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Fam. 2. Oculinidae.—Colonial forms, dendritic or encrusting, with
relatively large and rather prominent calices separated by
considerable stretches of compact coenosteum. The zooids bear a
crown of ten to forty-eight or more capitate tentacles.
The genera of Astraeidae that form colonies may be divided into two
groups: the Gemmantes and the Fissiparantes. In the group
Gemmantes asexual reproduction is effected by gemmation, and
each zooid of a colony is a distinct individual with two pairs of
directive mesenteries. Among the best known of recent corals
included in this group may be mentioned Galaxea. In this genus
there is a good deal more coenosteum between the calices than
there is in most of the Astraeidae. The calices are long and project
some distance above the coenosteum. The septa are exsert. In
Galaxea esperi examined by Fowler[416] there are twelve septa,
twelve pairs of mesenteries, and twenty-four tentacles, of which
twelve are very small and twelve rather larger. The colour is green or
brown. The genus is found in shallow water in the tropics of the old
world.
Fig. 176.—A single calyx of Pocillopora septata, showing Co, the columella; S, S,
the septa; Th, the theca wall. (After Gardiner.)
The free adult Fungias are derived from a fixed stock called the
trophozooid, from which the young Fungias are detached by
transverse fission (see p. 388). The thecal wall of the young Fungia
when detached from the trophozooid is perforated, but the pores
become largely filled up during the later growth of the coral.
The only genera occurring within the British area are Epizoanthus
(with six species), Parazoanthus (with four species), and Zoanthus
sulcatus.
There are six complete mesenteries in each zooid, but as they bear
no retractor muscles it is not certain that they represent the first six
protocnemes of other Zoantharia. In a great many species the zooids
are oval in shape, the longer diameter being parallel with the axis of
the branch. The mouth and stomodaeum are compressed and at
right angles to this diameter. It is usually assumed that the
mesenteries attached to the angles of the stomodaeum are the
directives, and that the remaining pair, which is axial in direction,
corresponds with the first pair of protocnemes. The axial pair of
mesenteries is frequently very well developed and alone bears the
gonads. When other mesenteries are formed they always arise in
bilateral pairs between the axial mesenteries and the directives. The
tentacles correspond with the intermesenteric chambers. In some
genera there is a constriction of the zooid between the pairs of the
tentacles on each side of the axial mesenteries and the directive
tentacles. This gives them the appearance of a division into three
zooids with two tentacles apiece, one with a mouth and two without a
mouth; and as the mouthless parts alone bear the gonads on the
single axial mesentery, they have been called the "gastrozooids" and
"gonozooids" respectively. This must not be regarded, however, as a
case of true dimorphism, as the cavities of the so-called gastrozooid
and gonozooids are continuous.
The Antipatharia are widely distributed in nearly all the great seas of
the world. Some species are found in shallow water in the tropics,
but most of them occur in depths of fifty to five hundred fathoms. The
genus Bathypathes is only found at enormous depths ranging from
1070 to 2900 fathoms. Specimens of Cirripathes spiralis,
Antipathella gracilis, and another species have recently been
obtained in deep water off the west coast of Ireland,[424] but these
are the only Antipatharia known to occur within the British area.
CHAPTER XV
CTENOPHORA
The Ctenophora are spherical, lobed, thimble-shaped, or band-like
animals, usually very transparent and gelatinous in structure. They
are exclusively marine, and are found floating at or near the surface
of the sea.
Although they are generally classified with the Coelenterata, they are
regarded by some authors as having closer affinities with the
Polyclad Turbellaria (cf. Vol. II. p. 7). They agree, however, with
neither of these divisions in their essential characters, and the only
way to indicate and emphasise their unique position is to place them
in a separate Phylum.
Fig. 180.—Hormiphora plumosa. Ab, position of the aboral sense-organ; Ct, rib
of ctenophoral plates; M, mouth; t, tentacle, with two kinds of pinnae. (After
Chun.)
The ova are very small when discharged and undergo complete
segmentation in the sea water. The development of the Cydippidea
is really direct, but there is a stage passed through in which the
tentacles are relatively very prominent and situated close to the
aboral pole, and this stage is very different in appearance from the