strain, but
with some types of creep, such as solute drag with ‘‘3-power
• (III) Tertiary creep: Accelerated creep,’’ an ‘‘inverted’’ primary occurs where the strain-rate
increases with strain.
deformation leading to failure.
 Creep Stage Associated Microstructural Changes

• The stages progress from

gradual deformation with
low strain to steady-state
deformation with
significant strain, and
finally, to accelerated
deformation leading to
failure.
Figure illustrates microstructure damage mechanisms. A model based
on microstructural damage mechanics will be proposed for creep
fracture of 9%Cr steel under prior fatigue loading.
 Indicators Of Impending Creep Failure

• Excessive deformation under

constant load.
• Increased creep rate or sudden
deviations.
• Cracking or rupture.
• Changes in material properties.
• High temperature and time increase
the risk.
High-temperature creep failures often involve
intergranular fractures due to weaker grain
boundaries. The "equicohesive temperature"
marks the point where grain boundaries and inner
grains have equal strength.
Environmental Conditions Of Gas Turbine That Contribute To Creep

• Creep deformation is influenced by

environmental factors.

• High temperature accelerates creep rates

by increasing atomic mobility.

• High stress promotes dislocation

movement, leading to faster creep.

• Reactive gases and corrosive

environments weaken the material,
making it more susceptible to creep.
 Factors May Impact The Creep Behaviour

• Elevated temperatures, corrosive

atmospheres, and high mechanical
loads impact creep behavior.

• Higher temperatures increase

atomic mobility, corrosive
atmospheres weaken the material,
and high mechanical loads promote
dislocation movement and higher
Schematic of models used for
creep rates. prediction of the durability of composite
materials).
The Effects And Potential Mitigation Strategies To Creep Behaviour

Elevated Temperatures
Effects: Increased atomic
mobility accelerates
Corrosive Atmospheres:
creep.
Effects: Chemical
Mitigation: Material reactions weaken the High Mechanical Loads:
selection, cooling material.
Effects: Higher stresses
systems, coatings.
Mitigation: Corrosion- accelerate creep.
resistant materials,
coatings, control. Mitigation: Load
reduction, stress relief,
resistant materials.
 Real-world Case Of Creep Failures In Metallic Materials

• The Hartford Civic Center roof failure.

• Caused by low-quality steel, poor welding

practices, high temperatures, and stresses.

• The importance of using high-quality materials,

improving welding practices, considering creep
effects in design, and using materials with high
creep resistance to prevent future failures.

• Lessons learned from such failures is crucial in

preventing and mitigating creep failures in
engineering applications.
 Engineering System: Gas Turbine Blade

• Gas turbine blades, made of

superalloys, experience creep
deformation due to high temperature
and stress.
• Replacing them based on expected life
is costly.
• PETRONAS Company aims to predict
the remaining useful life of these
blades to optimize their service and
reduce replacement costs.
Gas Turbine Blades
 Gas Turbine Blade Importance And Applications

• Gas turbines are internal combustion

engines used in power generation,
aviation, and industrial

• Metallic materials used for turbine blades,

combustion chambers, and casings.

• High temperatures, mechanical loads, and

corrosive environments make components
prone to creep deformation.

• This can result in structural dimensional Grain Structure Development in

Nickel-base Superalloy
changes, impacting efficiency and causing
issues like vibration and noise.

• Creep damage significantly reduces the

service life of gas turbines.