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Important Formulas - Basic Concepts of DC Circuit
Important Formulas - Basic Concepts of DC Circuit
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IMPORTANT FORMULA
BASIC CONCEPTS OF DC CIRCUIT
1. RESISTANCE
l
•R=
A
Where
ρ = specific resistance or resistivity of the material
l = length of the conductors
A = cross-sectional area of conductor
• Conductance (G)
1
G= .
R
• Temperature coefficient of resistance
R t − R0
=
R0 .t
where R0 is resistance at 0o C, RT is resistance at to C, and t is temperature rise in o C.
Req = R1 + R2 + R3 …. Rn
(ii) Parallel Combination:
1 1 1 1 1
= + + ...
R eq R1 R2 R3 Rn
2. INDUCTANCE
v
•L=−
di
dt
Or we can say
di
v = −L
dt
Where minus sign indicates the opposing nature of the emf induced in the circuit due to Lenz
law.
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L eq = L1 + L2 + ....... + LR
(ii) Parallel Combination:
1 1 1 1 1
= + + ....
L eq L1 L2 L3 LR
3. CAPACITANCE
1 1 1 1 1
= + + ......
Ceq C1 C2 C3 Cn
(ii) Capacitance in parallel
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Ceq = C1 + C2 + .....Cn
4. ELECTRIC CHARGE
Q=ne
Where, Q= charge
e = 1.6 * 10-9 C
n= 1,2,3…………..
5. ELECTRIC CURRENT
coulomb
I ( Ampere ) =
second
q
= .
t
6. ELECTRICAL POWER
Electrical power is expressed in terms of watts (W) and is given by
W = EI
= I2 R
E2
=
R
Power is also expressed in terms of kW (kilowatt) (= 1000 W) or MW (megawatt) which is 1000
kW or 1000,000 W.
7. ELECTRICAL ENERGY
E=P*T
Electrical Energy is expressed in terms of kilowatt hours(kWh). Thus
1 kWh = 1 kW × 1 hour
= 1000 watt – hours
= 1000 × 60 × 60 watt- Sec
8. STAR – DELTA/ DELTA – STAR TRANSFORMATION
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R AR B
R1 = R A + RB +
RC
R AR C
R2 = R A + R C +
RB
RBR C
R 3 = RB + R C +
RA
R AR B
R1 =
RA + RB + R C
R AR C
R2 =
R A + RB + R C
RBR C
R3 =
RA + RB + R C
9. OHM’S LAW
Applied voltage V
Current = =
Resistance of the circuit R
V = IR = Current Resistance
R2
I1 = I
R1 + R2 S
R1
I2 = I
R1 + R2 S
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IR2 V1R2
Vout = V1 =
I (R1 + R2 ) (R1 + R 2 )
Vg – V1 – V 2 – V 3 – V 4 – V5 = 0
∑V = 0
i1 + i2 − (i3 + i4 ) = 0
Or i1 + i2 = i3 + i4
∑i = 0
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VR ( t ) = R iR ( t )
diL ( t )
VL ( t ) = L
dt
t
1
VC ( t ) = ic ( t ) dt
C −
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• As per the maximum power transfer theorem, RTH is the load resistance of the network, i.e.,
RL = RTH that allows maximum power transfer.
2
Vth
Pmax =
4R th
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n
Pk = Vk Ik = 0
k =1
20. MILLMAN’S THEOREM
AC CIRCUIT
22. REACTANCE
Component Reactance
Resistor XR = R
Capacitor XC = 1/ωC
Inductor XL = ωL
ZLC − series = ( XL – XC )2
2
ZRLC − series = R2 + ( XL – XC )
XL = 2fL
1
XC =
2fC
24. IMPEDENCE FOR PARALLEL RLC CIRCUIT
2 2
1 1 1
= R + X
ZRL −parallel L
2 2
1 1 1
= +
ZRC −parallel R XC
2
1 1 1
= –
ZLC −parallel XL XC
2 2
1 1 1 1
= R + X – X
ZRLC −parallel L C
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E E
E = IZ I= Z=
Z I
Where,
E = Voltage in volt
I = Current in amperes (amps)
Z = Impedance in ohms
27. RESONANCE
28. AC POWER
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