Vijayanagara Empire (1336-1675 AD)

Sangama dynasty Saluva dynasty Tuluva dynasty Aravidu dynasty

(1336-1485) (1485-1505) (1491-1570) (1542-1675)

● Harihara I ● Saluva ● Vira ● Aliya Rama

(1336-1356) Narasimha I Narasimha Raya
● Bukka Raya I (1485-1491) Raya (1542-1565)
(1356-1377) ● Thimma (1505-1509) ● Tirumala Raya I

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● Harihara Raya II Bhupala (1491) ● Sri (1570-1572)
(1377-1404) ● Immadi Krishnadevara ● Sriranga Raya I
● Virupaksha Raya Narasimha ya (1572-1585)
I (1404-1405) Raya / (1509-1529) ● Venkatapati
● Bukka Raya II Narasimha ● Achyuta Deva Raya II
(1405-1406) Raya II Raya (1585-1614)
● Deva Raya I
(1406-1422)
● Ramachandra
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(1491-1505) (1529-1542)
● Venkatapati
Raya I (1542)
● Sadasiva Raya
● Sriranga Raya
II (1614-1616)
● Ramadeva Raya
(1616-1630)
Raya (1422)
(1542-1570) ● Venkatapati
● Vijaya Raya /
Bukka Raya III Raya
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(1422) III(1630-1643)
● Deva Raya II ● Sriranga Raya
(1422-1446) III(1643-1675)
● Mallikarjuna Raya
/ Deva Raya III
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(1446-1465)
● Virupaksha Raya
II (1465-1485)
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● Praudha Raya
(1485)

● Founders of Vijayanagara Empire – Harihara, Bukka Raya in 1336 AD

● Vijayanagara kingdom was ruled by four royal dynasties:

○ Sangama dynasty (1336-1485)

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 ■ Mula purusha/Progenitor: Sangama

■ Founder: Harihara and Bukka Raya

■ Establishment: 18 April 1336

■ Greatest: Deva Raya II (Title: Gajabhetakara)

■ Last ruler: Praudha Deva Raya

○ Saluva Dynasty (1485-1505)

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■ Mula purusha: Mangaraja / Saluva Mangu

■ Founder: Saluva Narasimha Raya (famous orator in his court -

Annamayya)

■ Last ruler: Immadi Narasimha Raya/ Narasimha Raya II

○
■
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Saluva Clan Birthplace: Kalyani

Tuluva dynasty (1505-1570)

■ Mula purusha: Thimmaraju

■ Founder: Tuluva Narasa Nayaka

■ Greatest: Sri Krishnadevaraya (His text: Amuktamalyada)

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■ Last ruler: Sadasiva Raya (Battle of Rakshasa Tangidi took

place in 1565)

■ They got the name Tuluva clan as they were born in the Tuluva
Rashtra of Karnataka.
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○ Aravidu dynasty (1570-1880)

■ Mula purusha: Araveeti Somaraju

■ Founder: Tirumala Raya

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■ Greatest: Venkatapati Raya II (during his reign the Dutch

built a trading center at Pulicat)

■ Last ruler: Sriranga Raya III

■ Araveeti clans are from Aravidu in Kurnool district of Andhra

region so they are called Araveeti clans.

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 ○ Residents of Andhra Pradesh: Sanmaga vamsha, Aravidu vamsha

○ Residents of Karnataka: Saluva vamsha, Tuluva vamsha

○ Royal insignia: Varaham

○ Chief deity: Narasimhaswamy

○ Their official religion:

■ Shaivites: Sangama vamsa

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■ Vaishnavas: Saluva, Tuluva, Araveeti clans

○ The Sangama dynasty ruled for the longest time.

○ The Saluva dynasty ruled for the shortest time

● Vijayanagara Empire was established in the first half of the fourteenth

century (1336).
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● The establishment of the Vijayanagara Empire marked the beginning of a
new era not only in the history of South India but also in the history of
India.

● Vijayanagara was a kingdom founded to protect the Hindu religion and

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culture, to protect south India from the clutches of Muslim rulers, and to
prevent the spread of Islam in the southern country.

● Vijayanagara is a kingdom that has left an indelible mark in the politics,

socialist system, religion, literature and arts of the southern country. The
kings of Vijayanagara contributed a lot to the economic development of the
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southern country and supported and nurtured the Sanskrit, Telugu and
Kannada languages.

● Vijayanagara is the center of many arts. Many foreign pilgrims visited

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Vijayanagara and praised its splendor for thousands of years.

● Harihara Raya and Bukka Raya, prominent among the five sons of Sangama,
who was resident of Mangalanilaya, were originally vassals of the
Kakatiyas.

● After the fall of the Kakatiya Empire in 1323 AD, they reached Kampili
and worked there as royal servants.

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 ● The ruler of Anegondi (Karnataka) was Kampila Raya

● Harihara and Bukkaraya were the treasurers of Kampila Raya

● In 1327 AD, Kampili was captured by the army of Muhammad Bin Tughlaq
and took them as captives to Delhi.

● Tughlaq forcibly converted Harihara Raya and Bukka Raya to Islam in

Delhi.

● The armies of the Delhi Sultans occupied the Kakatiya Kingdom in 1323 AD.

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After that the regents or governors of the Delhi Sultan ruled the south
with brutality.

● Against this the ex-employees of Prathaparudra II, the army chiefs

Musunuri Prolayanayaka, Prolaya Vemareddy etc. raised revolts.

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● In such circumstances the Sultan of Delhi Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq sent
Harihara & Bukka with a large army to quell the rebellions against him in
the south.

● Hinduism rose to prominence in Kampili’s capital Anegondi under the rule of

Araveeti Somadevaraja. Tughlaq sent Harihara and Bukka, who had
previously been Islamized, to Anegondi to suppress it.
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● Harihara and Bukka converted to Hinduism through a purification program

conducted by Vidyaranya Swami of Sringeri Shankara Math(Karnataka).

● On April 18,1336 Vijayanagara Empire was established on the banks of

Tungabhadra River with the blessings of Vidyaranya Swami.
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● Muhammad Bin Tughlaq was the ruler of India during the foundation of the
Vijayanagara Empire

● First capital of Vijayanagara kingdom - Anegondi (అనెగొంది)

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● Year of capital shift from Anegondi to Vijayanagara- 1344.

● Vijayanagara / Vidyanagaram - is the capital surrounded by 7 hills on the

banks of Tungabhadra river.

● Vijayanagara is known today as Hampi.

Evidences:

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 ● Inscriptions, historical texts, writings of foreign ambassadors, Kaifiyats,
provide invaluable information for the study of the history of the
Vijayanagara kingdom.

● Inscriptions:

○ Vilasa copper plate inscription (1323-24):

■ Commissioned by: Musunuri Prolaya Nayaka

■ Gives an account of the brutal rule of the Muslim rulers and

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local rebellions in Dakshina before the establishment of the
Vijayanagara kingdom.

○ Nellore Inscription:

■ Commissioned by: Harihara Raya I

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■ This inscription is the first inscription mentioning the Harahara
Raya I as a king.

■ States that he ruled 1336-1355 AD.

○ Bitragunta Inscription:

■ Commissioned by: Bukka Raya I

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○ Porumamilla Inscription:

■ Commissioned by: Bhaskara Mantri

■ It states that a reservoir called Ananta Sagaram was built in

1369 AD.
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○ Motupalli Danasasanam:

■ Commissioned by: Devaraya I

■ Mentions the exports and imports of traders in domestic and

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foreign trade.

○ Inscriptions of Tirumala Tirupathi Devasthanam:

■ Commissioned by: Sangama, Saluva, Tuluva, Aravidu clans.

■ Details related to the management of Venkateswara Swamy

temple etc.

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 ○ Hampi inscription:

■ Commissioned by: Sri Krishnadevaraya

■ Tells the historical occasion of Sri Krishnadevaraya's accession

to the throne on August 8, 1509 AD.

■ This inscription is written in Sanskrit and Kannada.

○ Kondaveedu, Mangalagiri Inscriptions:

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■ Commissioned by: Sri Krishnadevaraya

■ The details of the Kalinga invasion are mentioned.

○ Udayagiri and Potnuru Inscriptions:

■ Commissioned by: Sri Krishnadevaraya

■ Victories of Vijayanagara forces against Gajapati rulers are

mentioned KH
○ Vilapakkam Inscription (1601):

■ Commissioned by: Venkatapati Raya II

■ This inscription tells about Tuluva and Aravidu kings.

● Texts:
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○ Vidyaranya Kalagnanam - విద్యారణ్య కాలజ్ఞా నం(Sanskrit):

■ Author: Vidyaranya
■ Describes the circumstances under which the Vijayanagara
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kingdom was established.

○ Veerappayya's Kalagnanam - వీరప్పయ్య కాలజ్ఞా నం:
■ Author: Veerappayya
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■ It mentions that there are 12 kings of the Sangama Dynasty

and also mentions their period of rule.
○ Madhuravijayam - మధురావిజయం (Sanskrit):
■ Author: Gangadevi
■ Gangadevi - Daughter-in-law of Bukka Raya I & wife of
Kampa Raya

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 ■ It mentions that Vijayanagara troops defeated Champarayadu,
the ruler of Thonde Mandal, and occupied Kanchi.
○ Gangadasa Pratapa Vilasam - గంగాదాస ప్రతాప విలాసం (Sanskrit):
■ Author: Rajnatha Dindima
■ Court poet of Saluva Narasimha Raya
○ Saluvabhyudayam - సాళువాభ్యుదయం (Sanskrit):
■ Author: Rajnatha Dindima

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■ Describes achievements of Saluva Narasimha Raya.
○ Ramabhyudayam - రామాభ్యుదయం (Sanskrit):
■ Author: Rajnatha
■ Provides the details of the ancestors of Saluva Narasimha Raya.

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○ Jaimini Bharatam (జైమినీ భారతం):
■ Author: Pillalamarri Pinaveerabhadra Kavi
■ Gives the details of the early important rulers of the Saluva
dynasty.
■ In this book he says that Vani is his queen.
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■ This book was dedicated to Saluva Narasimha Raya

○ Acharya Sukti Muktavali (ఆచార్య సూక్తి ముక్తా వళి):
■ Author: Namburi Kesavacharya
■ The details of the looting of the famous Sri Ranganatha
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temple in Srirangam by the Muslim forces were given.

○ Kreedabhiramam (Telugu):
■ Author: Vinukonda Vallabharaya
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■ Served as the governor of Vinugonda during the reign of

Devaraya II.
■ It is known that his ancestors worked in the court of the early
Sangama kings.
○ Varaha Purana:
■ Authors: Nandi Mallaiah, Ganta Singhana

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 ● First Telugu ‘Janta kavulu (జంట కవులు)’.
■ Varaha Purana was dedicated to Tuluva Narasimha Raya.
■ Gives details of Tuluva Vamsa.
○ Amuktamalyada - ఆముక్త మాల్యద (Telugu):
■ Author: Sri Krishnadevaraya
● Other name: Vishnuchittiyam (విష్ణు చిత్తి యం)
■ The political sentiments of the kings reflect the social,

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religious and economic conditions of that time.
■ Srikakulandhra Mahavishnu (శ్రీకాకుళాంధ్ర మహావిష్ణు వు) appeared in
the dreams of Sri Krishnadevaraya and instructed him to write
this book.

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■ The main stories in this book are Yamunacharya Charitra and
the story of Maladasari.
■ The city described in this text is Villiputtur.
○ Vasucharitra (Telugu):
■ Author: Ramaraja Bhushan
■ Describes the political situation during the time of Sadasiva
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Raya.
○ Krishna Raya Vijayam - కృష్ణ రాయ విజయం (Telugu):
■ Author: Kumara Durjati
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■ Describes the greatness of Saluva Thimmarasu, the prime

minister of Sri Krishnadevaraya.
○ Rayavachakam (Telugu):
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■ Author: Sthanapati
■ Describes the details of Vijayanagara army.
○ Harivamsam (Telugu):
■ Author: Nachana Somudu
■ He received the patronage of the first two Sangama kings.
○ Rajasekhara Charitra (Telugu):

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 ■ Author: Madayyagari Mallanna (మాదయ్యగారి మల్ల న్న)
○ Kumara Ramana Charitra:
■ describes the royal history of Kampili.

Other Evidences

Robert Sewell విస్మృత వియజయనగర చరిత్ర (A Forgotten Empire of

Vijayanagara)

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Nelaturi Venkataramanayya Kampili & Vijayanagara Studies in the Third Dynasty of
Vijayanagara

Burton Stein Peasant-State and Society in Medieval South India

B.N. Saletore
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Social and Political Life in the Vijayanagara

There are 7 important arguments regarding the origin of the founders of the
Vijayanagara Empire. Out of which 2 important arguments are –
● Andhra origin: Nelaturi Venkata Ramanaiah
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● Kannada origin: Krishnaswamy Iyengar, Krishna Sastri.

● Harihara & Bukka were Andhras:
○ It states that the founders of the Vijayanagara Empire were the
Andhras - Dr. Nelaturi Venkata Ramanaiah
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○ Historians who collated Nuniz's works, Ziauddin Barani's

Tariq-e-Firoz Shahi, Isami's Futuh-us-Salatin, local histories and
inscriptions in Sanskrit, Kannada and Andhra languages and attributed
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the founders of Vijayanagara- Harihara & Bukkaraya to be hailing

from Andhra:
■ Robert Sewell
■ Dr. Nelaturi Venkata Ramanaiah
■ Nilakantha Shastri
■ R. Subrahmanyam

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 ■ Rangachari
● Harihara & Bukka - Kannadigas:
○ Historians who claim that Vijayanagara was built by Vira Bhallala III
of the Hoysalas and that Harihara & Bukka were his court servants
and therefore Kannadigas:
■ Father Heras
■ Louis Rice

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■ Sri Krishnaswami Iyengar
■ H. Krishna Shastri
■ P.B. Desai

Sangama dynasty (1336-1485):

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● The earliest and longest reigning dynasty of the Vijayanagara Empire.
● The Harihara brothers, the founders of Vijayanagara, were the sons of
Bhavana Sangama (chieftain of cowherd pastoralist community) of the
Kuruba tribe.
● Vidyaranya's account says that Sangama is Mangalanilaya Vasi.
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● Inscription describing the Sangama Dynasty- Bitragunta Inscription

(commissioned by - Bukka Raya I)
● The first ruler of Sangama dynasty: Harihara Raya I
● Greatest ruler: Devaraya II
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● Ruled for longest period: Harihara Raya II

● Last ruler: Proudha Devaraya
● Harihara Raya I (1336-1356):
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○ The Bagepalli Inscription (1336) mentions Harihara Raya I and the

Sangama dynasty.
○ Founder of Vijayanagara Kingdom- Harihara Raya I
○ He is also known as Hakka or Vira Harihara I.

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 ○ He expanded the kingdom of Vijayanagara with the help of his
brothers.
○ Title: Purva Paschima Samudradipathi (పూర్వ పశ్చిమ సముద్రా దిపతి)
○ Rajaguru: Chandra Bhushana Kriyashakti
○ Aided by: Madhava Vidyaranya Maharshi
○ Famous Minister: Anantarasu (Title - Chikka Udayudu)
○ His contemporary kings:

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■ Ruler of Delhi: Muhammad Bin Tughlaq
■ Musunuri Nayaka: Kapayanayakudu
■ Bahmani Kingdom: Hasan Gangu / Alauddin Hasan Bahman
Shah / Zafar Khan

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■ Reddy king: Prolaya Vemareddy
○ Harihara Raya was crowned on 18th April 1336 in the presence of
Virupaksha.
○ His capital was Vijayanagara.
■ Built in 7 stone ramparts on Ramadurga hill south of
Tungabhadra river.
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○ The minister who helped him in the governance system was Anantarasu
○ His brother Bukka Raya in 1343 AD captured Udayagiri fort (Nellore).
With this victory, the expansion of the Vijayanagara empire began.
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○ Udayagiri fort (Nellore) was captured by - Bukka Raya I.

○ In 1346, Bukka Raya defeated Bhallala IV of the Hoysala kingdom
& merged it into the Vijayanagara Empire.
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○ As a result of the above victories, Harihara Raya's kingdom spread

from the Eastern Sea to the Western Sea.
○ Harihara Raya I extended his empire from the Bay of Bengal in the
east to the Arabian Sea in the west and earned the title of "Purva
Paschima Samudradipathi (పూర్వ పశ్చిమ సముద్రా దిపతి)". An inscription
found at Atkala Gundu in Kurnool district informs about this matter.

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 ○ A Bijapur inscription of 1340 AD refers to Harihara Raya I as
"Chatussamudradipati (చతుస్సముద్రా దిపతి)".
○ It was during his reign that Hasan Gangu established the Bahmani
Empire in 1347 with the center at Gulbarga.
○ During his reign there were clashes between the kingdoms of Bahmani
and Vijayanagara
○ The main cause of these conflicts is- Raichur doab.

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○ “Bagepalli Inscription” commemorates his achievements.
○ He honored his minister Anantarasu by giving him the title Chikka
Udayudu.
○ First foreigner to visit Vijayanagara during the time of the Harihara
Raya I -Ibn Batuta (Morocco).
● Bukka Raya I (1356-77):
○ His Titles:
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■ Vydika marga pravakta (వెైదిక మార్గ ప్రవక్త )
■ Veda marga pratistapaka (వేద మార్గ ప్రతిష్టా పక)
■ Adhunika manuvu (ఆధునిక మనువు)
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○ His contemporary kings:

■ Sultan of Delhi - Firoz Shah Tughlaq
■ Bahamani Sultan - Muhammad Shah I ( 1358-1375; 2nd ruler
of Bahmani Sultanate)
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■ Musunuri Nayaka - Kapaya Nayaka

■ Reddy king - Anavotha Reddy, Anavema Reddy
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○ Channarayapattana Inscription describes the rule of Bukka Raya I.

○ Bukka Raya played a prominent role along with Harihara in the
establishment and expansion of the Vijayanagara kingdom.
○ He completed the construction of Vijayanagara.
○ Bukka Raya ascended the throne of Vijayanagara after Harihara.

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 ○ Bukka Raya defeated a Reddy king named Anavotha Reddy and merged
Ahobilam and Vinukonda into the Vijayanagara empire.
○ Bukkaraya's son Kumara Kampana (Kampa Raya) occupied Madurai.
○ Kampa Raya's wife Gangadevi wrote a text titled " Madhura Vijayam
/ Vira Kamparaya Charitam " in Sanskrit about the victory over
Madurai.
○ The soldiers who assisted Kumara Kampana in this victory - Saluva

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Mangu, Gopana Dandanayakudu
○ In this invasion, Saluva Mangu fought with great bravery and killed
the Sultan of Madurai and assumed the title of Pratipaksha Saluva
(Parapakshi Saluva).
○ Ming dynasty history records that Bukkaraya I sent an embassy to

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King Ming of China in 1374.
○ Bukkaraya I’s Prime Minister Anantaraya built Penugonda fort.
○ Bukkaraya I (versus) Bahmani Sultans:
■ The first Bahmani-Vijayanagar War occurred during the reign
of Bukka Raya I, in which he was besieged, and sued for peace.
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■ During the period of Bukkaraya I, 2 wars were fought between

the kings of Vijayanagara and the Bahmani Sultans.
■ Wars broke out between the Bahmani kingdoms & Vijayanagara
as Bukka Raya I along with the Kapaya Nayaka tried to
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disintegrate the Bahmani kingdom with the help of the Delhi

Sultan.
○ Battle of Mudgal-1358:
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■ The Bahmani Sultan Muhammad Shah I orders Bukka Raya I of

the Vijayanagara king to pay the singers and dancers of his
court from the Vijayanagara treasury.
■ Bukka Raya I retaliated by crossing the Tungabhadra river
and occupying the Mudgal region by defeating Bahmani Sultan
Muhammad Shah I in the Battle of Mudgal.

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 ■ The Bahmani Sultans used artillery for the first time in the
Mudgal war.
■ The first battle in which artillery(Firangis) was used in India -
Battle of Mudgal.
○ Courtesans of Bukkaraya I:
■ Sayanacharya: Brother of Vidyaranya Swami - Vedic
commentator.

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● 14th-century Sanskrit Mimamsa scholar from the
Vijayanagara Empire. An influential commentator on the
Vedas,he flourished under King Bukka Raya I and his
successor Harihara II.
■ Madhavacharya: A practitioner of the Upanishad path

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■ Nachana Soma: wrote ‘Uttara Harivamsa’.
● The village "Penchikal Dinne" was given as agrahara by
this king to Nachana soma.
■ This king not only provided protection to the small number of
Jains but also settled the dispute between the Jain &
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Vaishnavas in Srirangapatnam.
■ This king brought Vidyaranya Swami from Varanasi to
Vijayanagara.
● Harihara Raya II (1377-1404):
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○ After the death of Bukkaraya, Harihara Raya II ascended the throne.

○ His Titles: Rajavyas, Rajaparameswara, Rajavalmiki
○ His Guru: Devanachari
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○ His Mahamantri: Sayanacharya (brother of Madhava Vidyaranya

Swami)
○ His ministers: Madhava, Irugappa Dandanadha
○ Madhava conquered Goa and earned the title of Bhuvanaika Veera.
○ His minister Irugappa Dandanadha built the Ganagitti jain temple in
Hampi.

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 ■ Navaratnamala is a book written by Irugappa.
○ Harihara Raya II was the first Vijayanagara king to invade the
country of Sinhala.
○ During his reign, Rachakonda Velamaraju Anavotha Nayaka killed
Musunuri Kapaya Nayaka in Bhimavaram war (1369 AD) & from then
onwards Rachakonda Velamas became the rulers of Telangana.
○ He was defeated by Katayavema Reddy and gave his daughter

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Hariharambika in marriage to Katayavema Reddy.
○ His contemporary Bahmani Sultan - Muhammad Shah II(1378-1397).
○ During his reign there was a severe drought in the kingdom. This is
called Durga Devi Karuvu.
○ After the death of Harihara Raya II, the first war of succession
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took place in Vijayanagara.
○ With the death of Harihara II in 1404, the throne for the
Vijayanagara Empire was disputed amongst his sons: Deva Raya I,
Bukka Raya II, and Virupaksha Raya.
○ Virupaksha Raya (1404-1405) would only rule for a few months
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before being murdered by his sons and then being succeeded by his
brother Bukka Raya II.
○ Bukka Raya II (1405-1406) then ruled for two years before he
himself was succeeded by his brother Deva Raya I.
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● Deva Raya I (1406-1422):

○ He succeeded to the throne of Vijayanagara in 1406 after defeating
his brothers.
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○ Inscriptions refer to him as Pratapa Deva Raya.

○ Devaraya I laid the Dharmasasanam.
○ Devaraya I was the first Vijayanagara king to recruit Muslims into
his army.
○ He was a very capable ruler noted for his military exploits and his
support to irrigation works in his kingdom.

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 ○ He modernized the Vijayanagara army by improving the cavalry,
employed skilled archers of the Turkic clans and raised the fighting
capacity of his bowmen and imported horses from Arabia and Persia.
○ His contemporary kings:
■ Bahmani Sultan - Firoz Shah Bahmani (1397-1422)
■ Reddy Raju - Pedda Komati Vemareddy.
○ War between Firoz and Devaraya I regarding Nehal, the daughter

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of a goldsmith in Mudgal is referred to as ‘The war of goldsmith's
daughter’.
○ It is known from the works of Ferista, the foremost Muslim historian,
that Devaraya I lost in this battle and married his daughter to Firoz,
similarly Nehal was married to his son Hasan Khan. But it lacks
credibility.
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○ Deva Raya I strengthened the ramparts of Vijayanagara and updated
the bastions.
○ In 1410, he had a barrage constructed across the Tungabhadra
River and commissioned a 24 km long aqueduct from the Tungabhadra
river to the capital.
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○ The Italian traveler Nicolo de conti visited his court at the end of
his reign
○ Minister of Deva Raya I: Chamanadanda Nayaka
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○ Court Sculptor: Jakkanacharya

■ Jakkana wrote a book called Vikramarka Charitra and
dedicated it to Siddhana.
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○ Ramachandra Raya was the eldest son of Deva Raya I. He became the
Emperor of Vijayanagara after his father's death in 1422.
○ He was succeeded by his brother, Vijaya Raya / Bukka Raya III/
Veera Vijaya Bukka Raya, in the same year.
● Deva Raya II:
○ He was the greatest of the Sangama dynasty.

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ○ In 1428, he occupied Kondaveedu and made the Reddy kingdom up to
Simhachalam as his vassal kingdom.
○ His senadhipatis: Mallappa Odiar, Lakkanna Dandanayaka
○ Mallappa Odiar defeated Kapileswara Gajapati.
○ Lakkana Dandanayaka not only collected taxes from Jaffna (Sri Lanka)
but also occupied the region of Quilad (Kerala) and earned the title of
Lakkana Dakshina Samudradisvara.

AN
○ First Vijayanagara ruler to collect Kappam from Sinhala - Devaraya
II
○ Devaraya II recruited more Muslims in his army.
○ Foreign ambassadors who visited the court of this king were:

KH
■ Nicolò de conti (Italy)
■ Abdur Razzaq (Persia)
○ Shah Rukh, King of Persia, sent Abdul Razzaq to Vijayanagara
○ In his writings, Razzaq mentioned - In Vijayanagara empire, gold &
diamonds were sold in bazaars, there were 300 ports here, and
Devaraya II had 16,000 wives, prostitution was prevalent .
AZ

○ The name of this king's literary meeting room was - Mutyalasala

○ Sanskrit poet in his court - Gauda Dindima Bhattu .
■ Srinatha (Telugu poet)defeated him.
○ Telugu poet who was given the title of Kavi Sarvabhauma by Devaraya
IY

II and got Kanakabhishekam done by him was - Srinatha.

○ Text of Devaraya II (Sanskrit text): Mahanataka Sudhanidhi
○ Temple built during the reign of Deva Raya II - Sri Virupaksha
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Swamy Temple (built by Lakkan Dandesha, a nayaka (chieftain) under

Deva Raya II)
○ During the time of Deva Raya II there was Pan Supari Bazaar for
Jains in Vijayanagara Kingdom. He built a shrine for Parsvanath in
Pan Supari Bazar.
○ Kannada poets in his court:

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ■ Chamarasa - Text: Prabhulinga Leela; Virashaiva poet
■ Kumara Vyasa / Narayanappa - Mahabharatam in Kannada
■ Jakkanacharya - Noorondu Sthala
○ He governed in his court, respecting the copy of the Quran.
○ Deva Raya II Titles:
■ Praudha Devaraya
■ Gajabetakara (Elephant Hunter)

AN
○ Temples built by him: Vittalaswami Temple, Hazara Rama temple.

Fall of the Sangama dynasty:

● Mallikarjuna Raya / Deva Raya III (1446-1465):

KH
○ After the death of Devaraya II, Mallikarjuna Raya being a weak king,
the enemies of Vijayanagara -Bahmani Sultans and the Gajapatis of
Orissa rose up and invaded Vijayanagara.
○ Gangadasa Pratapa Vilasa (drama) written by Gangadhar tells about
the invasion of Gajapatis and Bahmanis.
● Virupaksha Raya II (1465-1485):
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○ After killing Mallikarjuna Raya, his nephew Virupaksha Raya II

usurped the throne.
○ Nuniz mentioned that he was a drunkard and womanizer.
○ It was during this time that Virupaksha Raya II lost the Konkan coast
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(including Goa, Chaul, and Dabul) by 1470 to Prime Minister Mahamud

Gawan of Bahmani Sultanate, who was sent to conquer the area by
Sultan Muhammad Shah III.
R

○ During his reign, Saluva Narasimha Raya continued to be a feudatory

of the Chandragiri region.
■ Saluva Narasimharaya’s Senani was - Tuluva Narasa Nayaka.
● Praudha Raya (1485):
○ The youngest son of Virupaksha Raya II, Praudha Devaraya ascended
the throne.

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ○ As Praudha Devaraya was indulged in luxuries ignoring the rule, Saluva
Narasimha Raya, who was theVassal of the Chandragiri, gathered all
the main vassals of the Vijayanagara empire and sent his army chief
Tuluva Narasa Nayaka up to Vijayanagara to drive out the wicked
Praudha Deva Raya from Vijayanagara.
○ The Sangama dynasty came to an end in 1485 when he usurped the
throne of Vijayanagara.

AN
○ Historians consider Saluva Narasimha Raya as the first aggressor of
Vijayanagara kingdom.
○ The Sangama dynasty ended and the Saluva dynasty started.

Saluva Dynasty (1485-1505)

KH
● With the death of Devaraya II, the strength of Vijayanagara weakened.
● Virupaksha Raya II being incompetent and wicked, the conditions of the
Vijayanagara empire deteriorated. Enemies swarmed on all sides.
● The misdeeds of the rulers caused the unrest of the people and revolts of
the feudal lords.
● Noticing the anarchic conditions of the time, the brave and able Chandragiri
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ruler Saluva Narasimha Raya drove out Praudha Raya, the last of the
Sangama dynasty, from Vijayanagara and usurped the throne of
Vijayanagara in 1485.
● Evidences about the history of Saluvas, achievements of the rulers:
IY

○ Rajnatha Dindima: Saluvabhyudayam (సాళువాభ్యుదయం),

Achyutaramabhyudayam (అచ్యుతరామాభ్యుదయం)
○ Potaraya: Prasanga Ratnavali
R

○ Pillalamarri Pinaveerabhadra: Jaimini Bharatham, Srungara

Shakunthalam
○ Nandi Thimmana: Parijatapaharanam (పారిజాతాపహరణం)
○ Tirumalamba: Varadambika Parinayam (వరదాంబిక పరిణయం)
○ Nandi Mallaiah, Ghanta Singhaiah: Varaha Puranam

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ● In their inscriptions, the Saluvas claimed to be of "Yadu Vamsa santati" and
Chandra Vamsa Kshatriyas.
● Their place of birth is Kalyanapuram (Karnataka).
● Saluva is the name of a region. It was formed as a title and emerged as a
clan.
● Founder of this dynasty - Saluva Mangu (His title: Pratipaksha Saluva)
● Kings who ruled in this dynasty:

AN
○ Saluva Narasimha Raya
○ Immadi Narasimha Raya
● Saluva Narasimha Raya (1485-91):
○ The founder of the Saluva clan, the greatest of this clan.

KH
○ Devulapalli Inscription (1504): Saluva Narasimha Raya commissioned
this. This inscription describes the kings of Saluva dynasty.
○ He overthrew the Praudha Deva Raya, last of the Sangama dynasty
and occupied the throne of Vijayanagara. This is called the first
Durakramana / aggression.
○ He shifted his capital from Kalyanapuram to Chandragiri.
AZ

○ He defeated Saluva Mallideva of Bommavaram and captured the port

of Bhatkal Mangalapuram (Mangalore).
○ He was defeated by Kalinga king Purushottama Gajapati and made
peace by giving Udayagiri fort to him.
IY

○ In 1452, he was conferred the title Maha Mandaleshwara of

Chandragiri during the reign of emperor Mallikarjuna Raya.
○ This king introduced Samugaradis for the first time in Vijayanagara.
R

○ He imported horses from Arabia.

○ Saluva Narasimharaya was the first Vijayanagara king to befriend
the Arabs and recruit Arab cavalry in his army.
○ His court poets:
■ Rajnatha Dindima Bhattu: Saluvabhyudayam.

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ■ Pillalamarri Pinaveerabhadra: Jaimini Bharatham, Srungana
Sakunthalam
○ In Jaimini Bharatam he used the term Vani Na Rani.
(Pinaveerabhadra)
○ Ramabhyudayam (Raghunadhabhyudayam) - book by Saluva
Narasimha Raya
○ The title of Saluva Narasimha Raya: Raya Maharasu

AN
○ His Senani: Tuluva Narasa Nayaka
○ 'Tallapaka Annamacharya', the famous Vaggeyakara, Pada Kirtana
Sankirtanacharya, was his contemporary.
○ A patron of the Madhava saint Sripadaraya/ Lakshminarayana
Tirtha & also patronised Kannada poet Kavi Linga.
KH
○ He was succeeded by his son Thimma Bhupala.
○ Thimma Bhupala was succeeded by his younger brother Narasimha
Raya II/ Immadi Narasimha Raya.
● Immadi Narasimha Raya / Narasimha Raya II (1491-1505):
○ Also known as Narasimha Raya II or Dhamma Thimma Raya
AZ

○ He is just a puppet king. Actual powers were held with Senapati Tuluva
Narasa Nayaka.
○ This king who did not tolerate the dominance of Tuluva Narasa
Nayaka removed him from the post and appointed Nadendla
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Timmarasu as the prime minister.

■ Tuluva Narasa Nayaka killed Nadendla Timmarasu and
imprisoned Immadi Narasimha Raya in Penugonda and ruled it
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himself.
○ Tuluva Narasanayaka defeated the king of Koneti who was persecuting
the Vaishnavas in Srirangam, occupied the town of Sriranga and
Duggirala, visited the Gokarnakshetra and donated Talapurusha.
○ Tuluva Narasanayaka defeated Prataparudra Gajapati who succeeded
Purushottama Gajapati

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ○ A major event during the reign of Immadi Narsimha Raya was the
discovery of the sea route to India by Vasco Da Gama (May 17,
1498).
○ It was during this king's reign that the first part of the kingdom to
break away from the Bahmani Empire was the Kingdom of Bijapur
(1489, Yusuf Adil Khan).
○ In 1503, after the death of the Tuluva Narasa Nayaka, his son Vira

AN
Narasimha Raya came to the kingdom and killed the captured Immadi
Narasimha Raya in Penugonda fort in 1505 and crowned as the
emperor of Vijayanagara.
■ With this the Saluva dynasty ended and the rule of the Tuluva
dynasty began.

Tuluva dynasty (1505-1570) KH

● They got the name Tuluva clan as they were born in the Tuluva region of
Mysore state.
● When Harihara Raya I conquered the Tuluva region in 1342 AD, the region
came under the control of the Vijayanagara rulers.
AZ

● They claimed to be Kshatriyas of Chandravamsha.

● Five Tuluva rulers ruled the Vijayanagara Empire:
○ Vira Narasimha Raya (1505-1509)
○ Sri Krishnadevaraya (1509-1529) - was the greatest
IY

○ Achyuta Deva Raya (1529-42)

○ Venkatapati Raya I (1542-44) - ruled less years
○ Sadasiva Raya (1544-70) - ruled more years
R

● Their birth place is Tuluvanadu (Mysore), mother tongue is Kannada, favorite

language is Telugu.
● The progenitor/ Mula Purusha of this clan was Thimmaraju
● The founder of their kingdom was Tuluva Narasa Nayaka

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ● Nandi Mallaiah and Ghanta Singhana (first Telugu Janta Kavulu) were in
Narasa Nayaka's court.
○ These poets wrote the Varaha Purana and dedicated it to Tuluva
Narasa Nayaka.
● Vira Narasimha Raya (1505-09):
○ Kudia stambha Inscription (1507): It was engraved by Vira
Narasimha Raya. This inscription describes the achievements of his

AN
father Narasa Nayaka.
○ He killed Immadi Narasimha Raya who was a captive in Penugonda and
established the Tuluva kingdom in Vijayanagara. This is called 2nd
Durakramana / aggression.
○ The Paleghars who attacked him: Adhoni, Kanappa Vadayar,

KH
Ummathur - Devaraj, Srirangapattanam - Gundaraju
○ Bijapur Yusuf Adil Khan invaded this kingdom and was defeated.
Kundanavolu ruler Rama Raja and his son Thimmaraju were given the
territories - Kundanavolu and Adhoni by Veera Narasimha Raya in
gratitude for this victory.
○ He attacked Ummathur and Srirangapattanam and died during the
AZ

attack.
○ Kuchipudi is a classical dance favored and developed by Veera
Narasimha Raya.
○ Veera Narasimha Raya is famous for being the first Vijayanagara
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king to abolish the 'marriage tax'.

● Sri Krishnadevaraya (1509-29):
○ Father: Tuluva Narasa Nayaka
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○ Mother: Nagamamba
○ Brother: Tuluva Vira Narasimha Raya
○ Son: Tirumaludu
○ Daughter: Tirumalamba
○ Son-in-law: Aliya Rama Raya of Aravidu

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ○ Minister: Saluva Timmarasu
○ Senadhipatis: Rayasam Kondamarasu, Rayasam Ayyaparasu
○ His text: Amukta Malyada (in Telugu)
○ Literary building (Darbar): Bhuvana Vijayam
○ His court poets: Ashtadiggajas
○ His Guru: Vyasacharya
○ Guru who taught playing Veena: Krishnaiah

AN
○ Court musician: Bandaru Lakshminarayana (His book : Sangeeta
Suryodayam (Sanskrit))
○ Math built by him: Purandas Math
○ His titles:

సార్వభౌముడు)
■ Andhra Bhoja
KH
■ Sahiti Samarangana Sarwabhauma (సాహితీ సమరాంగణ

■ Kavita Pravina Phanisudu - కవితా ప్రవీణ ఫణీశుడు (Given by Nandi

Thimmana)
AZ

■ Gajapati Gajakuta Paakavena (గజపతి గజకూట పాకవేన)

■ Dakshinapadhaswamy (దక్షిణాపధస్వామి)
■ Yavana Rajya Sthapanacharya (యవన రాజ్య స్థా పనాచార్య)
■ Kalubharige Yuddha Nihana (కలుభరిగే యుద్ధ నిహన)
IY

■ Kannada Rajya Rama Ramana (Lord of the Kannada empire)

■ Mooru Rayara Ganda (Lord of 3 kings)
■ Gaubrahmana Pratipalaka (Protector of Brahmins & cows)
R

○ Inscription stating that Sri Krishnadevaraya was crowned on

8-08-1509- Hampi Inscription
○ Hampi Rock Inscription: This inscription describes the qualities and
characteristics of Sri Krishna Devaraya.
○ Saluva Thimmarasu was the one who helped Sri Krishnadevaraya to
ascend the throne.

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ○ Sri Krishnadevaraya was the greatest of all Vijayanagara kings, not
only of the Tuluva dynasty.
○ Contemporary Kings of Sri Krishna Deva Raya:
■ Bahmani Sultan - Muhammad Shah
■ Mughal Emperor - Babur
○ Babur in his autobiography 'Tuzuk-i-Babari' mentions the kingdom of
Sri Krishnadevaraya and his greatness.

AN
○ Domingo Paes (Portuguese traveler) described the physical
appearance of Srikrishna Devaraya.
○ Núniz (Portuguese traveller, who came during the period of Achyuta
Deva Raya) informed about the manner in which Sri Krishnadevaraya
ascended the throne.

Krishna Devaraya.
KH
○ Albert Longhurst was the one who researched the relics of Sri

○ He fought many battles with Prataparudra Gajapati and finally

Prataparudra Gajapati accepted his suzerainty and married his
daughter Annapurna to Sri Krishnadevaraya.
AZ

○ Prataparudra Gajapati gave an idol of Balakrishna to Sri Krishna

Devaraya. It is enshrined in the Krishna Swamy Temple in Hampi.
○ Sculptures of Chinnadevi and Tirumaladevi, the two wives of Sri
Krishna Devaraya are carved in Tirumala.
IY

○ Tirumalambika (daughter of Sri Krishnadevaraya) wrote Varadambika

Parinayam during the reign of Achyuta Raya.
○ Sri Krishnadevaraya built a township named Nagalapuram in memory
R

of his mother Nagamamba.

○ Sri Krishnadevaraya offered land to Mangalagiri Narasimha Temple
and a diamond necklace to Varaha Narasimhaswamy in Visakhapatnam.
○ Srikrishna Deva Raya erected Victory Pillars in - Simhachalam,
Potnuru.

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ○ Portuguese officers Barbosa and Domingo Paes visited Vijayanagaram
during his period.
○ Sri Krishnadevaraya - Portuguese:
■ The Europeans who migrated to India during the time of Sri
Krishnadevaraya were the Portuguese.
■ Friar Luis, Portuguese Ambassador who attended the
coronation ceremony of Sri Krishna Devaraya.

AN
■ Alphonso Albuquerque was the greatest of all the Portuguese
viceroys who came to India.
■ Albuquerque sent Friar Luis as his ambassador to Sri
Krishnadevaraya to seek his help.
■ In 1510, Portuguese took the help of Sri Krishnadevaraya to
KH
fight the Sultans of Bijapur and in return he made an
agreement (Treaty of Goa) to import horses from the
Portuguese.
■ In 1510 AD, Sri Krishnadevaraya concluded the treaty of
Goa with the Portuguese governor Albuquerque. The truce
between the two was brokered by Friar Luis.
AZ

■ Treaty of Goa:
● Defeating the Bahamanis
● The Portuguese started businesses
IY

● Importation of horses
■ With the help of Sri Krishnadevaraya, the Portuguese
governor Albuquerque defeated Sultan Ismail Adilshah of
R

Bijapur in 1510 AD and occupied Goa.

○ Sri Krishnadevaraya (vs) Bahmani Sultans:
■ A contemporary Bahmani Sultan of Sri Krishnadevaraya -
Muhammad Shah
■ By the time Sri Krishnadevaraya came to the kingdom, Bahmani
kingdom was divided into 5 independent kingdoms. They are:

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 Place Founder Dynasty

Bijapur Yusuf Adil shah Adil Shahi dynasty

Bidar Amir Qasim Barid Barid Shahi dynasty

Ahmednagar Malik Ahmed Nizam Shahi dynasty

AN
Berar Fatehullah Imad ul Mulk Imad Shahi dynasty

Golconda Quli Qutub shah Qutub Shahi dynasty

KH
■ First incident:
● As soon as Sri Krishnadevaraya ascended the throne in
1509, with the encouragement of Yusuf Adil Khan, the
ruler of Bijapur, Bahmani Sultan Muhammad Shah
declared jihad against the Vijayanagara Empire and
gathered a large army by combining forces of Bijapur
AZ

Sultan Yusuf Adil Shah, Ahmednagar ruler Malik Ahmad,

Berar ruler Fatehullah Imad Ul mulk, Golconda ruler Qutb
ul Mulk
● With this a civil war was fought between the armies of
IY

Vijayanagara and the armies of Bahmani. Bahmani armies

were defeated in this battle.
● The Hampi inscription tells about this battle.
R

● Bahmani forces were defeated and retreated to Bidar.

They were chased by the armies of Vijayanagara.
● Yusuf Adil shah was defeated by the forces of
Vijayanagara and at Kovelakonda - Battle of Kovelakonda
● Kovelakonda was occupied by Vijayanagara ruler Sri
Krishnadevaraya.

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ● Golconda Sultan who was defeated by Sri
Krishnadevaraya - Quli Qutub shah.
■ Second incident:
● After the death of Bijapur Sultan Yusuf Adil Shah in
the battle of Kovelakonda, his son Ismail Adil Shah
ascended the throne in 1510.
● Since he was young, he was guarded by a Senani - Kamal

AN
Khan
● Kamal Khan was the protector of Ismail Adil Shah and
started invading the neighboring kingdoms. He also
wanted to usurp the throne of Bijapur out of greed.
● People could not tolerate the atrocities of Kamal Khan

KH
and revolted. Especially the people of Belgaum city
● In 1510 Sri Krishnadevaraya invaded Raichur and the
Portuguese occupied Goa.
■ Third Event:
● Muhammad Shah was the ruler of Bidar during this
AZ

period
● Muhammad’s Prime Minister- Ali Barid (Deccan
Guntanakka)
● Ali Barid Conspired with Kamala Khan to invade Bidar.
IY

● Muhammad shah was captured in Bidar by his prime

minister Ali Barid and he usurped the throne.
● Sri Krishnadevaraya intervened and defeated Ali Barid
R

near Gulbarga and freed Muhammad Shah and restored

him to the throne.
● As a symbol of this victory, Sri Krishnadevaraya
received the title of Yavana Rajya Sthapanacharya.
○ Raid on Ummathur - Sri Krishnadevaraya (1512-13)

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ■ Gangaraju was the ruler of Ummattur who jumped into the
Kaveri river and died when Sri Krishnadevaraya attacked him.
■ Saluva Govindaraju was the one who razed Ummathur and
Shivasamudram forts and established a separate state with
Srirangapatnam as the capital and was appointed by Sri
Krishnadevaraya as his representative there.
■ Sri Krishnadevaraya defeated the local ruler Rama Raya of this

AN
region and married his daughter Tirumaladevi.
○ Invasion of Kalinga or Eastern Invasion (1513–19):
■ This invasion started in 1513 AD and continued till 1519.
■ Sri Krishnadevaraya's generals Rayasam Kondamarasu and
Rayasam Ayyaparasu led this invasion.

KH
○ Raid on Udayagiri(Nellore):
■ The Kalinga invasion first began with the siege of Udayagiri.
■ Here the ruler of this region was Tirumala Raya (vassal of the
Gajapathis).
■ After conquering this fort (Udayagiri), he found the idol of
AZ

Balakrishna in the fort. He brought the idol to Hampi and built

a Krishna temple and enshrined the idol in it.
■ As a sign of this victory, Sri Krishnadevaraya visited Tirupati
along with his wives Tirumaladevi and Chinnadevi. These idols
IY

are still found at the main entrance in Tirupati.

○ Siege of Kondaveedu:
■ After Udayagiri, he invaded Kondaveedu (Guntur) by occupying
R

areas like Addanki, Vinukonda etc.

■ The ruler of this region was Virarudra Gajapati (son of
Prataparudra Gajapati).
■ Timmarasu deceives Virarudra when Sri Krishna Devaraya asks
for Timmarasu's help to occupy Kondaveedu .

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ■ As an indication of this victory, Sri Krishna Devaraya visited
Amaravati and performed Talapurushadanam.
○ Siege of Kondapalli / Victory over Bejawada:
■ The ruler of this fort is Praharareshwara
■ Sri Krishnadevaraya defeated Prataparudra Gajapati after
coming to this region to secure Kondapalli Durga and occupied
Kondapalli.

AN
■ Sri Krishnadevaraya entered Telangana by occupying Bejawada
and Kondapalli.
■ Chitab Khan (Sitapati), a vassal of the Gajapathis in Telangana.
○ Rajahmundry and Cuttack invasion:

KH
■ Vijayanagara armies occupied up to Cuttack, the capital of the
Gajapathis in 1518 AD.
■ Sri Krishnadevaraya's forces occupied Kondapalli, Rajahmundry,
Simhachalam and Potnur.
■ Prataparudra Gajapati accepted his defeat and gave his
daughter Annapurnadevi to Sri Krishnadevaraya in marriage.
AZ

■ Krishnadevaraya, who excelled in diplomacy, recognized

Prataparudra Gajapati as a vassal and ordered him to rule the
kingdom of Kalinga.
■ Sri Krishnadevaraya's forces occupied from Nellore to
IY

Simhachalam.
■ Sri Krishnadevaraya erected Victory Pillars in Potnur and
Simhachalam as a symbol of these Digvijaya Yatras.
R

○ Battle of Gobbur (1520):

■ According to Robert Suyal: Sri Krishnadevaraya clashed several
times with the contemporary Deccan Sultans during his 20-year
reign.
■ Yusuf Adil shah and Ismail Adil shah were defeated by Sri
Krishnadevaraya. While Sri Krishnadevaraya was on his way to

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 Kalinga, Bijapur Sultan Ismail Adil Shah occupied Raichur
doab.
■ With this Sri Krishnadevaraya, invaded Bijapur in 1520 and
defeated Ismail Adil Shah in the Battle of Gobbur near
Raichur and reoccupied Raichur.
■ Christosiri Pogarido, a Portuguese soldier, helped Srikrishna
Devaraya in this battle.

AN
■ Sri Krishnadevaraya invaded and conquered Gulbarga in 1523
AD.
■ As an indication of his military victories, Sri Krishna Devaraya
accompanied by his queens (Chinnadevi, Tirumaladevi) visited
Tirumala Venkateswara Swamy. He donated land and ornaments.

○ Other things:
KH
■ In 1529 Bijapur Sultan Ismail Adil Shah again occupied Raichur.

■ Sri Krishnadevaraya - daughter: Tirumalamba, Son: Tirumaludu

■ Srikrishnadevaraya gave his daughter Tirumalamba to
Araveeti Aliya Rama Raya in marriage.
AZ

■ In 1528, he crowned his son Tirumala.

■ As Tirumala died, his brother Achyuta Raya became his
successor and in 1529 Srikrishna Devaraya died.
■ Kondapalli inscription mentions he died in December 1529 AD.
IY

■ Tirupati is the place where Achyuta Deva Raya was crowned.

○ Timmarasu:
■ Saluva Thimmarasu played a major role in the expansion of Sri
R

Krishnadevaraya's kingdom.
■ Native of Chandragiri (near Tirupati).
■ Thimmarasu entered Vijayanagara during the reign of Saluva
Narasimha Raya.
■ Sri Krishnadevaraya used to call Thimmarasu by the name of
Appaji.

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ■ Title of Thimmarasu: Dharmapratipalika

● Achyuta Deva Raya (1529-42):

○ His Senani is Aliya Rama Raya (son-in-law of Sri Krishnadevaraya)
○ During his time the Portuguese traveler Nuniz visited Vijayanagara.
○ Achyuta Raya had to make a peace treaty with Aliya Rama Raya to
ascend the throne.

AN
○ Achyutaraya patronised the Kannada poet Chatu Vittalanatha, the
great composer and singer Purandaradasa, one of the major
proponents of Carnatic music.
○ Brother-in-laws of Achutha Deva Raya who gained more power during
his reign were:

KH
■ Salakam Pedda Tirumala Raju
■ Salakam chinna Tirumala raju

● Venkatapati Raya I (1542):

○ Achyuta Deva Raya before his death, instructed his brothers-in-laws
to make his son Venkatapati Raya I as the King.
AZ

○ Venkatapati Raya I, was a puppet king and the power was with the
Salakam brothers.
○ Salakam Pedda Tirumala Raya was crowned as “Tirumala Devarayadu”.
○ When his (Salakam Pedda Tirumala Raya’s) nephew killed the
IY

Venkatapati Raya I and created anarchy, Aliya Rama Raya left Gutti
and occupied Penugonda and in 1543 he killed Pedda Tirumala Raju and
proclaimed Sadasiva Raya as the king and he (Aliya Rama Raya)
got the real powers in Vizianagaram.
R

● Sadasiva Raya (1543-70):

○ The last ruler of the Tuluva clan
○ He was the King of Vijayanagara during the Battle of Tallikota
(1565).

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ○ Aliya Rama Raya ruled Vijayanagara by making Sadasiva Raya a
puppet.
○ Actual rule - Aliya Rama Raya
○ Defeated Portuguese governor Martin D'Souza after Martin
damaged Hindu temples.
○ João de Castro, who succeeded D'Souza as governor, made peace
with Aliya Rama Raya.

AN
● Aliya Rama Raya (son-in-law of Sri Krishnadevaraya, 1542-1565):
○ He is also known as Guntanakka of Vijayanagar Empire.
○ He belongs to Araveeti clan/Vamsha (Aravidu area of Nellore
district); Father: Thimmaraju

Krishnadevaraya. KH
○ He was the husband of Tirumalamba, daughter of Sri

○ His brothers were Venkatadri Raya, Tirumala Raya.

○ At first he was a soldier in the court of Qutb Shahis and then came
to Bahmani kingdom and subsequently joined the court of Sri
Krishnadevaraya who recognized his power and gave his daughters in
AZ

marriage.
○ Aliya Rama Raya - Deccan Sultans:
■ 1st phase (1546-47):
● Qutub Shahis (Golconda) + Nizam Shahis (Ahmednagar)
IY

VS Adil Shahis (Bijapur) + Barid Shahis (Bidar)

● At this stage Rama Raya supported the Nizam Shahis
and defeated Bijapur and Bidar and captured the
R

Raichur doab, Solapur and Kalyana forts from Bijapur and

took the Raichur region and gave the Solapur, Kalyana
forts to Ahmednagar.
■ 2nd phase(1557-1563):
● After the death of Bijapur king Ibrahim Adil Shah in
1557, his son Ali Adil Shah who came to the kingdom

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 took refuge with Rama Raya, at this stage Rama Raya
went to Bijapur's aid and completely defeated the
Ahmednagar Nizam shahis (Hussain Nizam Shah) and
occupied Kalyana fort and Sholapur and destroyed Ahmed
Nagar.
● Bahamani Sultans under leadership of Hussain Nizam
Shah conspired to end Aliya Ramaraya.

AN
● Husain Nizam Shah united the rest by matrimonial ties.
● Hussain Nizamshah gave his daughter Bibi Jilani in
marriage to Ibrahim Qutb Shah and Bahmani king Ahmad
Shah gave his daughter Chand Bibi in marriage to Ali Adil
Shah.

KH
● Although Ibrahim Qutub Shah had earlier taken refuge
with Ali Rama Raya, Ibrahim's vassal Bagdeev Rao
rebelled against Ibrahim and Ibrahim joined hands with
the Nizam shahis because Aliya Rama Raya gave him
refuge.
● The Deccan Sultans united and attacked Vijayanagara.
AZ

Battle of Tallikota (January 26,1565):

● The main cause of this war was the policies followed by Aliya Rama Raya.
● This war was inevitable as the Aliya Rama Raya adopted divide-and-rule
policy with the Bahmani kings and interfered heavily in their kingdom
IY

affairs.
● Names of this battle:
○ Rakshasa-Tangadi War ○ Battle of Bannihatti
R

○ Battle of Tallikota ○ Battle of Bhogapuram

● This war was called the Battle of Rakshasa-Tangadi by:
○ Nilakantha Shastri
○ Nelaturi Venkata Ramanaiah
○ PB Desai

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ● This battle was called the Battle of Bannihatti by:
○ H.K. Sherwani
○ Radheshyam
● This war was fought between the rulers of Vijayanagara and an alliance
of 4 Bahmani kingdoms.
● Vijayanagara side:
○ Sadasiva Raya

AN
○ Aliya Rama Raya
○ Venkatadri Raya
○ Tirumala Raya
● Aliya Rama Raya's brothers were Venkatadri Raya and Tirumala Raya
● Bahmani Alliance:
KH
○ Golconda - Ibrahim Quli Qutub Shah
○ Ahmednagar - Hussain Nizam Shah
○ Bidar - Ali Barid Shah
○ Bijapur - Ali Adil Shah.
AZ

● Kingdom that did not participate in the Rakshasa Tangadi War- Berar
(Darya Imad shah).
● This war was led by:
○ Aliya Rama Raya to Vijayanagara armies
IY

○ To the Bahmani armies - Ibrahim Qutub Shah.

● Golconda and Ahmednagar kingdoms played a prominent role in the Bahmani
alliance. The reason for this is that these two kingdoms suffered a lot from
R

Aliya Rama Raya.

● This battle was fought between two villages named Rakshasa -Tangadi
located at the confluence of Krishna and Malapahari rivers. The Bahmani
alliance won this war.
● Golconda and Bijapur kingdoms were strengthened by this war.

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ● Ahmednagar Sultan Hussain Nizam Shah killed Aliya Rama Raya in this
battle.
● Venkatadri Raya, one of Aliya Rama Raya's brothers also died in this battle.
● From this battle Aliya Rama Raya's brother Tirumala Raya, Vijayanagara
king Sadasiva Raya fled to Penugonda.
● This war was explained by Robert Sewell in his book: "The forgotten
Empire of Vijayanagara".

AN
● According to Robert Sewell:
○ The kingdom of Vijayanagara, which was like Nitya Kalyanam & Pachcha
toranam, was turned into a graveyard. This is a major development
that has not happened to any other city in the history of the world.
● This battle is said to have spelled the end of the Hindu Empire in South
KH
India - Acharya Ishwari Prasad.
● Due to this war Tuluva dynasty & Vijayanagara lost their political influence.

Tuluva Dynasty-End:
● The death of Aliya Rama Raya in the battle of Rakshasa Tangidi, the
disintegration of the Vijayanagara army, created fear among the people of
AZ

Vijayanagara.
● At this time there is no leader who mobilized the army and saved the city
and the kingdom of Vijayanagara.
● During the Rakshasa Tangadi War, Vijayanagara King Sadasiva Raya, Aliya
IY

Ramaraya's brother Tirumala Raya fled to Penugonda, and after the war,
Tirumala Raya again followed Sadasiva Raya and came to Vijayanagara to
rebuild the city and try to regain its former prestige.
R

● But due to the conspiracies of Aliya Rama Raya's sons and the attacks of
Bahmani Sultan, Tirumala Raya's efforts failed and he went back to
Penugonda again in despair.
● But inscriptions state that Sadasiva Raya remained in Vijayanagara till 1576
AD and ruled with nominal authority.

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ● Later in 1576 the Tuluva dynasty came to an end with the death of Sadasiva
Raya.

Araveeti Vamsha/Clan (1570-1680):

● Founder of the Kingdom - Araveeti Tirumala Raya.
● Capital - Penugonda; Chandragiri became the capital during the reign of
Venkatapati Raya II.
● There are 7 kings in this clan.

AN
● Tirumala Deva Raya (1570-72):
○ After the death of Sadasiva Raya, the last king of the Tuluva
dynasty, Aliya Rama Raya's brother Tirumala Raya I established
the dynasty of Araveeti.

KH
○ He was 90 years old when he came to the kingdom
○ Tirumala Raya, who escaped from the Rakshasa Tangadi war and
reached Penugonda, was crowned in 1570 AD.
○ He made Penugonda his capital and ruled for two years.
○ His court poet was Ramaraja Bhushan
AZ

■ Ramaraja Bhushan wrote the Vasucharitra and dedicated it to

Tirumala Raya.
○ Araveeti Tirumala Raya wrote a commentary on Jayadeva's Gita
Govindam.
IY

● Venkatapati Raya II (1585-1614):

○ Vilapaka Inscription: This was commissioned by Venkatapati Raya II.
It describes the Tuluva and Araveeti kings.
R

○ He was the longest reigning king among all the Vijayanagara kings.
○ His contemporary kings were:
■ Mughal Emperor - Akbar
■ Qutub shahi king- Muhammad Quli Qutub Shah
○ He is the greatest of the Araveeti vamsha. He is known as the 2nd Sri
Krishnadevaraya.

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ○ Mughal Emperor Akbar sent an ambassador to Venkatapati Raya's
court to accept his sovereignty, which Venkatapati Raya refused.
○ He established good relations with the Portuguese and King Philip II
of Spain.
○ He allowed the Dutch to build a factory at Pulicat and do business.
○ His wife - Bayyamba
○ This king shifted his capital from Penugonda to Chandragiri and then

AN
from Chandragiri to Vellore in 1600 AD.
○ He gave permission for the construction and propagation of a
Christian church in Chandragiri and provided protection to the
Jesuit mission.
○ The Penugonda inscription reveals that some villages were donated by
KH
him to the Dargah of a Muslim saint named Babanath.
○ This dargah is located in a Hindu temple, Babayya Pond is still popular
in his name.
○ He is known as the second Andhra Bhoja as he is a great patron of
literature.
AZ

○ Famous poets at his court:

■ Ayyappa Dixitulu - Saivaarka Manideepika
■ Virupaksha Pandita - Chenna Basavapuranam
■ Bhattalanka Devudu - Jaina Vyakaranam
IY

● Sriranga Raya II (1614-16):

○ Jaggaraya and Bayyamba opposed his coming to the kingdom.
Yachanayaka of Velugoti and Raghunatha Nayaka of Thanjavuru
R

opposed Jaggaraya & Bayyamba.

● Ramadeva Raya (1616-30):
○ Jaggaraya, who killed Sriranga Raya II, was killed by Velugoti
Yachanayaka, Raghunatha Nayaka of Thanjavur, in the battle of
Topura in 1616. This is also known as the 2nd Battle of Tallikota.
● Venkatapati Raya III (1630-43):

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ○ He sold Madras in 1630 AD to Francis Day, a member of the British
Council at Machilipatnam, through the mediation of Damarla
Venkatadri Naidu, a local zamindar.
○ Madras was named Chennapatnam after Chennappa, the father of
Damarla Venkatadri Naidu.
○ It was during this period in 1641, Francis Day built St. George's
Fort in Madras.

AN
○ In 1640 AD Madras town was allowed to trade by the East India
Company.
○ The last Vijayanagara ruler after him was Sriranga Raya III.
● Sriranga Raya III (1643-75):
○ He was the last of the Vijayanagara rulers.
KH
○ When he came to the kingdom he defeated the Golconda army with
the help of Sultan of Bijapur.
○ After a while both Bijapur and Golconda Sultan united and attacked
Sriranga Raya III.
○ The Bijapur sultan of this period was Mustafa Khan.
AZ

○ Mustafa Khan defeated Sriranga Raya at Nellore and occupied Gingee.

○ Golconda Senani Mirza defeated Sri Ranga Raya at Tirupati and
occupied Chandragiri, Pulicat and Tondai Mandal in 1642 AD.
○ With this, Sriranga Raya fled to Mysore and took refuge with the
IY

ruler of Mysore, Kantharavanarasa.

○ Kantharavanarasa, the ruler of Mysore, defeated the Muslims and
returned the kingdom to the Sriranga Raya in 1643 AD.
R

○ But Rangaraya could not save the kingdom. Once again he was
defeated by Abdullah Hussain Qutub shah and went to Anegondi.
○ He died in 1680 AD in Anegondi.
○ With this the Vijayanagara empire fell.

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ○ Empire: Some areas were occupied by Golconda Nawabs and Bijapur
Sultans. In Dakshinadhi, the rulers of Mathura, Thanjavur and Gingee
established independent kingdoms.
○ His contemporary Qutb Shahi (Golconda) Sultans:
■ Abdullah Hussain Qutb Shah
■ Abul Hasan Tanisha

Administrative system of Vijayanagar Empire:

AN
● Evidences about the administrative system of Vijayanagara:
○ Amuktamalyada - Sri Krishnadevaraya
○ Raya Vachakam - Sthanapati
○ Parasara Madhaveeyam (పరాశర మాధవీయం) - Madhvacharya
KH
○ Sakalaneeti Sammatham - Madiki Singana
○ Works by Domingo Paes & Nuniz (Foreign Travelers)
● The ruler was the center of the Vijayanagara administraation, the prestige
and honor of the kingdom depended on the nature, ability and power of the
ruler. All powers were concentrated in the hands of the rulers of
AZ

Vijayanagara.
● Administrative Divisions:
○ For ease of administration the Vijayanagara kings divided their
kingdom as follows:
IY

Administrative divisions

Kingdom King
R

Rashtras Rajya Pratinidhi (రాజ్యప్రతినిధులు)

Seemas Paarupatyamgarlu (పారుపత్యంగార్లు )

Sthalas Sthalakaranas (స్థ లకరణాలు) / Gowda / Reddy

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
Villages Panniddaru Aayagandru (12 persons) - పన్నిద్ద రు ఆయగాండ్రు

○ King: Emperor, Sovereign, The kingdom is hereditary, adorned titles

like Sarvabhauma, Maharajadhiraja.
○ Council of Ministers: Council of Ministers was formed to help the king
in administration. Consists of Prime Ministers, Deputy Prime
Ministers, Treasurers(భాండాగారిక) etc..

AN
○ Rashtra / State:
■ Rastras were formed around strong Durgas.
■ The heads of the Rashtra are called Durga Dandanayakas.
■ Rashtras were treated as kingdoms within the Vijayanagara
empire.
KH
■ Princes were appointed as Durga Dandanayakas. They had
powers like minting coins, exempting taxes and levying new
taxes.
■ Inscriptions mention that there were 17 kingdoms in the
Vijayanagara Empire during the time of Achyuta Raya.
AZ

■ A regent was appointed in every kingdom. Sangama princes

appointed as regents bore the titles 'Odiya' or Wadiyar.
○ Seema:
IY

■ Rastras are divided into Seemas.

■ Main division in the kingdom - Seema.
■ Seema is a group of Sthalas.
R

■ Chief officer of the Seema - Parupatyam garu

■ Powers of Parupatyam garu - is to perform revenue duties.
(They levy, collect and pay taxes to the government)
■ Chavide (చావిడే) - is the place where he works.
■ He was assisted in the performance of duties by employees
called Karanalu (కరణాలు).

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ■ Seema in Kannada is Nadu in Telugu.
■ In the middle of Nadu-Seema, there was a territory called
Mutha / Valitham.
○ Sthala:
■ A group of villages was called Sthala.
■ Araveeti inscriptions mention sammati and samuti instead of
Sthala.

AN
■ Divisions called 'Vanita' or 'Vavita' appeared in these
inscriptions.
■ Kingdoms of Dachayagiri, Penugonda and Hampi were divided
into 'Vanita'.

Sthala. KH
■ There were Reddy / Gowda / Sthala Karanam officials in the

■ Those who perform law and order duties in Sthala - Kavali Daru
(కావలి దారు).
○ Village Governance:
■ The last part of the administrative system - village
AZ

■ The officers of the village administration are called

Ayagandras (ఆయగాండ్రు లు).
■ In each village there were 12 Ayagandras:
IY

12 Ayagandras (ఆయగాండ్రు లు)

Karanam Priest/Purohita Kansali Mangali

Reddy Kase (house builders) Potter/Kummari Laundry/Chakali

R

Talari Blacksmith Madiga Carpentry/Vadrangi

■ The chief among the 12 Ayyagandras are:

● Talari / Executioner: peace and security
● Reddy : Revenue Affairs

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ● Karanam : Village accounts
● Purohita / Priest : One who tells good and bad.
■ Manyas(మాన్యాలు) allocated by the government to these 12
Ayyagandras are called Mirashi Manyas or Bhattu Vritti
Manyas or Jatikattu Manyas.
■ There is no special salary for the Talari. He is given gifts or
mamullu (మామ్మూళ్ళు) by the people during the harvest season

AN
from the traders, farmers. These were known as 'Meras
(మేరలు)'.
■ Tax payable by Ayagandru on Mirashi lands - Jodi (జోడి)
■ The supervisor of Vetti Chakiri / Bonded labour was called
'Begari'.

KH
■ If we look at the inscriptions of the Vijayanagara Empire
period, there are five types of villages:
● Amara villages,
● Brahmadeya villages,
● Devadaya Mathapura villages,
AZ

● Ubbili villages,
● Bhandarawada villages.
■ Amara Villages (అమర గ్రా మాలు):
● Villages reserved for Amara Nayakas to maintain an army.
IY

● Sovereignty over these villages was given to the Amara

Nayakas to whom the respective villages were assigned.
■ Brahmadeya Villages:
R

● Brahmadeya villages were given by lords to scholars to

teach sciences and education. These were also called
Agraharas or Shrotriyas.
● These villages were made free of all taxes.
● To enter these villages, the permission of the Agraharis
is required for everyone,including the emperor.

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ■ Devadaya Mathpura villages (దేవదాయ మఠపుర గ్రా మాలు):
● Villages given to Mathadipathis with all allowances, for
propagating their Saiva or Vaishnava dharma.
● Once upon a time, a land tax called jodi or sotriyam was
paid on villages of this type.
■ Ubbili Villages (ఉబ్బిలి గ్రా మాలు):
● Villages especially given by the king to the poets, artists

AN
& government employees as a reward for their service to
the government.
■ Bhandarwada villages (భండారవాడ గ్రా మాలు):
● These are the villages under the control of the king.

Economic conditions:
KH
● The income from these belongs to the king.

● The main occupation during this period was agriculture.

● The main source of revenue for the kingdom is land tax.
● Documents related to land tax are called Athuvanatantra.
AZ

● Veesabadi (వీసబడి): Land belonging to all villagers.

● Canals built by these kings:
○ Bukkaraya I: Shiruveru Tatakam (Near Penukonda)
○ Saluva Narasimha Raya: Narasambudhi Tatakam (Ananthapuram)
IY

○ Sri Krishnadevaraya: Thoranagallu dam on Tungabhadra river (with

the help of Portuguese engineers)
○ Sri Krishnadevaraya: Nagalapura Tatakam (with Portuguese help) ,
R

Kambham Pond (Prakasam District) - Sri Krishnadevaraya's wife

Annapurna Devi took part in the construction of this pond.
○ Deva Raya I: Dam on Tungabhadra river (built with help of
Portuguese engineers)
● Bukka Raya’s representative Bhaskara in 1369 AD excavated the
Ananthasagaram pond at Porumamilla.

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ● Ahmed Khan, an employee of Devaraya II, excavated the Kamalapuram nuyyi
and Rangabugga nuyyi.
● Chikkappa Odayar (minister of Bukka Raya) built Bukkasagaram and
Ananthasagaram ponds in 1365.
● Land given for pond repairs Dashabandhu Manyam (or) Kattukodaga
(దశబంధు మాన్యం / కట్టు కొడగ).
● 2 types of land of this period:

AN
○ Nirambika- నిరాంబిక (Magani): The irrigated lands ; Sistu / tax is
collected in the form of grains.
○ Kadambhara - కాడాంభర (Metta): Agricultural lands without water
supply. Here tax is collected in the form of money.
● Survey of the crop field was carried out during Vijayanagar period. For this
KH
they used different metrics depending on the region.
● Land tax of this period - Sangoru (1/2), Mungoru (1/3rd).
● 1/6th land tax was collected on Brahmin’s inam lands.
● Taxes levied for temple patronage, festival maintenance - Kasu Visalu (కాసు
వీసాలు).
AZ

● During their period the main center for collection of trade duties - Santalu.
● By auction, tax collectors used to get the rights to collect taxes in santalu.
● Srirangapatna Copper Inscription: Describes the taxation system of this
period.
IY

● Parasara Madhaveeyam (పరాశర మాధవీయం) describes the taxes of

Vijayanagara period.
R

Other taxes

Kondoju tax (కోండో జు పన్ను) Tax on mangali vritti / barbers (abolished by

Sadasiva Raya)

Ganachari tax (Bhogam pannu) Tax on prostitutes

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
Gunachari tax Tax on beggars

Pinje Siddhayam Tax (పింజె సిద్ధా యం On cotton spinners

పన్ను)

Eedipi Siddhayam (ఈడిపి సిద్ధా యం) Tax levied on kallu geeta (కల్లు గీత)

Jaati Siddhayam Tax paid by different races/castes

AN
Maggari Tax on handloom workers

Ganugaari (గానుగారి) Tax on kansali, Telikas

Chakrakanika (చక్రకాణిక) Tax on the potters

Kasuveesalu (కాసువీసాలు)

Illari tax
KHTax for the maintenance of the temples and for the
management of festivals

House tax

Badige (బడిగ)ె Tax on Adikasu Angallu (అడికాసు అంగళ్లు )

Addagada Sunkam Tax on sale of sheep

AZ

Kalyana kanike Marriage tax (people strongly opposed it).

Putrodaya Kanuka Tax levied on the birth of a son.

Herzunkam (హెర్జు ంకం) Duty paid by wholesalers

IY

Sampatti (సంపత్తి ) Tax levied on treasury deposits, cattle, gardens,

springs
R

● Tuluva Narsimha Raya was the first Vijayanagara king to abolish

marriage tax in some parts of the kingdom.
● Sri Krishnadevaraya - completely abolished the marriage tax in the
kingdom.

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ● Machupalli Kaifiyat reveals that an employee named Sammeta Guravaraju was
forced to put burning sticks on the breast of peasant women who did not pay
taxes.
● Karanam used to look after the accounts of the temples. Every temple
treasury is called Sribandara.

Departments in Vijayanagara Kingdom:

AN
● The head of each government department was called Samprati.
● Rayavachakam provides correct information about government departments.
● Raya Vachakam mentions that there were 9 sampratis during Vijayanagara
period.
● In every department there were karanams as assistants to the sampratis to

KH
write down the calculations.
● The name of the departmental office is Rayasam.

Employees of Vijayanagara period

Attawana Revenue Department / Finance Department

AZ

Kandachara Military Department

Patel Village chief

Talari Village watchman

IY

Sunka Vyavaharadi Customs & Excise

Pradvivakkulu Judges
R

Bhandara Shaka Treasury Department

Dharmasana Department of Justice

Peta Kavalidaru Town watchman

Begara Superintendent of Vetti Chakiri / Bonded labour

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
Madanarkudu Headmaster of Ashwashala

● Ambassadors of the Vijayanagara period were called Sthanapatis.

● According to Domingo Paes, Vijayanagara began their financial year with
Maharnavami (July).
● Sri Krishnadevaraya was the foremost among all the Indian kings of this
period financially.

AN
● Vijayanagara kings recognized prostitution as an industry. The tax levied on
them is Ganachara tax. Each prostitute used to pay 12000 panas as tax.
● From the writings of Abdul Razzaq, it is known that the government used to
pay the salaries of the army from the revenue generated by this profession.

Industries:
KH
● Major industries of Vijayanagar period:
○ Metal Industry ○ Diamond industry
○ Textile Industry ○ Dental industry
● The Kurubalu caste weave carpets.
AZ

● In Vajrakarur, they used to refine the diamonds.

● Panchanams(పంచాణం) carried on the metal industry. Gold, silver jewellery,
iron, copper, bronze items were used to make agricultural implements and
household items.
IY

● Panchanams are skilled in making deity vehicles like articulated horses.

● Major Centers of Yarn Industry: Tadipatri, Adoni, Gutti, Vinukonda
● Used to export clothes with colored borders to Malacca, Sumatra and Pegu.
R

Trading Business:

● The kings of Vijayanagara improved domestic and foreign trade by providing

transportation facilities.
● Santalu (సంతలు) were held once a week.
● Duties were levied on all goods brought to Santa.

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ● The wholesalers usually pay the duties to the government employees. This is
called Herzunkam.
● Major trade centers in Andhra Desa during their period: Penugonda,
Vinukonda, Mangalagiri, Adoni, Udayagiri, Macherla, Markapuram, Kondapalle,
Kumbham, Devarakonda, Podili, Porumamilla.
● During their time foreign trade was mostly done with Portuguese and Arabs.
● Foreign trade during Vijayanagara period is described by:

AN
○ Caesar Frederick
○ Barbosa
○ Domingo Paes
● Abdul Razzaq stated that there were 300 ports in Vijayanagara kingdom.

KH
● During Vijayanagara period:
○ Major port town- Calicut
○ Main Western Port - Bhatkal
○ Main Eastern port – Machilipatnam
● Important Ports in Andhra Desa:
AZ

○ Mylapore ○ Motupalli
○ Pulicat ○ Machilipatnam
● Motupalli port was captured by Devaraya I from Kondaveedu & in 1416 he
commissioned Motupalli Dharma Sasanam.
IY

● A comprehensive account of the trade carried on at the port of Pulicat -

Barbosa.
● It is said that diamond fragments were sold in heaps on the streets of
R

Vijayanagara - Abdul Razzaq.

● Vajrakarur (Ananthapur) is famous for diamonds.
● Counterfeit diamonds are also said to be manufactured in the country-
Barbosa.
● Major exports of Vijayanagar period:

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ○ Kalamkari textiles (key ○ Diamonds
export) ○ Ivory items
○ Yarn garments ○ Iron
○ Spices
○ Sugar
● Important imports of Vijayanagar period:
○ Horses (key import) ○ Mercury

AN
○ Chinese silk ○ Pearl shells
○ Pearls ○ Elephant

Trade associations:

KH
● Traders used to form Samayas (associations/ Sanghas) and do business.
● Different types of artisans used to form trade guilds and carry on their
professions.
● Place of meetings of trade associations - Aalaya Mandapam.
● Every trade association had a symbol.
AZ

● Trade unions perform certain functions of local governance.

● Aids in the administration of justice.
● The most important of the trade association of the time was Ayyavali Chalu
Mula trade association (అయ్యావళి చాలు మూల వర్త క సంఘం).
IY

Coins:

● The authority to mint coins is under the control of the central government,
state government and city heads.
R

Coins in circulation in Vijayanagara Kingdom

Gold Coins

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
Gadyanam (గద్యాణం) / Varaha Chinnam Pratapa

Panam Kata Haga

Silver Coins

Taar Pesado Maan

Ghatti Yen

AN
Copper Coins

Jital Kasulu

Other Coins

Kasu KH
Veesamu Miniku

● Gold coins stamped with Varaha symbols are called Varahas.

Madalu

● Large gold coin: Gadyanam / Varaha

● Small size gold coins: Pratapa, Panam, Chinnam
AZ

● A coin called Pratapa in Kannada is known as Mada in Telugu.

● Gadyanam / Half of Varaha : Pratapa
● Most used coin: Panam
IY

● A silver coin called Taar, which is 1/6th of Panam, is in use.

● These coins have names in Devanagari script.
● On one side of these coins are figures of Hindu deities and figures of some
R

animals. On the other side, either the name or the title of the king is found.
● The text Parasara Madhaveeyam tells us that Harihara Raya ordered taxes
to be paid in coins.
● The foreign traveler Abdul Razzaq described the coins of Devaraya II.
● According to the coins minted by Sri Krishnadevaraya with the image of
Balakrishna, he occupied the Udayagiri area.

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ● Four Kaatis are one Varaha, half of Varaha is Pratapa, 10th part of Pratapa
is Panam, 6th part of Panam is Taara.
● Pareto is a coin of Vijayanagara period made of alloy of silver and copper
metals.
● Foreign coins in circulation during Vijayanagara period:
○ Portuguese silver coin: Pesado
○ Egyptian Coin: Dinaram

AN
● The name of the Portuguese coin circulating on the west coast of this period
is - Cruzado.

Army:

● Sri Krishnadevaraya's Amuktamalyada mentions that most of the revenue

KH
of the Vijayanagar Empire was used for the maintenance of soldiers.
● The rule of Vijayanagara was described as military rule by Neelakantha
Shastri.
● The Vijayanagara army was of two types:
○ Kaijita Army/Siddha Army:
AZ

■ It is owned by the king.

■ The department that oversees this army is the Kandachara
department.
■ The head of the Kandachara department was known as Dalavai
IY

(Senapati).
○ Amara-Nayaka Army:
■ The Amara Nayaka system is an integral part of the local
R

governance system.
■ The Amara Nayaka system was designed in view of the military
needs of the Vijayanagara kingdom.
■ The Amara Nayaka system of Vijayanagara period has its origin
in the Nayankara system of the Kakatiya period.

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ■ The land given for military aid and the income earned on that
land is called Amaram.
■ The emperor divided the empire into Amaras & gave it to
trustworthy leaders who paid half of the annual revenue as a
lump sum & supplied army to the king when needed.
■ In this system the chieftain who received lands on the
condition of rendering military service was called Amara

AN
Nayaka.
■ According to the standard of land obtained by the Amara
Nayakas, the status of the Amara Nayaka & the standard of
the army he had to maintain is decided.
■ Amara Nayakas were vassal rulers who ruled the military

KH
kingdom divisions formed by the Amara Nayankara system.
■ Amara Nayakas have more independence than Durga
Dandanayaka who are the representatives of the states /
Rastras.
■ Nuniz states that during the time of Achyuta Raya there was an
army of 6 lakh Amara Nayakas.
AZ

■ In the Vijayanagara Empire, Amara Nayakas assumed the title

of Mahamandaleswara.
● Other things:
○ In Rajavahana Vijayam , authored by Kakumani Murtikavi, the war
IY

tactics of the time are elaborately described.

○ The rulers of Vijayanagara recruited people of all castes and religions,
Chenchus, Koyas and Boyas in the army.
R

○ Artillery (Firangi) was used for the first time in the Vijayanagara
army during the reign of Bukka Raya I .
○ The kings of Vijayanagara had a fleet on the west coast. Father Heras
states that Sri Krishnadevaraya's naval force helped the Portuguese
in conquering Goa.
○ Head Sri Krishnadevaraya's Naval fleet - Thimmoju.

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ○ Rayavachakam mentions that during their time there were four Durgas
namely Giri, Sthala, Jala and Vana.
○ Sri Krishnadevaraya suggested that Brahmins should be appointed as
Durgadipathis.
○ For the protection of Durga there are war implements like dambholi,
Pashana yantras.
■ Dambholi means a machine that throws stones at enemies

AN
○ Devaraya II recruited a large number of Muslims in his army.
● Sri Krishnadevaraya's Army:
○ 90,000 - according to Nicolo De conti; According to Abdul Razzaq - 1
lakh

and 1200 gajadal. KH

○ According to Rayavachakam there are 5 lakh cavalry, 60,000 cavalry

○ On every Maharnavami during Dussehra celebrations, Sri

Krishnadevaraya used to personally review the Siddha army.
○ Amuktamalyada - Provides information about the intelligence
department in the Vijayanagara army.
AZ

○ Texts which mention that during the Vijayanagara period there was a
practice of sending ambassadors to improve diplomatic relations:
Amukta Malyada, Manucharitra, Rayavachakam.
○ Ambassadors are known as Sthanapatis.
IY

○ Rayavachakam - Mentions meetings of ambassadors during the

Vijayanagara period.
○ Sri Krishnadevaraya mentioned in Amuktamalyada that after the war,
R

the city of Ahmednagar was ploughed and castors were sown. From
this it is known that the wars of those days were very brutal.

Administration of Justice:

● The judicial system of the Vijayanagara Imperial Council is known from the
book 'Parashara Madhaveeyam' written by Vidyaranya.

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ● The Emperor is the Higher Judiciary. The emperor himself used to
investigate the quarrel between people and give the verdict.
● As it was not possible for the Emperor himself to settle the disputes arising
in different parts of the Empire, the Emperor established courts in
different parts.
● In those days the courts were called 'Sabha'.
● These sabhas are divided into two classes, 'Mukhya' and 'Amukhya'.

AN
● These are again divided into two 'Pratistata' and 'Apratistata'.
● Pratistata is a fixed court while Aprartistata is established wherever the
judge is. These can be called a kind of mobile courts.
● These Pratistata & Apratistata courts are divided into 'Sastrita' and
'Mudrita'. If the emperor is the judicial officer, such a court is called

'Mudritha'.
KH
'Sastrita'. The court headed by a judge appointed by the Emperor was called

● Yajnavalkya Smriti and Parasara Smriti are used to conduct legal

proceedings.
● Nicolo de Conti states that there were divine tests for the proof of crime.
AZ

● Officers who helped in the administration of justice were called

Pradvivakas.
● The death penalty was imposed for the crimes of treason.

Social conditions:
IY

● Caste system is prevalent and there are about 18 castes.

● Chaturvarna system is in operation.
R

● Brahmins:
○ Brahmins have high status.
○ Brahmins are 2 types
■ Vaidiks: Priesthood, Vedic studies
■ Niyogas: Those who did high jobs in Raja’s court.
● Kshatriyas:

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ○ They are of 2 types:
■ Suryavamsa Kshatriyas: Cholas, Gajapatis
■ Chandravamsa Kshatriyas: Pandyas, kings of Vijayanagara
○ Harihara Raya II gave his daughter Herambika in marriage to Kataya
Vema.
○ Barbosa - mentions prevalence of sati in royal families.
○ Linschoten - informed that those who did not practice sati used to

AN
shave their heads.
● Vaishyas:
○ They are of 2 types:
■ Arya Vaishyas: Vegetarians

KH
■ Kalinga Vaishyas: Carnivores
○ Their main occupation is business.
● Shudras:
○ During this period those who attained a high position among the
Shudras were: Kamma, Reddy, Velama.
AZ

○ Main occupation of Shudras is agriculture.

○ Shudras were appointed as "Amara Nayakas" by Vijayanagara rulers.
○ Backbone of Vijayanagara empire - Shudras.
○ During the Vijayanagara period, 5 castes called “Panchanam (పంచాణం)”
IY

were formed. They were: Kansali, Blacksmith, Kase(కాసె), Goldsmith,

Carpentry(Vadrangi).
○ Vyjayanthi Vilasam - book which states that Panchanam used to buy
R

stolen property and guards used to keep an eye on them in the society
of that time.
○ Devaraya I in his inscription stated that there are 74 branches in
"Panchanam".
○ Panchamas was the 5th caste in the society of that time.
○ Occupation of Padmashalis, Kumbhas and Mala castes - Weaving

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ○ During this period the weavers were called 'Kaikkolu(కైక్కోళు)'.
○ There were frequent dances held during Devi Navratri festivals and in
Bhuvana Vijayam and Raja Anthapuras.
○ Domingo Paes in his writings mentioned that 250 Bulls and 400 goats
were sacrificed on the last day of Navratri festival.
● Clothing - Decoration:
○ Persian and Turkish styles were in vogue in dressing.

AN
○ Used to adorn gold jewellery, jewels, pearl garlands and rings.
○ There were Panniti snanalu / baths.
● Prostitution:
○ Prostitution was another prominent feature of the society of the time

KH
○ This profession is recognized by the government.
○ Abdul Razzaq stated that if the government gets income from this
profession, it is enough to pay the salaries of the army.
○ Each prostitute paid 12,000 panas. Every caste used to have
prostitutes in that caste.
● Food:
AZ

○ People are carnivores and vegetarians.

○ Nuniz states that sparrows, rats, cats and lizards were also sold for
meat.
IY

● Sati:
○ Linschoten, Pietro Dellervelle and Barbosa said that Sati was
prevalent in the royal families.
R

○ Linschoten writes that those who did not practice sati used to shave
their heads.
● In society of those days:
○ Women were given a high position.
○ Marriages used to be lavish.
○ Kanyasulkam and Varasulkam were present.

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ○ Slave system is in force. This is called 'Benabaga'.
○ During this period there was a tradition of Tambula.
○ Major games of this period: Malla Yuddhalu, chess, horse riding
○ Major festivals of this period: Dussehra, Holi
○ Chief pastimes: Hunting, dancing, music

● Religious conditions:

AN
○ The Vijayanagara kingdom was established with the aim of preserving
the Hindu religion and culture.
○ Although the kings of Vijayanagara were Hindus, they practiced
supreme tolerance.
○ By this era Buddhism was extinct.
KH
○ The rulers of Vijayanagara, who were Hindus and were individually
Vaishnavite fanatics, did not convert their fanaticism into religionism,
but ruled with religious harmony and did not attach religious beliefs to
the administration. "
○ Virupaksha is the Kula Daivam of Vijayanagara
AZ

○ Vijayanagara Kula guru - Kriyashakti

○ Gangadevi mentions Kalamukhacharya Kriyashakti as Kula guru of the
Sangama Vamsa in her Madhura Vijayam.
○ The description of Diwali is written in the Sanskrit text
IY

Aakashabhairava Kalpam.
○ Suravaram Prathapara Reddy in his book ‘Social History of Andhra’ has
said that the people used to celebrate Eruvaka Punnami well.
R

○ Kadiripati's work Sukasapthati reveals that the Sankranti festival was

called "Panula Pongali".
○ Major Religions of Vijayanagara Period:
■ Shaivism
■ Vaishnavism

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ○ Vaishnavism was the most prevalent religion during the Vijayanagara
period.
○ Shaivas: Kings of the Sangama dynasty
○ Vaishnavas: Kings of Saluva, Tuluva, Araveedu dynasty
○ Shaivism:
■ The Sangama dynasty followed Shaivism.
■ Although the Sangama rulers were Shaivites, they did not

AN
reject people of other religions.
■ Branches of Shaivism:
● Smarthas ● Kalamukhas
● Pasupathas ● Veerashaivism

KH
■ Pasupatha Saivism, which was very popular during the
Kakatiya period, became less popular during this period.
■ At the beginning of the Vijayanagara era, the Smarta branch
of Shaivism gained popularity.
■ Kalamukha and Veera Shaivas had limited support.
■ Kalamukhacharya Kriyashakti - was the Kula guru of the
AZ

Sangama dynasty up to Devaraya II.

■ Sangama dynasty can be said to be Kalamukha Shaivas.
■ The first emperor of the Sangama dynasty to adopt
Vaishnavism - Virupaksha Raya I
IY

■ Those who propagated Smarta religion during this period:

● Vidyaranya Swami
R

● Sayanacharya
● Ayyappa Dikshitulu
■ Vidyaranya Swami, the Sringeri Peetadhipati, was a preacher
of Smarta Siddhanta.
■ Smarta Matha shakha was established in the capital of
Vijayanagara with Virupakshalaya as its center.

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ■ Shaivite religious centers of this period: Srisailam,
Tripurantakam, Srikalahasti
■ Bhikshavritti Math in Srisailam originally belonged to Pasupata
Shaiva.
■ Smarta Shaivism is followed in Shaivaramas like Draksharama,
Amaravati etc.
■ Harihara Raya II - built the spacious mukha mandapam in

AN
Srisailam Mallikarjuna Swamy temple.
○ Vaishnavism:
■ In the 14th century, Vedanta Desikacharya founded the
Vadakalai (వడగలై) sect, a Vaishnavism of the Vedic tradition, in
Andhra.

KH
■ The Vadakalai sect was founded in Andhra by Vedanta Desika
■ Vadakalai branch has become more popular in Andhra.
■ Royal dynasties that adopted Vaishnavism: Saluva, Tuluva ,
Araveeti
■ Vaishnavism was widely spread during the Vijayanagar
AZ

period.
■ Virupaksha Raya I, of the Sangama dynasty, was the first of
the Vijayanagara kings to embrace Vaishnavism.
■ Vaishnavism gained popularity during the reign of Saluva
IY

Narasimha Raya.
■ Vaishnava families of Vijayanagara period:
● Family of Tallapaka Annamacharya
R

● Family of Tatacharyulu
■ Sri Krishnadevaraya removed Govinda Desika and appointed
Tatacharya as Rajaguru.
■ Saluva Narasimha Raya and Sri Krishnadevaraya's religious guru
- Vyasaraya.
■ Tatacharya was the teacher of Aliya Rama Raya.

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ■ From the time of Venkatapati Raya II, Sri Venkateswara
Swamy appeared instead of Sri Virupaksha in the inscriptions.
■ Tuluva, Araveeti clan kings worshiped Tirupati Sri
Venkateswara Swamy as their kula daivam. During their time,
Tirupati Sri Venkateswara Swamy became very popular.
■ Sri Krishnadevaraya built the Kalyan Mantapam and
Mukhadwara of the Sri Venkateswara Temple in Tirumala.

AN
■ In the Tirupati temple there are bronze statues of Sri
Krishnadevaraya’s wives Chinnadevi and Tirumaladevi. This is
an evidence of Sri Krishna Devaraya's Vaishnava devotion.
■ There are also statues of Achyuta Raya and his wife
Varadambika.

KH
■ Achyutaraya’s Coronation was celebrated in Tirumala.
■ Venkatapati Raya II stamped the inscription Om
Venkateswaraya Namah on his coins.
■ Vaishnava symbols are found on their coins.
■ A prominent Vaishnava scholar in the court of Venkatapati
AZ

Raya II - Tathacharyulu.
■ Anantaraja, a feudatory of the Araveeti clan, not only built
steps to Tirumala Hill but also built Govinda Rajula Swamy
Temple, the largest of the Tirupati temples.
IY

■ Famous Vaishnava Religious Centers of that time: Tirupati,

Kanchi, Mangalagiri, Pushpagiri
■ Shathagopamati, a Vaishnava, was Allasani Peddanna's Guru.
R

■ In terms of Dvaita ,Vishishtadvaita two branches of

Vaishnavism are formed: Thenkalai, Vadakalai
■ Vedanta Desika was the chief proponent of Visishtadvaita in
this age.
○ Advaita:
■ Founder: Adi Shankaracharya

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ■ Those who follow his teachings are - Smarthas
■ Vidyaranya Swami, the head of Sringeri Peetham, was the main
proponent of Advaita during the Vijayanagara period.
■ Bukkaraya I ‘s minister Madhavacharya tried to revive the
Karma Mimamsa system, and not only just the Advaita Vedanta
system.
■ The last of the prominent Advaita proponents of this age:

AN
Ayyappa Dikshitulu.
○ Vishishtadavita:
■ Founder - Ramanujacharya
■ "Vedanta Desika" was the chief proponent of Visishtadvaita in
this age.

Siddhanjanam
KH
■ Vedanta Desika’s works: Tatpatika, Tatparyachandrika, Nyaya

■ Ramanujacharya gave entry to panchamas in temples and worked

hard to spread Vaishnavism among them.
■ Regarding the spread of Vaishnavism among the Panchamas
AZ

during the Vijayanagara period, "Mala Dasari Katha" in

Amuktamalyada by Sri Krishnadevaraya is a good example.
○ Dvaita:
■ Founder - Madhavacharya
IY

■ Narahari Tirthulu, a disciple of Madhvacharya, promoted

Dvaita by making Srivari Kurma as the center. In Kalinga &
Andhra regions, he propagated dualism.
R

■ The main proponent of Dvaita in this age: Akshyobha Thirtha

■ Famous people who became his disciples: Shyama Shastri,
Sobhana Bhattu.
■ Guru of Saluva Narasimha Raya & Sri Krishna Devaraya - Vyasa
Theerthulu
■ Texts written by Vyasatirtha:

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ● Tatparya Chandrika
● Nyayamrutam
● Tarka Tandava
● Madhyatantra Mukha Bhushanam.
○ Shuddhadvaita:
■ Founder: Vallabhacharya
■ His Path: Pushtimarg

AN
■ Belonging to a Telugu Brahmin family, they preached Krishna
Bhakti in Gujarat.
■ He was a contemporary of Sri Krishna Devaraya.
■ He visited the court of Sri Krishnadevaraya and condemned

KH
the Saiva propositions.
■ His texts: Subodhini, Vedanta Rahasyam.
■ He propagated the method of worship of Radhakrishna.
■ He visited the court of Sri Krishnadevaraya and defeated the
proponents of the dvaita religion.
AZ

○ Jainism:
■ Bukka Raya I rebuilt the Jain temple demolished by the
Vaishnavas.
■ Deva Raya II built the Pan Supari temple in Vijayanagara
IY

for the Jains and installed the idol of "Parshwanath".

■ Shanta Rangappa, a heroic Shaivite who built the ramparts of
the Srisailam temple, tortured the Jains and was punished by
Sri Krishnadevaraya.
R

■ Sri Krishnadevaraya made tax exemptions for the Jain and

Buddhist temple areas in Padaiveedu and Chandragiri
kingdoms, which were ruined due to the burden of taxes, and
showed his broad perspective.
■ Sri Krishnadevaraya donated land to the Trailokyanatha temple
in Kanchi.

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ○ Islam:
■ Deva Raya I was the first Vijayanagara king to take Muslims
into his army.
■ Deva Raya II not only built a mosque in Vijayanagara for the
Muslims but also honored them by placing a copy of the Quran
on a dais in the Durbar.
■ Devaraya II - king who recruited more Muslims in his army.

AN
■ Aliya Rama Raya established Turaka wada specially for Muslims
and allowed cattle breeding.
■ It is known that the people of Siddavatam had donated a
hundred bighas of land in the name of a Muslim yogi named Pir
Zada Saheb.
○ Christianity: KH
■ Araveeti Venkatapati Raya II gave permission to the
Portuguese to build churches in Chandragiri and Vellore.
■ This king gave 1000 varahas to the Chandragiri church and
donated land as a reward.
AZ

■ During the reign of this king, Saint Francis Xavier Catholic

priest preached Christianity. He converted 20 to 30 thousand
fishermen to Christianity.
■ A Christian named Robert Dinoboli changed his name to
IY

Tattvabodha Swami and disguised himself as a Hindu monk and

preached 'Christianity'.
■ Pleased that the rulers of Vijayanagara were embracing
Christianity, the Portuguese ruler Philip III sent a letter with
R

his message to the rulers of the Vijayanagara Empire.

○ Village dieties (Grama Devathalu) of this period: Dharmaraju,
Pothuraju, Ekkalamma etc..

Literature:

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ● Great literature in Sanskrit, Telugu and Kannada languages emerged during
the Vijayanagara period.
● Telugu Literature:
○ In the history of Telugu language, the Vijayanagara era can be said to
be the golden era.
○ Nachana Soma:
■ Nachana Soma was the first Telugu poet to grace the court

AN
of Vijayanagara.
■ He was patronized by Bukka Raya I.
● Text: Uttara Harivamsa (in Telugu)
● Dedicated to: Harideva

KH
● Titles: Ashtabhasha Mahakavi, Navina Gunanada (నవీన
గుణనాద).
■ Bukka Raya I honored him by giving him the "Penchikal Dinne
(పెంచికల్ దిన్నె)" Agrahara.
■ The Sanskrit poem Harivamsam written by Yerrapragada was
translated into Telugu by Nachana Soma as Uttara Harivamsam.
AZ

■ In a recently found inscription it is known that he also lived in

the time of Prauda Raya and got another Agrahara called
Turumella Dinne (తురుమెళ్ళ దిన్నె).
○ Pillalamarri Pina Veerabhadra:
IY

■ Court poet of Saluva Narasimha Raya.

■ His works:
● Srungara Sankuntalam Parinayam (శృంగార శాకుంతలం
R

పరిణయం)
○ Dedicated to: Chillara Vennayyamatyudu
● Jaimini Bharatam (జైమిని భారతం)
○ He said “Vani na Rani (వాణి నా రాణి)”.
○ Dedicated to: Saluva Narasimha Raya

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ○ Jakkanna:
■ He wrote a book called Vikramarka Charitra and dedicated it
to Jannaya Siddanna Mantri, the minister of Deva Raya I.
○ Nandi Mallaiah (నంది మల్ల య్య), Ghanta Singhana (ఘంట సింగన):
■ First Telugu Janta Kavulu.
■ Tuluva Narasa Nayaka patronized them.
■ Works by them: Varaha Puranam, Varalakshmi Puranam

AN
■ Varaha Purana was dedicated to Tuluva Narasimha Raya.
■ First Telugu poets who wrote Sanskrit drama as Telugu poem.
■ They composed the Sanskrit play Krishnamisruni Prabhoda
Chandrodayam and dedicated it to Gangaiah Matya, the minister

KH
of Basavaraja, the ruler of Udayagiri.
○ Dubagunta Narayana kavi (దూబగుంట నారాయణ కవి):
■ His work: Panchatantram
■ Dedicated to: Basavaraja (Ruler of Udayagiri)
○ Proluganti Chennayya mantri (ప్రో లుగంటి చెన్నయ్య మంత్రి):
AZ

■ Patronized by Saluva Narasimha Raya.

■ He wrote the Narasimha Purana as a Dwipada Kavyam, Bala
Bharata as a verse (వచనం), and Saubharicharitra of the Vishnu
Purana as a yakshagana.
IY

■ Soubharicharitra (సౌభరిచరిత)్ర is the first yakshaganam known in

Telugu language.
■ The earliest Yakshaganam available so far – Sugriva Vijayam
(Written by – Kandukuri Rudra Kavi).
R

○ Charigonda Dharmanna (చరిగొండ ధర్మన్న):

■ His work: Chitra Bharatam
■ Title: Satalekhani Suratrana
○ Kakarla Tyagaraju (కాకర్ల త్యాగరాజు):
■ Famous Andhra Vaggeyakarudu (వాగ్గేయకారుడు).

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ■ Mula purusha of Carnatic music.
■ His Works:
● Prahlada Bhakti Vijayam
● Nauka Vijayam
● Sitarama Vijayam
■ ఎందరో మహానుభావులు, అందరికి నా వందనములు - Tyagaraja
■ ఎంత నేర్చిన, ఎంత జూచినా, ఎంత వారలైన కాంతదాసులే - Tyagaraja

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● Telugu Pancha Kavyas:
○ Pancha Kavyas were written in Telugu during this period. They are:
■ Srungara Naishadham (శృంగార నైషధం) - Srinatha
■ Amuktamalyada - Sri Krishnadevaraya

KH
■ Manu Charitra - Allasani Peddana
■ Vasu Charitra - Ramaraja Bhushana
■ Panduranga Mahatyam - Tenali Ramakrishna

Other texts - Authors

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Panchatantram Dubagunta Narayana

Simhasana Dwatrimshika (సింహాసన ద్వాత్రింశిక) Koravi Goparaju

Nachiketopakhyanam (నచికేతోపాఖ్యానం) Daggupalli Dugganna

IY

Kavikarna Rasayanam Sankusala Narasimha

Krishnarjuna Samvadam Nadendla Goparasu

R

Radha Madhava Kavyam Chintalapudi Ellanaryudu (his title is

Radha Madhava kavi)

● Prabandha Yugam:

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ○ The reign of Sri Krishnadevaraya is known as Prabandha Yugam in
Telugu literature.
○ The name of his literary building is - Bhuvana Vijayam.
○ Sri Krishnadevaraya used to organize literary festivals in this Bhuvana
Vijayam.
○ Sri Krishnadevaraya’s Guru - Vyasacharya
○ Lakshminadha was the court scholar of Sri Krishnadevaraya. He wrote

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a book called Sangeeta Suryodayam.
○ Srikrishna Devaraya was a poet himself.
○ Sanskrit texts authored by Sri Krishnadevaraya:
■ Jambavati Parinayam - mentions about Virupaksha Swamy and
Vasantotsavam.
■ Usha Parinayam KH
■ Madalasa Charitra (మదాలస చరిత)్ర
■ Satyavadhu Parinayam (సత్యవధూ పరిణయం)
■ Gnana Chintamani
■ Rasamanjari
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■ Sakala Katha Sarasangraham (సకల కథా సారసంగ్రహం)

○ Sri Krishnadevaraya's book: Amuktamalyada (Written in Telugu).
○ Amuktamalyada:
IY

■ Srikrishnadevaraya’s Amukta Malyada was handwritten by his

daughter Tirumalamba.
● Tirumalamba wrote Varadambika Parinayam in Sanskrit.
R

■ Srikrishnadevaraya was instructed by Srikakulandhra

Mahavishnu in a dream to write this book.
■ Its original name - Vishnuchittiyam (Another name for Amukta
Malyada is Vishnuchittiyam)
■ In this book Sri Krishnadevaraya used the sentence “ Desa
bhashalandu telugu lessa”.

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ■ Key stories in this book:
● Yamunacharya charitra
● Maladasari katha
■ This text describes the city of Villiputhur.
■ This text describes the marriage of Vishnuchitti's adopted
daughter Godadevi (Andal) with Sriranganatha.
■ Amuktamalyada mentions economic development.

AN
■ In this treatise he states that horses are available on hire for
pilgrims.
■ Sri Krishnadevaraya dedicated 'Amuktamalyada' to
Venkateswara Swamy.

Kannadaraya. KH
■ He claimed that Srikakulandhra Mahavishnu called him

● The court poets of Sri Krishnadevaraya are called Ashtadiggajas:

○ Allasani Peddana:
■ Chief among the Ashtadiggajas.
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■ Allasani Peddana’s Guru - Shathagopamati (శఠగోపమతి)

■ Texts:
● Harikatha Saram (Unavailable),
● Swarochisa Manusambhavam (స్వారోచిస మనుసంభవం) or
IY

Manucharitra
■ Manucharitra:
● This is an essay (ప్రబంధం).
R

● It is dedicated to Sri Krishnadevaraya.

● Prabandha is a style of writing a book with Ashtadasa
descriptions by grasping a small topic from the Purana
and giving priority to romance/Sringaram.
● Referred to small topics of Markandeya Purana and wrote
this book.

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ● Pravarakhya (Dheerodatta) & Varudhini (Dheerodhatri)
are the main characters in this book.
■ Titles:
● Prabandha Parameshthi (ప్రబంధ పరమేష్ఠి)
● Andhra Kavita Pitmaha (He was given this title by Sri
Krishnadevaraya).
■ Sri Krishnadevaraya carried him on a palanquin.

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■ Sri Krishnadevaraya gave him a village called "Kokatam
(కోకటము)" in Kadapa district as Agrahara.
○ Nandi Thimmana:
■ At first he was a courtier of the Gajapati rulers.

KH
■ He came to the court of Raya along with Annapurnadevi.
■ His work: Parijatapaharanam (పారిజాతాపహరణం)
■ This book was dedicated to Sri Krishnadevaraya.
○ Dhurjati:
■ He is a devotee of Srikalahasteeshwara.
AZ

■ His books: Srikalahastiswara Mahatyam, Srikalahastiswara

Shatakam.
■ Although Sri Krishnadevaraya requested to dedicate the above
scriptures to him, Dhurjati refused and dedicated them to Sri
Kalahastisvara.
IY

■ Vishnu criticism appears in this Kalahasthishvara Shatakam.

○ Pingali Surana:
R

■ His texts:
● Garuda puranam
● Kalapurnodayam (కళాపూర్ణో దయం): Dedicated to Nandyala
Krishnamaraju
● Raghava Pandaveeyam - రాఘవ పాండవీయం ( first ద్వర్ది కావ్యం
in Telugu literature)

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ● Prabhavati Pradyumnam (ప్రభావతి ప్రద్యుమ్నం)
○ Tenali Ramakrishna:
■ His first name was Ramalinga when he was a Saiva.
■ Ramakrishna - after embracing Vaishnavism.
■ His titles: Vikatkavi, Kumara Bharati
■ His texts:
● Udbhataradhya Charitra (ఉద్భటారాధ్య చరిత)్ర

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○ This is Saivagrantha (Dedicated to
Uradechamantri - ఊరదేచమంత్రి).
● Ghatikachala mahatyam (ఘటికాచల మహత్యం)
● Panduranga Mahatyam (Dedicated to Veruri Vedadri
mantri).
KH
○ Ramaraja Bhushana / (Bhattumurthy)
■ Texts:
● Narasabhupaliyam (నరసభూపాళీయం)
○ Alankara Shastra Granth (Dedicated to Gobbur
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Narasaraja)
● Vasucharitra - Dedicated to Tirumala Raya.
● Harishchandropakhyanam (హరిశ్చంద్రో పాఖ్యానం) - 2nd ద్వర్ది
కావ్యం.
IY

○ Ayyalaraju Ramabhadra:
■ Texts: Ramabhyudayam (Dedicated to Gobbur Narasaraja)
○ Madayyagari Mallana (మాదయగారి మల్ల న):
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■ The text ‘Rajasekhara Charitra’ is dedicated to Nadendla

Appayamatyu (nephew of Thimmarasu).

● Famous Orators (వాగ్గేయ కారులు):

○ Annamacharya (1424-1508):
■ He was a contemporary of Saluva Narasimha Raya.

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ■ Place of birth: Tallapaka (Kadapa).
■ Parents: Lakkamamba, Narayanasuri
■ He was told the secrets of Vaishnava religion by: Adipan
Pathagopayati (ఆదిపన్ పఠగోపయతి).
■ Annamacharya is known as the best eloquent orator on a par
with poetry.
■ Titles:

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● Padakavita Pitamaha (పదకవితా పితామహుడు)
● Sankirtanacharya (సంకీర్తనాచార్యుడు).
■ Annamacharya wrote 32,000 spiritual and Sringara Vyradhya
Sankirtans on Venkateswara on copper foil.
■ His Works:
KH
● Venkatachala mahatyam (వేంకటాచల మహత్యం)
● Venkateswara satakam (వెంకటేశ్వర శతకం)
● Ex: Chandamama Raave Jabilli Raave, కొండలలో నెలకొను
కోనేటి రాయుడు వాడు
■ Rallapalli Ananta Krishna sharma brought his Sankeertans to
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limelight.
■ His kirtans are preserved in Saraswati Mahal in Thanjavur.
○ Tallapaka Thimmakka:
IY

■ The first poetess in the history of Andhra.

■ Her work: Subhadra Parinayam.
○ Tallapaka Chinna Tirumalayya:
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■ His title: Ashtabhasha Kavi Chakravarti

■ His work: Ashtabhasha Dandakam
■ First Dandakam in Telugu: Bhogini Dandakam (Pothana)
■ The author of the Srungara Dandakam is Tallapaka Pedda
Tirumalacharya.
○ Tallapaka Thiru Vengalanatha:

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ■ His texts:
● Ashta Mahishi Kalyanam
● Annamacharya Charitra
● Usha Kalyanam
● Paramayogi Vilasam
○ Tallapaka Pedda Tirumalacharya:
■ His work - Srungara Dandakam

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■ His titles: Kavi Taarkika Kesari, Sri Ramanuja Siddhanta
Sthapanacharya.
○ Tallapaka Chinnanna:
■ His work - Paramayogi Vilasam (History of the Alvars)

KH
■ He wrote it in Dwipada.
■ Note: Aliya Rama Raya's nephew Siddharaja Thimmaraju wrote
this (Paramayogi Vilasam) as Champukavya.
● Poetesses:

○ Tallapaka Thimmakka:
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■ Annamacharya's eldest wife.

■ The first poetess from Andhra Pradesh.
■ Her book Subhadra Parinayam is a Dwipada Kavyam.
○ Molla:
IY

■ Court poetess of Prataparudra II of Kakatiya.

■ First telugu poetess to translate Ramayana.
R

■ Her book - Molla Ramayanam

■ She is a devotee of Veerashaivism.
○ Rangarajamma:
■ Court poetess of Vijayaraghava Nayaka (son of Raghunatha
Nayaka of Thanjavur)
■ Text: Manindasa Vilasamu

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ○ Tirumalamba:
■ Daughter of Sri Krishnadevaraya.
■ Court poetess of Achyuta Deva Raya.
■ Text: Varadambika Parinayam.
■ The theme of this is the love story of Achyuta Deva Raya &
Varadhambika.
○ Tarigonda Vengamamba:

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■ Her works Venkatachala Mahatyam, Narasimha Vilasam,
Narasimha Shatakam.
○ Ganga Devi:
■ Daughter-in-law of Bukka Raya I (Kumara Kamparaya's wife)

○ Ramabhadramba:
KH
■ Her text: Madhura Vijayam (Sanskrit text)

■ Court poetess of Raghunatha Nayaka.

■ Text - Raghunadhabhyudayam.
○ Madhura Vani:
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■ Court poetess of Raghunatha Nayaka.

■ Text: Ramayana saramu.

● Sanskrit Literature:
IY

○ Vidyaranya Swami:
■ He was a Kashi Brahmin.
■ He was the main factor behind the establishment of the
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Vijayanagara Empire. He was the spiritual master of the

Harihara & Bukka Raya.
■ He wrote the book 'Sangeeta Saram'.
■ His Sanskrit Works:
● Anubhooti Praksika
● Aitareya Deepika

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ● Taitariya Deepika
● Panchadasi
● Sangeeta Saram
○ Madhava Vidyaranya:
■ Minister of Harihara Raya
■ Texts:
● Parasara Madhaveeyam

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● Jaimaniya Nyaya Mala Visteerna
● Panchadasa
● Sankara Vijayam
● Sarva Darsana Sangrahari

KH
○ Sayanacharya (సాయణాచార్య):
■ Brother of Vidyaranya Swami
■ Wrote commentaries on 4 Vedas under the name Vedanta
Prakashika.
■ His Sanskrit Works: Subhashita Sudhanidhi, Prayaschita
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Sudhanidhi
○ Benda Madhava:
■ Wrote a commentary on Tatparya Deepika, Saivanmayasaram.
■ He served as minister to the younger brother of Bukka Raya,
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Marappa.
○ Kandukuri Rudrakavi:
■ Works written by Kandukuri Rudrakavi during Araveeti period:
R

● Nirankusopakhyanam (నిరంకుశోపాఖ్యానం)
● Sugreeva Vijayam
○ Virupaksha Raya:
■ His Sanskrit plays: Unmatta Raghavam, Narayaneeyam
○ Gopa Tippaya:

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ■ He is Raya's nephew.
■ His works: Taladeepika, Karyalankara Kamadhenu
○ Deva Raya II:
■ He is a poet himself.
■ His Sahitya Sabha - Mutyala Shala
■ His Sanskrit Works:
● Mahanataka Sudhanidhi (Musical Commentary)

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● Vrutti
● Ratna Deepika
■ He wrote a commentary on the Brahma Sutras.
■ His courtier: Gauda Dindima Bhattu.

KH
■ His court was visited by Srinatha, who defeated Gauda Dindima
Bhattu and was honoured by Devaraya II.
■ Devaraya II conferred the title of ‘Kavi Sarvabhauma (కవి
సార్వభౌమ)’ on Srinatha.
○ Rajnatha Dindima Bhattu:
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■ He was the courtier of Saluva Narasimha Raya.

■ He wrote Saluvabhyudayam.
○ Narayana Theertha:
■ Author of 'Krishnaleela Tarangini'.
IY

○ Ratnaketa Srinivasa Dikshitulu:

■ Wrote the play Bhavana Purushottama.
○ Raghunatha Raya:
R

■ The greatest of the Nayaka rajas of Thanjavur.

■ He is compared to Sri Krishnadevaraya of Vijayanagara.
■ His title: Sangeet Sahitya Samarangana Sarvabhauma
■ He wrote 100 books. Important among these are:
● Valmiki Charitra

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ● Sangeeta Sandhya
■ His court poets:
● Chemakura ● Kshetrayya
Venkata Kavi ● Madhura Vani
● Ramabhadramba
■ Chemakura Venkata Kavi:
● His Books:

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○ Vijaya Vilasam
○ Satyabhama Swantanam
○ Sarangadhara Charitra
■ Kshetrayya:

KH
● His real name is Varadaiah
● Place of Birth: Muvva village in Krishna district
● Settled in - Thanjavur.
● His writings are called Muvva Gopala Padalu (మువ్వ గోపాల
పదాలు).
AZ

● His deity - Muvva Gopala Krishna.

● His Total Padalu: 4000 (3000 - in Thanjavur, 1000 - in
Golconda)
● He was invited by King Abdullah Qutb Shah of Golconda
IY

● He recited a poem of a thousand words on Abdullah

Qutbshah.
● His devotion is called Madhura Bhakti.
R

● Religious Literature:
○ Kameswara Kavi - Satyaswantanam
○ Nilakantha Sastri - Shivaleelarpavam, Nilakantha Vijayam
○ Appaiah Dikshitulu - Kuvalayananda (Textbook of Alankara Sastra)
● Shaivite Poets:

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ○ Chamarasu: Prabhulinga Leela (Kannada)
○ Jakkanacharya: Noorundu Sthala Purana
○ Guru Basavadu: Wrote 7 Kavyas on Shaivism
○ Thimma Kavi: Krishna Raya Bharatam
○ Vithalanadha Kavi : Bhagavata Purana
● Kannada Literature:
○ Madhura Madhava - Dharmanathapuranam

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○ Bhaskara - Jeevamdhara Raja Kavyam
○ Salvudu - Jaina Bharatam
○ Nemmana - Gnanabhaskara Charitra
○ Ratnakara Varni - Bharatadesa Vaibhavamu

● Tamil Literature:
KH
○ Chamarasu - Prabhulinga Leela

○ Tamil Janta Kavulu: Madhu Suriyar, Ilam Raryar (in the Court of
Tirumala Deva Raya.)
○ Paramjyotiar - Thiruvalaiyadhar Grantham
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○ Saivachudavar translated the Bhagavatam into Tamil.

○ Vadamalai Annagaiyar (Dasar) - Samaya Chilakkam
○ Gnana Prakashika Desikar - Wrote a treatise called Manjari, glorifying
Sri Krishnadevaraya.
IY

○ Araveera Ramapandya - Translated Srinatha's Sringara Naishadam

and Kashi Khandam into Tamil.

Music,Dance:
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● Veena was the most popular musical instrument during the Vijayanagara
period.
○ Sri Krishnadevaraya is an expert in playing this instrument. (Samudra
Gupta and Aurangzeb were also experts in this instrument)
● It was Krishnayya who taught Veena to Sri Krishnadevaraya.

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ● During this period, Bhagavatis of Kuchipudi used to travel the country and
perform plays.
● Yakshaganas were popular.
● Musicians of this period: Bandaru Lakshminarayana, Ramayamatya
○ Bandaru Lakshminarayana (బండారు లక్ష్మీనారాయణ):
■ Sri Krishnadevaraya’s court musician
■ His text: Sangeeta Suryodayam

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○ Ramayamatya (రామయామాత్యుడు):
■ He belongs to the court of Achyuta Deva Raya
■ His text - Swaramela Kalanidhi (Sanskrit).
■ This text is like a Veda for Carnatic music.

KH
■ Centre of Carnatic music - Thanjavur
■ Father of Carnatic Music - Purandhara Das
■ Andhras who excelled in this music - Thyagaraja, Shyama
Shastri, Muthuswamy Dikshitulu
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Musical texts

Sangeeta Suryodayam Bandaru Lakshminarayana

Sarvamela Kalanidhi Ramayamatya

IY

Sangeeta Saram Vidyaranya Swami

Mahanataka Sudhanidhi Deva Raya II

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● Kuchupudi dance and plays became famous during Vijayanagara period.

● Sri Krishnadevaraya wrote a play called Jambavati Parinayam and
performed it during the Vasanthotsavam of Virupaksha Swamy.

Architecture:

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ● According to Percy Brown(British Art historian & Archaeologist), the
Dravidian architectural tradition of the Vijayanagara period was at a mature
stage.
○ He said Vijayanagara architecture is “a vibrant combination and
blossoming of the Chalukya, Hoysala, Pandya, and Chola styles,
idioms that prospered in previous centuries.”
○ Note: Percy Brown has called their Western Chalukyan (Aihole,

AN
Badami, Pattadakal) architecture as “Cradle of Indian temple
architecture.”
● Vijayanagara kings followed the Hoysala and Pandya style of architecture
in their temple construction.
● According to this style a single pole/ Sthambam is carved in 3,4 parts and

KH
has a single foot (Eka Paadam) & at the end of the pole Lion’s head, horse’s
head is present as if they were galloping forward. All this is Hoysala style
of architecture.
● The first temple in Vijayanagara is Virupaksha Temple, followed by Hazara
Ramaswamy Temple.
● Virupaksha temple / Pampapathi temple:
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○ Dedicated to Lord Virupaksha, an avatar of Shiva, the temple was

constructed by Lakkan Dandesha, a commander under Deva Raya II
of the Vijayanagara Empire.
● Monolithic bull:
IY

○ The Monolithic Bull, also known as the Nandi Bull, is an outstanding

element of archaic style that is lodged in a two-storey bower (bower
is a shady place with open sides).
R

○ This massive configuration, considered the vehicle of Lord Shiva, is

located exactly opposite the Virupaksha Temple.
● Hazara Ramaswamy Temple:
○ Built by Devaraya II.
○ The walls of the temple carry the story of Ramayana carved on
stone.That is why it is called Ramachandralayam.

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ● Vittala Swamy temple (Hampi):
○ It was built in the 15th century by Devaraya II for queens to
worship.
○ This temple is devoted to Lord Vittala, an incarnation of Lord Vishnu.
○ Sri Krishnadevaraya erected Saptha Swara Sthambam in this
temple for queens to practice music.
○ Another name of Vittala temple is Saptaswara temple.

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○ Sri Krishnadevaraya constructed stone chariots near Vittala temple
in Hampi.
○ Sri Krishnadevaraya repaired Vittala Swamy temple, Hazara
Ramaswamy temples in Hampi.

KH
○ Sri Krishnadevaraya repaired the temples at Srikurmam, Ahobilam,
Tirupati, Srikalahasti, Srisailam, Simhachalam, Amaravati etc.
● Maharnavami Dibba / Dasara Dibba:
○ Sri Krishnadevaraya specially set it up to celebrate Dussehra festival
in Hampi.
● Chitrangini Mahal / Lotus Mahal:
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○ Constructed by Sri Krishnadevaraya

○ This is also called Lotus Mahal or Padma Mahal or Kamal Mahal. It
is built in the shape of a lotus flower.
● Krishna Temple:
IY

○ This temple is located in Hampi. Sri Krishnadevaraya installed the idol

of Balakrishna brought from Udayagiri fort.
○ The Krishna Temple complex was built over a period of four years
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(1513-1517) to commemorate Krishnadevaraya's victory over Odisha

king Gajapati.
○ Srikakulandhra Mahavishnu temple in Krishna district was visited by
Sri Krishna Devaraya on the occasion of his return journey after the
victory of the Kalinga invasion.

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ○ Sri Krishnadevaraya visited Panakala Swamy temple in Mangalagiri
and donated land to that temple.
● Huzoor Daftar (Diwan Khana):
○ It was built in Indo-Persian style.
○ Huzur daftar means hall of rule.
○ This hall is built with 40 pillars.
● Elephant Stables:

AN
○ It is a lengthy building with chambers where royal elephants were held
during the reign.
○ They somewhat reflect the architecture of the temples but have
domes that reflect the Islamic style of architecture.
● Achyutaraya Temple:
KH
○ The Achyuta Raya temple, initially known as Tiruvengalanatha Temple
was built during the reign of Achyuta Deva Raya.

○ This temple is dedicated to Lord Tiruvengalanatha who is an

incarnation of Lord Vishnu.

● Lepakshi Temple / Veerabhadra temple:

AZ

○ Situated in Hindupur in Anantapur district. The builder of this temple

was Virupanna (Sri Krishnadevaraya’s Palegar).
○ Virupanna collected the taxes and started building the temple with
that money instead of paying the Rayas.
IY

○ The Nandi in this temple is the largest in Andhra.

● Srisailam Temple:
○ Harihara Raya II built the facade of Srisailam Mallikarjuna temple.
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○ During the time of Sri Krishnadevaraya, Shanti Lingayya, a rich man,

built a large rampart with beautiful sculptures for the Srisailam
Mallikarjuna temple.
● Tirupati Temple:

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 ○ A famous temple during this period is Tirupati Venkateswara Swamy
Temple.
○ While the Saluva Narasimha Raya built this temple, the
Krishnadevaraya and Araveeti kings developed it a lot.
● Nagalapuram:
○ At a short distance from Vijayanagara, Sri Krishnadevaraya built a
town named after his mother and also built temples there.

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● Other Temples:
○ Sri Krishnadevaraya not only built gopurams and ramparts for
temples like Rameswaram, Madurai, Srirangam, Jambukeswaram,
Pushpagiri, Tirupati, Srikalahasti but also renovated the temples.
○ Sri Krishnadevaraya donated land to Simhachalam, Srisailam and
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Bejawada Kanaka Durga temples.
○ Harihara Raya II built the Mukhamantapam of the Srisailam
temple.
○ Irugappa Dandunatha, minister of Harihara Raya II, built a Jain
temple at a place called Kunta.
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○ Devaraya II built the Parswanatha temple in the Vijayanagara

Empire.

Sculpture:
● Hampi - Sri Krishnadevaraya carved the statue of Ugra Narasimha, the
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statue of Hanuman and the huge stone idols of Ganesha.

● Lepakshi - Nandi idol.

Paintings:
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● Paintings in the Vijayanagara kingdom are exquisitely painted.

● Domingo Paes says that there are images of Narasa Nayaka and Sri
Krishnadevaraya in the Antah Puram of Vijayanagara.
● The main temples which are the centers of paintings are: Lepakshi, Hampi
and Sompet.
● Vishnu avatars are painted in Lepakshi.

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 ● Bhagavata stories are beautifully painted on the roofs of the Somapalem
temple and mandapams.
● Hazara Ramaswamy Temple: Ramayana images
● Tantada Siddhalingeswara Temple: Saiva Purana Images
● Mahavira Jain Temple at Tiruttani: Jain Varna Paintings
● Tadipatri: "Vatapatra Sai" painting is prominent here.
● Pictures in Lepakshi:

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○ Images painted in this temple: Siva Thandavam, Parvati & Shiva
playing chess, Krishna playing veena with gopis.

Vijayanagara- Foreign Travelers:

● Abu Abdullah / Ibn Battuta (1333-1342 AD):

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○ Moroccan; His work : Kitab-ul-Rihla.
○ Ibn Batuta was the first foreign traveler to visit Vijayanagara
○ He describes the conditions of governance of Vijayanagara during the
time of Harihara Raya I.
● Ferishta:
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○ Persian historian; Provides some information about Bukka Raya I in

his work “Tarikh-i-Firishta”.
■ He describes Bukka Raya I as a brave & wise ruler who was
respected by his subjects.
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○ He mentions that Devaraya II had 2000 Muslims, 2 lakh Infantry,

60,000 archers and 80,000 horsemen.
● Nicola-de-Conti (1420-1421 AD):
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○ Italian; Visited Vijayanagara during the end phase of Devaraya I &

during Devaraya II.
○ He stayed for a long time in the court of Devaraya II.
○ He explained that the capital of Vijayanagara was 60 miles long, with
great hills and gardens and temples, and that 90,000 armed men were
always ready to defend the city.

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 ○ He described the water pools in the Vijayanagara kingdom and the
festival of Holi.
○ He mentioned Vijayanagara as 'Bijana Galiya (బిజన గలియా)'.
○ He mentioned about polygamy and Sati in the society of that time.
○ A book named “Historia de Varietate Fortunae” was written by
Niccolo Conti.
● Abdur Razzaq (1443-1444 AD):

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○ A native of Persia (Iran). He was the ambassador of Persian emperor
Shahrukh.
○ He was the only Muslim ambassador to the Vijayanagara empire.
○ He came during the period of Deva Raya II.

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○ He said that he had never seen a kingdom like Vijayanagara.
○ He stated that Vijayanagara has 300 dock yards.
○ He stated that in the society of that time, the profession of
prostitute was recognized by the government and the income from
prostitution was used to maintain the army.
○ He explained that diamonds are being sold in the streets of
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Vijayanagara.
○ He said that the people of Vijayanagara like roses.
○ Raja Antah:puram is said to have been built with marble stucco and
the hall of the kings was very beautiful with valuable decorations.
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○ He stated that Devaraya II was the most powerful king, & the kings
of Pegu and Tenasserim used to pay tax to Devaraya II.
○ He mentioned the system of Palegars, Talaris and Santas.
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● Athanasius Nikitin (1470-1474 AD):

○ Russian; horse trader
○ He came during the time of Deva Raya II.
○ Talked about the Vijayanagara Imperial Cavalry.
○ Description of Deccan conditions, especially Srisailam Shivratri.

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 ○ Describes the condition of the Bahmani kingdom under Muhammad
Shah III (1463-82).
○ His narrative “The journey beyond three seas”.
■ The diary by Nikitin throws light upon the Islamic culture of
this region and proves to be a significant source.
● Duarte Barbosa (1500 AD):
○ Portuguese traveller visited the empire during the reign of Sri

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Krishnadevaraya.
○ He talked about religious matters.
○ He said that there were fake diamonds.
○ He said that Vijayanagara is the main center of trade and the most
populous city.
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○ He gave a vivid account of the Vijayanagara governance under Sri
Krishnadevaraya in his book, “An account of countries bordering the
Indian Ocean & their Inhabaitants”.
○ Stayed in India for 16 years, most of the time in Kerala and in the
Vijayanagara dynasty.
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○ Barbosa studied Malayalam and has written about the caste culture
that prevailed here as also about social life.
● Domingo Paes (1520-1522 AD):
○ Portuguese traveller.
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○ He portrayed the greatness of Sri Krishnadevaraya very well.

○ He said that there are portraits of Narsanayaka and Krishnaraya in
Vijayanagara Antahpuram.
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○ He stated that Krishnadevaraya had great wealth, many horses and a

great army, and people from many countries of the world were found
in Vijayanagara.
○ He said that the tax levied on the prostitutes was enough to pay the
salaries of the Army.

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 ○ He said that the financial year starts on Maha Navami and Sahitya
sabhas used to be held.
○ He talked about cockfights, bull fights, eagle hunts and dice games.
● Caesar Frederick:
○ It is said that Vijayanagara nobles used to conduct horse trade with
the Portuguese along with other businesses as well.
● Vorthema:

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○ Italian; Visited during the reign of Sri Krishnadevaraya.
○ He said that some cities in their country do not value the jewels that
adorn the king's horse here.
● Fernao Nuniz (1535-1537 AD):
○ Portuguese traveller.
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○ He visited Vijayanagara during the time of Achyutaraya.
○ Mentions the human sacrifice given by Sri Krishnadevaraya to
Nagulapura Tataka.
○ Told about taxes and punishments. He talked about the
Amara-Nayaka system.
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○ His descriptions give a glimpse into the Mahanavami festival.

○ He stated that there is a custom of burying the wife along with the
husband's corpse.
○ He said that due to the construction of Tungabhadra dam, the
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government's income has increased to three and a half lakhs.

○ He said that rats, lizards and cats were sold and eaten in Hampi.
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Foreign traveller Country Contemporary king

Nicolo de Conti Italy Devaraya I

Abdur Razzaq Persia Devaraya II

Nikitin Russia Virupaksha Devaraya II

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Barbosa, Domingo Paes Portugal Sri Krishnadevaraya

Nuniz Portugal Achyutaraya

Caesar Frederick Italy Sadasiva Raya

Literature - Sanskrit texts

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Madhura Vijayam Ganga Devi

Saluvabhyudayam (సాళువాభ్యుదయం) Rajanatha Dindima

Varadambika Parinayam Tirumalamba

Raghunadhabhyudayam (రఘునాధాభ్యుదయం) Ramabhadramba

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Literature - Telugu texts

Uttara Harivamsha (ఉత్త ర హరివంశం) Nachana Soma

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Amuktamalyada Sri Krishnadevaraya

Manu Charitra Allasani Peddana

Rajasekhara Charitra Madayyagari Mallana

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Parijatapaharanam (పారిజాతపహరణం) Nandi Thimmana

Srikalahastishwara Shatakam (శ్రీకాళహస్తీశ్వర Dhurjati

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శతకం), Srikalahastishwara Mahatyam

(శ్రీకాళహస్తీశ్వర మహత్యం)

Ramabhyudayam (రామాభ్యుదయం), Ayyalaraju Ramabhadra

Sakalartha Saranugraham
(సకలార్థ సారనుగ్రహం)

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Panduranga Mahatyam, Ghatikachala Tenali Ramakrishna
Mahatyam (ఘటికాచల మహత్యం)

Srungara Shakuntalam, Jaimini Bharatham Pillalamarri Pina Veerabhadra

Vasucharitra, Narasabhupaliyam Ramarajabhushana

(నరసభూపాలీయం), Harishchandro
Pakhyanam (హరిశ్చంద్రో పాఖ్యానం)

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Kalapurnodayam (కళాపూర్ణో దయం), Pingali Surana
Prabhavathi Pradyumnam (ప్రభావతి
ప్రద్యుమ్నం), Raghava Pandaveeyam(రాఘవ
పాండవీయం)

Sangeeta Saram
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Texts on Music

Swami Vidyaranya

Sangeeta Suryodayam Bandaru Lakshminarayana

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Sarva Mela Sudhanidhi Ramaya Mantri

Kalanidhi Kallinatha

Sangeeta Sudha Raghunatha Nayaka

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Mahanataka Sudhanidhi Devaraya II

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Telugu poets who received Kanakabhishekam

Srinatha Devaraya II

Madhura Vani Raghunatha Nayaka

Rangajamma Vijayaraghava Nayaka

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Muddu Palani Pratapa Simha II

Kings - కొలువు కూటములు

Prouda Devaraya Mutyala Shala

Sri Krishnadevaraya Bhuvana Vijayam

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Veerabhadra Reddy Trilokya Vijayam

Raghunatha Nayaka Indira Mandiram

V. Raghava Nayaka Rajagopala vilasam

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