MAGNETOSTATIC FIELD

Dr. Sikder Sunbeam Islam

Associate Professor
Dept. of EEE. IIUC.
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INTRODUCTION

 Static Electric field Characterized by E or D.

 Similarly, static Magnetic field Characterized
by H or B.
 For liner material space  according to Electric

filed D= E; while for magnetic field B= 0 H (1).

Like D, B is magnetic flux density and like E,
H is the magnetic flux intensity. Here 0 is the
free space permeability and has the value

 The table below shows the analogies between

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electric and magnetic field quantities.
INTRODUCTION

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 MAGNETIC FLUX DENSITY

There are two major laws governing magneto static fields: 1) Biot-Savart’s
Law and 2) Ampere’s Circuit law.

Like Coulomb’s Law, Biot-Savart’s Law is a general law of magneto static.

Likewise, Gauss law is special case of Coulomb’s Law, Ampere’s Circuit
law is special case of Biot-Savart’s Law .

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BIOT-SAVART'S LAW
 Assume current I following in a differential vector length of
filament dl. Biot-Savart’s Law states that, magnetic field
intensity dH produced at point ‘P’ (as shown in Fig.1) by
differential current element, is proportional to the product of the
current I and differential vector length dl (i.e. Idl) and the sign of
the angle between the element and the line joining P to the
element and is inversely proportional to the square of the
distance R between P and the element. Here, the proportionality
constant will be 1/4 .

Or,
Fig.1

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AMPERE’S CIRCUIT LAW :MAXWELL'S EQUATION

 Ampere’s circuital law states that, the line integral of the

tangential component of H around a closed path is the
same as the net current I enc enclosed by the path.
 In other words the circulation of H equals I enc , that is

------------------------

 Ampere’s circuital law is similar to Gauss’s law and it is

easy applied to determine H when the current distribution
is symmetrical. Now applying Stoke’s theorem to the left
side of equ.(2),

------------------------- (3)
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But ------------------------- (4)
MAXWELL'S EQUATION
 Now comparing equ.(3) and (4),

------------------------- (5)

 This is the third Maxwell’s equation to be derived. Now,

Hence we showed earlier,
where,

 We may now say, curl as circulation per unit area.

Circulation of H per unit area is the current density.
Therefore, magneto-static field is not conservative.
 Since divergence of the curl of any vector field is zero. So,

------------------------- (6)

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AMPERE’S CIRCUIT LAW (FOR MAGNETIC FLUX)

------------------------(2.1)

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IS IT POSSIBLE TO ISOLATE MAGNETIC FIELD?

Therefore,
isolate
magnetic poles
(north or
south)
Is not possible .
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 IS IT POSSIBLE TO ISOLATE MAGNETIC FIELD?
 So, an isolated magnetic charge does not exist.
 Thus total flux through a closed surface in a magnetic field must be
zero.

------------------------- (7)

Now applying Divergence theorem in (7),

So, ------------------------- (8)

This is the 4th Maxwell’s equation to be derived. Equation (7) and (8) 11
reveals that magneto static fields have no source or sink. This (8)
shows that magnetic field lines are always continuous.
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 CHANGING MAGNETIC FIELD AND FARADAY’S LAW

 Electrostatic field are usually produced by static electric

charges.
 Magneto-static field are produced by the motion of electric
charges with uniform velocity (direct current) or static
magnetic charges (magnetic poles).
 Time varying fields (radiation) or waves are usually due to
accelerated charges or time varying currents. Time varying EM
fields are represented by E (x,y,z,t) and H (x,y,z,t).
 Any pulsating current will produce radiation (Time varying
fields )

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Fig.4. Time varying current (a)sinusoidal and (b) rectangular

 FARADAY’S LAW

 Steady electric current produces steady magnetic field .

 But steady magnetic field will not produce an electrical current.
However, changing magnetic field will.
 Thus, changing magnetic flux (time varying field) ψ through a
closed loop (circuit) produces an EMF (electromotive force) or
voltage Vemf at the terminals which was discovered by Faraday.
 So, according to Faraday, induced EMF (in volt) in any closed
circuit is equal to the time rate of change of magnetic flux linkage by
the circuit. This relation is called Faraday’s Law. Therefore,

------------------------- (9)

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TRANSFORMER & MOTIONAL EMF’S
 In the Equ.(9) the voltage is the integral of electric filed E
around the loop. Now for N=1,
------------------------- (9)

 Now in terms of E and B from the above equation we find,

------------------------- (10)
Total magnetic flux,

 Here both electric and magnetic fields are present and are
interrelated. The variation flux in time may caused in 3-ways:

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A.STATIONARY LOOP IN TIME VARYING B FILED
(TRANSFORMER EMF)

------------ (10)

------------------------- (11)
Fig.5

 This induces EMF (in equ.11) is due to time rate of change of B (flux
density) in a stationary (fixed) loop is often referred to as
Transformer EMF in power analysis since it is due to transformer
action. The equation is called the Transformer induction
equation. Now applying Stoke’s theorem in the middle term of
equation (10),
------------ (12)
Therefore,
----------------------- (13) 16

This is one of the Maxwell’s equation for time varying field.

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 B. MOVING LOOP IN STATIC B-FIELD (MOTIONAL EMF)

Moving loop

Static B field

Fig.6
 When a conducting loop is moving in a static B-field an EMF is
induced in the loop (conductor). We know, the force on a charge
moving with uniform velocity u, in a magnetic field B is,
Fm= Qu×B ----------------------- (14)
We define, the motional electric field Em as,

----------------------- (15)

If, a conducting loop moving with a uniform velocity u as consisting of

large number of free electrons, the induced EMF in the loop is, 18

------------------- (16)
This EMF is called motional EMF.
MOTIONAL EMF (CONTINUES).
 Applying Stoke’s theorem in equ.(16),

------------------ (17)

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C. MOVING LOOP IN A TIME VARYING FILED

 In this case the moving loop in a time varying field.

 Both transformer induction and motional
induction is present.
 Therefore, combining equation (11) and (16) gives the
total EMF as,

------------------- (18)

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LORENTZ FORCE (MOTOR EQUATION)

 A wire perpendicular to the page with

current flowing inward has a magnetic field
as seen in Fig.7a.
 In the presence of uniform magnetic field of
flux density B , the field above the wire is
reinforced and is weakened below the wire
resulting in a downward force on the wire as
seen in Fig. 7b.
 This is the Lorentz or motor force
equation as given by,
 F=IBL (N, newton)

 More generally in vector notation,

Fig.7
F= (I×B)L ------------------- (18) 21
Or, F=IBL
 PROBLEMS:
Prob.1. An infinitely long, straight conductor with a circular cross
section of radius b carries a steady current I. Find the magnetic flux
density both inside and outside of the conductor.

We know,

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Fig.8
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PROBLEMS:
Prob.2: Consider a rectangular loop with sliding conductor having
width L and its length x is increasing uniformly with time. The
sliding conductor moves with a uniform velocity u. The flux density
B is normal to the plane of the loop and is uniform everywhere. The
magnitude of flux density B vary with time as given by B=BoCosωt.
Find, the total EMF induced in the loop.

Fig.9

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 PROBLEMS:PROB.3

Fig.10
Sol.

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 PROBLEMS:
Prob.4. Find the magnetic flux density at a point on the axis of a
circular loop of radius b that carries a direct current I.

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DISPLACEMENT CURRENT
 For static EM field we recall equ.(5),
------------------------- (5)
 Since divergence of the curl of any vector field is zero. So,
------------------------- (6)
 According to continuity of current equation,

------------------(19)
Applying Divergence theorem,
 Equ. (6) and (19) are incompatible with time
varying condition . So we must modify Equ.(5) to
make agree with Equ.(19). So we add a term in Equ.(5).

------------------(20)
Similarly,
------------------(21)
From equ.(21)
So, -----------(22) 27

So, From equ.(20) ----------------(22)

DISPLACEMENT CURRENT

----------------(22)

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 PROBLEMS
PROB.5

Solution.

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PROB.6

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REFERENCE
 Engineering Electromagnetics; William Hayt &
John Buck, 7th & 8th editions; 2012
 Electromagnetics with Applications, Kraus and
Fleisch, 5th edition, 2010
 Elements of Electromagnetics ; Matthew N.O.
Sadiku

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