Department of Mechanical Engineering

Electronics
EEE 2105

Instructor
Abu Syed Md. Jannatul Islam
Assistant Professor
Dept. of EEE, KUET, BD

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 Microprocessor
Definition of the Microprocessor
The microprocessor is a programmable device that takes in
numbers, performs on them arithmetic or logical operations
according to the program stored in memory and then
produces other numbers as a result.
Microprocessor – silicon chip which includes ALU, register
circuits & control circuits
Microcontroller – silicon chip which includes microprocessor,
memory & I/O in a single package
Microcomputer – a computer with a microprocessor as its
CPU. Includes memory, I/O etc.

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 Microprocessor
Arithmetic and Logic Operations:
• Every microprocessor has arithmetic operations such as
add and subtract as part of its instruction set.
• Most microprocessors will have operations such as
multiply and divide.
• Some of the newer ones will have complex operations such
as square root.
• In addition, microprocessors have logic operations as well.
Such as AND, OR, XOR, shift left, shift right, etc.

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 Microprocessor
A Microprocessor-based system
From the above description, we can draw the following block
diagram to represent a microprocessor-based system:

Internally, the microprocessor is made up of 3 main units. The

Arithmetic/Logic Unit (ALU) ,The Control Unit, An array of
registers for holding data while
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 Microprocessor
Organization of a microprocessor-based system

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 Microprocessor
System Bus –wires connecting memory &
I/O to microprocessor
Address Bus
➢ Unidirectional
➢ Identifying peripheral or memory location
Data Bus
➢ Bidirectional
➢ Transferring data
Control Bus
➢ Synchronization signals
➢ Timing signals
➢ Control signal
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 Microprocessor
Few applications of microprocessor-based system.
i. For measurements, display and control of current, voltage,
temperature, pressure, etc.
ii. For traffic control and industrial tool control.
iii. For speed control of machine
What is the power supply & clock frequency of 8085 ?
The power supply of 8085 is +5V and clock frequency in
3MHz

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 Microprocessor
List out the five categories of the 8085 instructions. Give
examples of the instructions for each group.
• Data transfer group – MOV, MVI, LXI.
• Arithmetic group – ADD, SUB, INR.
• Logical group –ANA, XRA, CMP.
• Branch group – JMP, JNZ, CALL.
• Stack I/O and Machine control group – PUSH, POP, IN, HLT

Explain the purpose of the I/O instructions IN and OUT.

The IN instruction is used to move data from an I/O port into
the accumulator.
The OUT instruction is used to move data from the
accumulator to an I/O port.
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IC
 Integrated Circuits
➢An integrated circuit is one in which circuit
components such as resistors, capacitors,
diodes, transistors etc. are fabricated on a
small semiconductor chip

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 Integrated Circuits
Fig. 23.1 shows a typical semi-conductor chip having
dimensions 0.2 mm × 0.2 mm × 0.001 mm. It is
possible to produce circuits containing many
transistors, diodes, resistors etc. on the surface of
this small chip

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 Integrated Circuits
Advantages : Integrated circuits possess the following
advantages over discrete circuits :
(i) Increased reliability due to lesser number of connections.
(ii) Extremely small size due to the fabrication of various circuit
elements in a single chip of semi-conductor material.
(iii) Lesser weight and space requirement due to miniaturized
circuit
(iv) Low power requirements.
(v) Greater ability to operate at extreme values of temperature.
(vi) Low cost because of simultaneous production of hundreds of
alike circuits on a small semiconductor wafer.
(vii) The circuit lay out is greatly simplified because integrated
circuits are constrained to use minimum number of external
connections.
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 Integrated Circuits
Disadvantages : The disadvantages of integrated circuits are :
(i) If any component in an IC goes out of order, the whole IC has
to be replaced by the new one.
(ii) In an IC, it is neither convenient nor economical to fabricate
capacitances exceeding 30 pF
(iii) It is not possible to fabricate inductors and transformers on
the surface of semi-conductor chip.
(iv) It is not possible to produce high power ICs (greater than 10
W).
(v) There is a lack of flexibility in an IC i.e., it is generally not
possible to modify the parameters within which an integrated
circuit will operate

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 Integrated Circuits
IC Classifications
Four basic types of constructions are employed in
the manufacture of integrated circuits, namely ;
(i) mono-lithic
(ii) thin-film
(iii) thick-film
(iv) hybrid

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 Integrated Circuits
IC Packings
IC packages are of two types.
(i) Hermatic (metal or ceramic with glass)
(ii) Non-hermatic (plastics)

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 Integrated Circuits
(i) Fig. 23.12 (i) shows TO-5 package* which
resembles a small signal transistor in both
appearance and size but differs in that it has
either 8, 10 or 12 pigtail-type leads. The close
leads spacing and the difficulty of removal
from a printed circuit board has diminished
the popularity of this package with the users.
(ii) Fig. 23.12 (ii) shows a flat pack container
with 14 leads, seven on each side.
(iii) Fig. 23.12 (iii) shows the dual-in-line (DIL)
pack in 14-lead version. The 14-pin DIL is the
most popular form and has seven connecting
pairs per side. The pairs of pins of this pack
are in line with one another, the pins being
2.5 mm apart to allow IC to be fitted directly
into the standard printed circuit boards.

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 Integrated Circuits
Scale of integration
An IC chip may contain as large as 100,000 semiconductor
devices or other components. The relative number of these
components within the chip is given by referring to its scale of
integration. The following terminology is commonly used.

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555 timer IC
 What is Timer IC
➢ The timer IC (555) is an integrated circuit (chip) used in a
variety of timer, pulse generation and oscillator applications.

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 Modes of Timer IC
The IC 555 has three operating modes:
➢ Astable (free-running) mode – the 555 can operate as
an electronic oscillator. Uses include LED and lamp flashers,
pulse generation, logic clocks, tone generation, security
alarms, pulse position modulation and so on
➢ Monostable mode – in this mode, the 555 functions as a
"one-shot" pulse generator. Applications include timers,
missing pulse detection, bounce-free switches, touch
switches, frequency divider, capacitance
measurement, pulse-width modulation (PWM) and so on.
➢ Bistable (schmitt trigger) mode – the 555 can operate as
a flip-flop, if the DIS pin is not connected and no capacitor is
used. Uses include bounce-free latched switches.
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