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Lee Holder, D.O., Steven Lewis, M.D., Erik Abrames, M.D, Ely A. Wolin, M.D.
asymptomatic patients with a high risk PET and CMR, and can be used in pa- by newer agents, which have mostly
of CAD.13 Table 1 is a brief review of tients in whom other modalities are lim- replaced thallium for MPI (Figure 1). Tl-
these guidelines. ited.16 201 remains useful in viability imaging.
The ACC Foundation Appropriate Quantification software was devel- Twenty-four-hour delayed redistribution
Use Criteria Task Force, along with oped to assist with MPI interpretation into a fixed defect suggests viable, hiber-
other subspecialty groups, performed an that allows for quantified risk stratifi- nating myocardium, which may respond
appropriate use review for multiple cat- cation. Such software, discussed more to revascularization.
egories of stable ischemic heart disease, below, compares patient perfusion to a Technetium 99m (Tc99m)-based
which is another helpful resource but out database of normals and provides quan- agents are primarily used for SPECT
of the scope of this review article.14 tification of the differences expressed MPI now. It is well-known that the 140
as summed stress score (SSS), summed KeV photopeak from Tc-99m isomeric
SPECT Sensitivity and Specificity rest score (SRS) and summed differ- transition is ideal for gamma camera
Coronary angiography remains the ence score (SDS). According to one imaging. For perfusion studies, the pri-
gold standard for CAD evaluation. A study, SSS ≤ 3 carries a 0.9% annual mary agents bound to Tc99m are tetro-
large meta-analysis study published in risk for cardiac mortality vs. 5% for fosmin and sestamibi. Both agents are
2012 compiling data from 2000-2010 SSS > 12.17 lipophilic and, therefore, enter myocar-
that compared SPECT MPI, positron One area of low sensitivity for dial cells by passive diffusion in a quan-
emission tomography (PET) and car- SPECT MPI is balanced or multivessel tity directly proportional to blood flow.
diac MR (CMR) found MPI has overall ischemia. This is due to the assumption There they bind to proteins within mito-
sensitivity of 88% and specificity of that the best perfused areas are normal, chondria via electrostatic interactions.20
61% for diagnosing obstructive CAD.15 leading to diffuse normalization of dif- When a myocyte is damaged, these
Sensitivity was similar to PET and fuse decreased perfusion. Increased electrostatic interactions occur in much
CMR but MPI has lower specificity. pulmonary uptake, right ventricular smaller numbers, resulting in far lower
MPI remains more widely used than (RV) uptake, decline in left ventricular accumulation and reduced counts.20
Both sestamibi and tetrofosmin minus the patient’s age) for an ETT to Imaging Protocol
demonstrate efficient myocardial up- be adequate. The radiopharmaceutical Due to the physiologic redistribution
take without significant physiologic re- is injected at peak stress and the patient of Tl-201, imaging starts with the stress
distribution.18 Both also underestimate should continue to exercise for an addi- portion of the examination. While Tl-
myocardial blood flow at stress, begin- tional minute. 201 can be injected at both stress and
ning when blood flow reaches approx- Pharmacologic stress can be used if rest, many will use a single injection
imately double baseline.18 Because a the patient is unable to perform exercise protocol. This entails an injection of
radiopharmaceutical is primarily re- or an ETT must be terminated before the around 4 mCi of Tl-201 at peak myo-
moved from the myocardium by blood patient’s heart rate reaches 85% of the cardial stress with the poststress images
flow, a larger dose is required at stress maximum predicted. Other indications obtained as soon as heart rate returns to
when blood flow is higher to maintain for a pharmacologic stress test include normal. If the stress images are abnor-
adequate counts.18,21 Tetrofosmin has acute coronary syndrome, hypotension, mal, redistribution images are obtained
less hepatic uptake and faster hepatic a left bundle branch block (LBBB), or around the 4-hour mark. Viability im-
clearance.18 Tetrofosmin is thus pre- severe congestive heart failure. A pa- ages can be obtained at 24 hours if there
ferred with pharmacologic stress, tient with LBBB may have false positive is a fixed defect, and determination of
as hepatic uptake is greater than with results from an exercise stress test, typi- viability will assist clinical management.
exercise.22 cally an artifactual septal defect. With the Tc99m-based mitochon-
Recommended dosage for sestamibi Non-nitrate vasodilators such as drial imaging agents, the primary
is 10 mCi at rest imaging and 30 mCi at dipyridamole, adenosine, and regade- options are using either a 1 or 2-day
stress, and 5-12 mCi at rest, 15-33 mCi noson can be used for pharmacologic protocol. The 1-day protocol is primar-
at stress with tetrofosmin. There are no stress. The resultant vasodilation, typ- ily used, as it is more convenient for
provided dose adjustments for either ically 3 to 5 times baseline, tests coro- patients and more efficient. The 2-day
agent in pediatric or geriatric patients, nary flow reserve.26 Minor side effects protocol allows for higher administered
or in patients with metabolic impair- are common and include flushing, head- dosage at rest, which can be advanta-
ment.23,24 Estimated effective radiation ache and dyspnea. Regadenoson (Lex- geous particularly in obese patients,
dose for myocardial perfusion imaging iscan) is the most frequently used agent. and offers the possibility of stress-only
studies is 9-11 mSv for a 1-day Tc99m- It is a selective A2A receptor agonist imaging.
based study compared to 20 mSv for a that results in coronary vasodilation The 1-day protocol involves obtain-
Tl-201 study.25 with fewer side effects, injected as a ing a rest study and a stress study on the
400µg bolus over 10 seconds.26 Non-ni- same day. The patient receives 2 doses
Stress Protocols trate vasodilators should not be used in of radiopharmaceutical approximately
Before any stress test, the patient patients with second- or third-degree 1.5 to 2 hours apart.26 The rest study is
should be NPO for 4 to 6 hours to re- heart block. Caution should also be performed first with images obtained
duce blood flow to the bowel and liver. used in patients with reactive airway generally 30 to 60 minutes after injection
Calcium channel blockers and be- disease as these agents can cause severe of 8-10 mCi of Tc-99m sestamibi or tet-
ta-blockers should be discontinued for bronchospasm. rofosmin. After 1.5 to 2 hours, allowing
48-72 hours, and long-acting nitrates Dobutamine has also been used as sufficient clearance of the rest dose, the
discontinued for 12-24 hours. Caf- a pharmacologic stress agent. Dobu- patient undergoes the stress portion of
feine should not be consumed for 1 day tamine is a synthetic catecholamine the study. During peak stress a second
prior to the exam.18 Myocardial stress that acts on alpha- and beta-adrenergic dose of radiopharmaceutical is adminis-
is achieved either with an exercise receptors, which increase cardiac work tered, typically 25 to 30 mCi. The patient
treadmill test (ETT) or pharmacologic through positive inotropic and chrono- is then imaged quickly (15-20 min) after
agents. tropic effects. Dobutamine can be used radiopharmaceutical administration. The
ETT involves a multistage exercise as an alternative to vasodilator therapy larger second dose provides higher qual-
test based on a Bruce or modified Bruce in cases of severe asthma. Initial infu- ity images, generally favored with the
protocol, during which the speed and sion dose is 5 ug/kg/min over 3 min. stress portion of the examination, espe-
grade of the treadmill are gradually The infusion is then increased to 10 cially for gated images.
increased. The modified Bruce pro- µg/kg/min for another 3 minutes. The In large patients, a small dose of ra-
tocol starts with no slope, vs. 10% for infusion rate can be increased to a max- diopharmaceutical can result in poor
the Bruce protocol, and the speed and imum of 40 µg/kg/min every 10 min- image quality and nondiagnostic images
slope are increased at a slower rate. utes.26 The radiopharmaceutical is then due to increased attenuation. In these
The patient must achieve a heart rate injected 1 minute after the maximum cases, a 2-day protocol can be used to
of at least 85% of their predicted maxi- tolerable dose. Frequent side effects in- allow for higher administered activity
mum heart rate (220 beats/minute [min] clude chest pain and arrhythmias. for both the rest and stress portions.26
Interpretation
The interpretation of SPECT MPI
includes four broad categories: raw
data, qualitative analysis, quantitative
analysis, and evaluation of motion and FIGURE 4. SA and VLA images from a SPECT MPI shows GI activity adjacent to the heart on the
function. rest images, with GI counts seen joining the inferior wall.
Summary
SPECT MPI remains a widely used
modality to analyze myocardial perfu-
FIGURE 11. Top row gated slice images in diastole (A) and systole (B) show normal thickening and sion. It is particularly useful in identi-
fying flow-limiting stenoses and for
brightening of the septum, which on 3D-surface-rendered images appears akinetic.
at rest at the time of acquisition. Nor- tum should thicken and move toward risk stratification. Use of appropriate
mal LV motion results in at least 20% the center. Cine analysis of slices from protocols and radiopharmaceutical
shortening of the long axis and 40% the 3 axes of the gated images should dosage is paramount in obtaining di-
shortening along the short axis, with show all walls thickening and brighten- agnostic quality images. An ideal ap-
the anterior wall moving the most and ing with systole. The basal one-third of proach to image interpretation includes
the apex moving the least.18 The sep- the septum is membranous and should evaluation of raw data, qualitative
FIGURE 12. Representative 3D-rendered gated images show paradoxical inward motion of the septum during diastole or, a “septal bounce,” in a
patient with known LBBB.
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