> FREE LECTURES & TIPS CREATIVE LEARNING 2.0 FREE STUDY MATERIALCHEMICAL REACTIONS AND EQUATIONS Definition: A chemical reaction is a process where substances ES - undergo a transformation to form new substances with different properties through the breaking and formation of bonds between atoms. Formation of hydrogen gas by the action of dilute sulphuric acid on zinc Burning of natural gas. * Burning of coal. * Formation of water from hydrogen gas and oxygen gas. Corrosion of iron leading to rust formation, etc. * Evaluation of reaction © Following are the 4 key parameters to evaluate the presence of a reaction: Change in state Change in colour | Evolution of gas | change in temperature Chemical Equations: A chemical equation is a symbolic representation of a chemical reactionlusing chemical formule A+B—>C+D instead of words. + Chemical equations symbolize reactions with formulas. + Reactants change on the left (LLH.S.), products form on the right (R.H.S.). + Conditions like catalysts or temperature are noted above the arrow. + States like Solid (s), liquid (I), and gas (g) can be added. Vy + Unbalanced equations lack equal atoms; balanced ones have them. Wit 2Mq (s) + O2 (g) > 2MgO (s) (sgnestum) Balancing of Chemical equations: Aim : Equal atoms on both sides. Need : Law of Conservation of Mass; Mass can neither be created nor destroyed, ‘© Unbalanced equation : Fe + HO > FesO« + He Subscript ‘+ Subscripts won't change (they are part of formulas)‘* Make a table of atoms of RHS and LHS ‘Since RHS # LHS, it is an unbalanced equation. * Find a complex molecule like FexOs ( Present on the product side), Multiply (3 x Fe & 4 x 0 on LHS.) em a es © | * You get: 3Fe + 4Hs0 > FesO. + Hs ; © Balance rest of H atoms, Multiply H (RH.S) by 4. RH.S Product side) | 3 | 2 4 © 3Fe + 4H:0 ~ FesOs + 4Hs (Balanced Equation). * TF you get fractional coefficient, multiply both sides by denominator to get whole numbers LH.S (Reactant Side) | 1 | 2 1 * Recheck your balancing by making the table again. Dea Combination Displacement Double-displacement Redox 1.Combination reaction: Two or more substances combine to form anew single substance, (A + B > AB) Examples: * CaO (5) + H:0 (1) > Ca(OH): (aq) + Heat Calcium hydroxide in whitewash reacts with air's CO: to form calcium carbonate, giving walls a shiny finish (like marble, CaCOs). ColOH)s (aq) + COs (@) -> CoCOs (s) + HeO (I) vo 2Mg (8) + Ox (a) > 2MgO (3) Burning of coal: ¢ (s) + Os (9) > COs (9) & Formation of water: 2He (g) + Oz (g) > 2Hz0 (I) Burning of natural gas: CHs (g) * 202 (g) > CO» (g) * 2H:0 (g) Respiration: Cokls2Os (aq) + 60+ (aq) > 660% (aq) + 6H0 (I) + energy 2. Decomposition reaction: One compound decomposes to two.er mere compounds. (AB -> A + B) If heat is used for decomposition, it is called as thermal decomposi Examples: + 2FeSOs (s) FesOs (5) + SOs (g))+ SOs (@) Heating ferrous sulfate crystals (FeSOs * 7H:0) causes. loss of water molecules, changing it’s color. Further heating decomposes the remaining anhydrous FeSOs into ferric oxide, sulfur dioxide and sulfur trioxide. Heat © cacos (s) Hes. ca0(s) + €02 (g) Heating calcium carbonate decomposes it to lime (calcium oxide) ond carbon dioxide. This reaction is important in industries like cement manufacturing. # BAgci(s) Sula, 2Ag(s) + Cle (9) ‘Sunlight turns SiWver Chloride from white to grey as light decomposes it into metallic silver and chlorine gas. The ‘same is observed for Silver Bromide: ZAgBr(s) Sunlight, 2Ag(s) + Bre (9) Both these reactions are used in black and white photography. 3. Displacement reaction: More reactive element displaces less reactive element. {A + BC > AB + C) Examples: + Pb(s) + Cucle (aq) > Pbcls (aq) + Culs) 3 J * Fes) + CuSOs (aq) > FeSOs (aq) + Cu(s) ™ * Zn(s) + CuSO« (aq) > ZnSOs (aq) + Cu(s) oS I Lead, Ferrous, and Zinc are more reactive than Copper. Thus, they displace copper from its compounds.‘4, Double-displacement reaction: Exchange of ions between two reactants forming new compounds. {AB + CD + AC + BD} Example: * NazSOs (aq) + BaCle (aq) ~* BaSOs (5) + 2NaC! (aq) ‘Adding Ba*> to SOx?- forms a white, insoluble precipitate (BaSO«): such reactions can also be called precipitation reaction. NaCl remains dissolved 5. Redox reaction: Simultaneous oxidation and reduction is called a Redox reaction Example: Onidation CuO + Ha Hest, Cu + HiO educa © Zn0+C>+Zn+co © MnOe + 4HCI—> MnCl + 2H:0 + Cle Oxidation Pear * Addition of oxygen * Loss of Hydrogen © Loss of Electrons ‘2Cu+ Ox Heat, 26u0 ‘+ Addition of Hydrogen * Removal of Oxygen * Gain of Electrons CuO + He Heat Sy Cu + H20 Endothermic The reaction produces heat energy. ‘The reaction absorbs heat energy. 3 © CaO + HzO > Ca(OH): (aq) + Energy +) All decomposition reactions are endothermic since + Respiration: CaHs20s (aq) + 60: (g) -* 6H:0 (I) + ‘they require energy for breaking down the bonds: 6C04(g) + Energy *# CaCOs(s) > CaO (5) + COx (g) * Conversion of vegetable matter into cofipost Effects of oxidation in daily life: Corrosion: Attacks of Surrounding moisture, gases, acids, etc. on the metal converts it into undesirable products. This process is called corrosion. * black coating of silver * green coating on copper: 2Cu(s) + COx(g) + Ox(g) + He0 (I) > CuCOs.Cu(OH): Rusting of Iron © AFe(s) + 302(g) + H20 (I) > 2Fes0s.xH20 (s) * Protect Fe from rusting with Painting, Greasing, or Oiling, Galvanisation. Rancidity: Food materials containing fats and oils become rancid (have unpleasant smell and taste) upon exposure to air via oxidation '* Antioxidants are substances that prevent oxidation, and are of ten added to such foods. ot + Air-tight containers also slow down the rancidity process.Activity 1.1 * Clean a magnesium ribbon about 3-4 cm long by rubbing it with sandpaper. * Hold it with a pair of tongs, Burn it using a spirit lamp or burner and collect the ash so formed in a watch-glass ‘as shown in Fig, Burn the magnesium ribbon keeping it away as far as possible from your eyes. * What do you observe? Tong Magnesium ribbon Burner. Watch-glass Magnésium oxide Observation * White ash from MgO is formed as Mg ribbon burns with bright white flame, Activity 1.2 * Toke lead nitrate solution in a test tube. * Add potassium iodide solution to this * What do you observe? is ¥ [- Pb(NOz)2 solution Yellow ppt. of Pbl2 Observation * KNOs dissolves in water and PbIe precipitates out as yellow solidActivity 1.3 * Take a few zinc granules in a conical flask or a test tube, * Add dilute hydrochloric acid or sulphuric acid to this fig * Do you observe anything happening around the zinc granules? * Touch the conical flask or test tube. Is there any change in its temperature? Cork Glass tube Conical flask Diu c sulphe Zine granules Observation * An odourless, colorless gas (He) is evolved and flask gets hot. ‘Activity 1.4 * Take a small amount of calcium oxide or quick lime in a beaker: © Slowly add water to this, * Touch the beaker as shown in Fig. n * Do you feel any change in temperature? Beaker Water Calcium oxide Observation * Beaker gets hot and reaction is highly vigorous in nature. CaO(s) + HsO(l) + Ca(OH)s(aq) + HEATActivity 1.5 * Take about 2 g ferrous sulphate crystals in a dry boiling tube. * Note the colour of the ferrous sulphate crystals. * Heat the boiling tube over the flame of a burner or spirit lamp as shown in Fig, * Observe the colour of the crystals after heating Wafting gas gently towards nose Do not point the mouth of Boiling tube boiling tube Ferrous sulphate at your neighbours crystals or yourself Observation * Colourless gases are released from the test tube, green color is changedwith characteristic odour of burning ‘sulphur * Take about 2 g lead nitrate powder in a boiling tube. * Hold the boiling tube with a pair of tongs and heat it over a flame, as shown in Fig. * What do you observe? Note down the change, if any. Y ‘Test tube holder Bolling tube Lead nitrate Burner ‘Observation * Red brown fumes (NO:) are emitted during heating and some yellow residue (PbO) remains in the test tube 2PD(NOs Js (s) + 2PbO(s) + 4NOs (g) + Or (g)‘Activity 1.7 * Take a plastic mug, Drill two holes at its base and fit rubber stoppers in these holes. Insert carbon electrades in these rubber stoppers as shown in Fig * Connect these electrodes to a 6 volt battery. * Fill the mug with water such that the electrodes are immersed. Add a few drops of dilute sulphuric acid to the water, * Take two test tubes filled with water and invert them over the two carbon electrodes + Switch on the current and leave the apparatus undisturbed for some time. * You will observe the formation of bubbles at both the electrodes, These bubbles displace water in the test tubes. * Is the volume of the gas collected the same in both the test tubes? * Once the test tubes are filled with the respective gases, remove them carefully. Test these gases one by one by bringing a burning candle close to the mouth of the test tubes. * What happens in each case? Which gas is present in each test tube? =, Praste mug Onygen Hydrogen ‘Test tube Water Graphite rod: Water Rubber stoppet ‘Anode Cathode, Switeh Observation * Bubbles are observed in both the test tubes, burning matchstick produces a pop sound, when in contact with Hs gas. ( at Cathode ) and volume of gas collected in righttest tube is twice than left test tube. * Take about 2 g silver chloride in a china dish. © What is its colour? n Place this china dish in sunlight for some time * Observe the colour of the silver chloridelafter some time. ‘China dish Silver chloride Observation © Cle gas escapes and (White) silver Chloride tums grey. ZAgCK(s) + Sunlight > 2Ag{(s) + Cle (g)Activity 1.9 * Take three iron nails and clean them by rubbing with sand paper. © Toke two test tubes marked as (A) and (B). In each test tube, take about 10 mL copper sulphate solution, * Tie two iron nails with a thread and immerse them carefully in the copper sulphate solution in test tube 8 for about 20 minutes. Keep one iron nail aside for comparison * After 20 minutes, take out the iron nails from the copper sulphate solution. * Compare the intensity of the blue colour of copper sulphate solutions in test tubes (A) and (8). * Also, compare the colour of the iron nails dipped in the copper sulphate solution with the one kept aside. }_—Trest tube mt ‘Thread Oo Copper sulphate solution Iron mail Ten tbe Observation © The blue colour of copper sulphate solution fades and the iron nails taken out fram CuSQs solution turns brown & (green colour) FeSOx is formed Fe(s) + CuSOs (aq) > FeSOs (aq) + Cu(s) Aetwity 110 * Take about 3 mL of sodium sulphate solution in a test tubes * Inanother test tube, take about 3 mL of barium chloride solution. © Mix the two solutions © What do you observe? Test tube containing solution of sodium sulphate Test tube containing solution of barium chloride Observation * White insoluble precipitate of BaSOs is formed, NazSOx (aq) + BaCle (aq) > 8aSOx (5) + 2Nacl(aq)‘Activity 1.11 * Heat a china dish containing about 1 g copper powder © What do you observe? China dish containing copper power Wire gauze ‘Tripod stand Burner Observation © A Black Substance of Copper oxide is formed over Copper 2Cu + Ox 2Cu0