TUBA-AR Turkiye Bilimler Akademisi Arkeoloji Dergisi Turkish Academy of Sciences Journal of Archaeology 2005 Early Chalcolithic in North-Central Anatolia: The Evidence from Bogazkéy-Bilyiikkaya Early Complexity in Highland Iran: Recent Research into the Chalcolithic of Iran Probleme der Ostanatolischen / Stidkaukasischen Bronzezeit: ca. 2500-1600 v.u.Z The Late Prehistory of the Nile Valley: The Redemption of Africa Kursun Sirli Keramiklerin Uretim Merkezleri Neolitik Toplumlarda Bas veya Tum Bedeni Alcilama Gelenegi: Anadolu ve Yalindogu'dan Bazi Ornekler Tirkiye’de 2003-2004 Yilinda Yapilan. Kazi ve ArastirmalarTiirkiye Bilimler Akademisi Arkeoloji Dergisi YAYIN KURULU Ufuk ESIN (TUBA) "Yay Kuratu Baskant Mehmet OZDOGAN Bruce HOWE Peter KUNIHOLM Sema BAYKAN ONURSAL YAYIN KURULU Sedat ALP Nimet 626U¢ Halet CAMBEL Tahsin OZGUC DANISMA KURULU Haluk ABBASOGLU Marie-Claire CAUVIN Istanbul Oniversitesi cnRs Sedat ALP Ali DINGOL “Turkiye Biimler Akademist istanout Oniversitest Ayda AREL Kutlu EMRE ‘9 Eyal Gniversites! Ankara Universitesi Given ARSEBUK Harald HAUPTMANN Istanbul Cniversitesi Ist. Alman Arkeoloj Ens. Nusin ASGARI Machteld MELLINK Istanbul Arkeoloji Mizeteri Bryn Maw Kole Giiven BAKIR Nimet O2GUC Ege Oniversites! “Tetkiye Biter Akademi Ofer BAR- YOSEF Wolfgang RADT Harvard Universites! Ist. Alman Arkeolog Ens, Cevdet BAYBURTLUOGLU gin YALGINKAYA Ankara Oniversitesi Ankara Oniversites YAZISMA ADRESI ‘Sema Baykan, Uzman Arkeolog / Prehistorya Anabilim Dali Edebiyat Fakiltesi istanbul Universitesi, 34459 Beyaz, Istanbul, TURKIVE. Tel: 0 212-519.45 92 Faks:0 212-519 45 92 TOBA Yayin Danijmani: SerpliDemirtag Tek Yonetmen: Bulent Yukse! ISSN130F8566 Fiyate: 25 YTL. — Kurumlar 40 TL. Yuridigi: 40 $ Banka Hesap No: T.C. Ziraat Bankast Tunalt Hilmi $udesi 6354251-5001 ‘TUBA (TORKIVE BILIMLER AKADEMISI) Atatirk Bulvart No: 221, 06100 Kavakiidere Ankara, TORKIYE Tol; 0312-42603 94 Faks: 0312-467 3213 e-posta: tuba-ar@tuba.gov.tr Internet: www.tuba.gov.tr° Turkish Academy of Sciences Journal of Archaeology EDITORIAL BOARD Ufuk ESIN (TOBA) Editor in Chiet Mehmet OZDOGAN Bruce HOWE. Peter KUNIHOLM Sema BAYKAN HONORARY EDITORIAL BOARD Sedat ALP Nimet 6260¢ Halet CAMBEL Tahsin OZGUG EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD Haluk ABBASOGLU Marie-Claire CAUVIN Istanbul University ones Sedat ALP Ali DINGOL Turkish Academy of Sciences anu Univesity Ayda AREL Kutlu EMRE 9 Eyl University Ankara Universit Given ARSEBUK Harald HAUPTMANN Istanbul University German Archaeclosica ns. st Nugin ASGARI Machteld MELLINK Istanbul Archaeological Museums Bryn Mawe College Guven BAKIR Nimet 0zG0¢ Ege University Turkish Academy of Sciences Ofer BAR YOSEF Wolfgang RADT Harverd University ‘German Archaeological ns, Ist. Cevdet BAYBURTLUOGLU isin YALGINKAYA “ankara University Ankara University CORRESPONDENCE ADDRESS Sema Baykan. Uzman Arkeolog / Prenistorya Anabilim Dal Edediyat Fakiltesi istanbul Universitesi, 34459 Beyaat, Istanbul, TURKEY Phone: +90.212-519 45 92 Fax: +90.212S19.45 92 ‘TUBA Publishing Editor: SerpilDemirtag Technical Manager: Bilent Yokse! ISSN B0r8566 Price: 25 YTL. Institutions: 40 YTL. Foreign Countries: 40 $ Bank Account Nr: T.C. Ziraat Bankas: Tunali Hilmi Subes! 6354251-5001 ‘TOBA (TURKISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES) Atatiirk Bulvari No. 221, 06100 Kavaklidere Ankara, TURKEY Phone: +90.312-426 0394 Fax: +90.312-467 3213, ‘e-mail: tuba-ar@tuba.gov.tr Internet: www.tuba.gov.trTUBA-AR, ARKEOLOJi DERGISi TURKIYE BILIMLER AKADEMiSi (TUBA) YAYINI KONU ‘TOBA-AR, (Tiirkiye Bilimler Aka tarafindan yayinlanan uluslararast Ve Arkeomatri ve bu konularla bagjanuh disiplinlere ait_yaz bilgeler ise Anadolu, Yakin Dogu ve Ege v.b. gibi alar konularint, elestirisel inceleme, yorum ve sentez, yazilarint bilimsel bir forum anlayrs iginde yaymla- adece tanitet yayinlar kapsamt disindadhr. lemisi Arkeoloji Der yillik bir stireli yayind ant yayinlar, dee dir Derginin amact_sadece uzmanhk lencligii daha Szel maktir. Kazt 6n raporlan gibi YAYIN ILKELERI TUBA-AR T iye Bilimler Akad i tarafindan ya" askamt ve Y derginin bilimsel icerigi ve yayimeihk faaliyetleri Kapsamndaki diger konularla igilenitler. Yay Kurulunun yeri, TUBA adina, istanbul Universitesi Edebiyat Fakihesi Prehistorya Anabilim Dahindlach, an Kurulut ‘YAYIN KURULU Prof. Dr. Ufuk ESIN (Baskan, TUBA) Prof, Dr, Mehmet OZDOGAN Dr. Bruce HOWE Prof, Dr. Peter KUNIHOLM Sema BAYKAN ONURSAL YAYIN KURULU (Orel, Prof. Dr. Sedat AL Prof. Dr. Halet GAMBEL Prof, Dr. Nimet OZGU Prof, Dr. Tahsin OZGUG ‘ULUSLARARASI DANISMA KURULUNU OLUSTURAN BILIMSEL HAKEMLER Prof, Dr. Haluk ABBASOGLU (istanbul Universitesi) Ord, Prof. Dr. Sedat ALP (Turkiye Bilimler Akademisi) Prof, Dr, Ayda AREL (9 Eyliil Universitesi) Prof. Dr. Giiven ARSEBUK (Istanbul Universit Dr. Nusin ASGARI (istanbul Arkeoloji Miizel Prof. Dr Given BAKIR (Ege Universitesi) Prof. Dr. Ofer BAR-YOSEE (Harvard Cniversitesi,A.B.D.) Prof. Dr. Cevdet BAYBURTLUOGLU (Ankara Universitesi) Dr. Marie Claire CAUVIN (CNRS, Centre Nat. Recherche Scientifique, Frans) Prof, Dr, Ali DINGOL (stanbul Universitesi) ) Eski Mécliii)Prof. Dr. Ki Prof, Dr. Harald HAUPTMANN (istanbul Alman Arkcoloji Enstitistt Es Prof, Dr. Peter KUNIHOLM (Corel! Universitesi, A.B.D.) Prof. Dr. Machteld MELLINK (Bryn Mawr Koleji, A.B.D.) Prof. Dr. Nimet OZGUG (Tiirkiye Bilimler Akademisi) Prof. Dr. Wolfgang RADT (isanbul Alman Arkeoloji Enstiiisti Md.Yrd.) Prof. Dr. iin YALCINKAYA (Ankara Universitesi) Madina) Danisma_Kurulunu olusturan hakemlerin adkan ve onlann getirecekleri her tirlti Gneri ve gonisler gil tu YAZARLAR ICIN YAZIM ILKELER! Tiirkiye Bilimler Akademisi Arkeoloji Dergisi (TUBA-AR) yilda bir kere yayinlanir. Makaleler, yayin kurulu sekreteryasina “Sema Baykan, Uzman Arkeolog, Prehistorya Anabilim Dali, Edebiyat Fakiikesi, Istanbul Universitesi, Beyazit, 34459 Istanbul, Tiirkiye” adresine, her yin Mayis ay:nin sonuna kadar bir bilgisayar disketi , iki basilms kopya ve dergicleki bagvuru formu esliginde Ulaguirmaabcr, aleler ‘Tirkee, Ingilizce, Almanca veya Fransuzca dillerinde kaleme alinabilinler. Tirkce olarak Snderilen makalelere d lerden birinde bir styfayt gecmeyen bir Gzet_eklenmelidir, Yabanet dillerde yanlan makaleler icin ise Szet‘Tiirkge olarak yazilmalidir, Ayrica anahiar szctiler her iki dilde verilmelidir, Makaleler hakem denetiminden gecer ve gerekli g6rildigiinde gézden geciriimek iizere yazara geri gnderilir, Vazarlar dergiye makale gdnderirken séz konusu galismalannin daha nce baska bir yerde yayinlanmackun veya yayinlanmak iizere baska bir kurulusa daha génder- iimedigini onceden belinimis saythlar MAKALELERIN HAZIRLANISI Makaleler: Orgiin makale kaguchn bir yaiziine , gift aralikl olarak yazilmalidir. Makalenin ilk: sayfa basi adi(lan), anahtar sézciikleri, makalenin 6zeti ve dipnot olarak yazann adres bilgilerini igetir. Iki kacdemeye kadar baghk kullanulabili, tkinci satura yazilan baglik ‘Alt Baglik’ olarak defierlendirilir. Metin yeni bir sayfada baslamal ve tiim sayfalar numaralandirilmaliir, Makaleleria uzunlugu igin belirlenmis bir siniama bulunmasa da, makalelerin, ortalama, gift araltkla yazalmis 15- 20 dakiilo sayfasin: gecmemesi gerckir. Makaleler iki kopya kag ckust yanisiea bir de diske with kopya olarak teslim edilmelidir, Bilgisayar kopyasinin PC veya Macintosh ortamlannda, “Microsoft Word” kelime islem programinda yazslmts islenebilecek bir formatia kaycedilmig olmast gerekir. Bilgisayar kopyalan gereksiz metin bi lemeleri Calin, alu cizgili, yauk v.b. metin acisindan gerekli bicimlemeler haric) ve sayfa divze 1 edlilmelidir. ve bir sorun yaratmadan acimast ve m- imler: Dergi resimleri coguntukla renkli olarak yayinlanir. Siyah- beya fotograflar yliksek kalit- ede olmal ve makul bir sayryla sinlanmalichr, 20 sayfabk diz metin i¢in 7-10 resim sayfast Gist sirur olarak kabul edilir. Géndermeler Gondermeler ayn bir dipnot sayfasinda numaralanarak agazidalsi Gmnekte belint digi gibi vetilir. Fer génderme le sonunda liste olarak verilecek ise yazar adi, yazinin yayinlandy tari ve sayfast metindeki gonderme numarasina gore stralanarak yaar,Omek: 1. RJ. BRAIDWOOD, 1967, 103 2. O.R. GURNEY, 1993, 15 EQer metin icinde verilecek ise gene yazar adi, yayin tarihi ve sayfas. konmaliir: (E, AKURGAL, 1997, 27) Bibliyografya: Bibliyografya alfabetik sira de ve aagudaki dkizene uygun olarak belirtilm BOEHMER, R. M., H. HAUPTMANN (Eds.), 1989 Beitrige zur Altertumskunde Kleinasiens, Festschrift far Kurt Bitel, ‘Text und Tafel. Mainz am Rhein, Philipp von Zabem FISCHER, G., 1988 “Sociopolitical Organisation in Early Anglo-Saxon England” England in the Old Days, M, LITTLECHICK (Fd.), Oxford, British Archaeological Publications, 128-144 FOSTER, S., 1989 “Analysis of Spatial Pattems in Buildings’, Antiquity 63, 40-50 ABONELIK $ARTLARI Abone olmak isteyenler icin: Yakup SEI TUBA Atatiirk Bulvan No. 06100 Ankara, Tiirkiye Kavaklidere ‘Tel.: 0312 - 467 45 11 / dahili 123 Faks: 0312 - 467 45 19 E-mail: tuba-ar@tuba.gov ir ‘TUBA-AR, JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGYTUBA-AR, JURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY A PUBLICATION OF THE TURKISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (TUBA) ‘THE SUBJECT: ‘TOBA-AR (The Turkish Academy of Sciences, Journal of Archaeology) is an international journal on archaeology, annually published by The Turkish Academy of Sciences (TUBA). It covers Old and New World Archacology, Archaeometry and related sciences. The regional emphasis of the journal is on Anatolia, the Near Fast and the Aegean a.0., as well, The aim of this journal is to serve as forum for scientific studies with critical analysis, interpretation and synthesis, rather than descriptive presentation of material such as preliminary ation reports. EDITORIAL POLICIES: ‘The journal TUBA-AR is published by TUBA. ‘The Editor-in-Chief and the Editorial Board is in charge for the scientific contents and other editorial matters relating to the journal, The Editorial Office, on behalf of TUBA, is composed of the staff of Istanbul University, Faculty of Letters, Department of Prehistory. ‘THE EDITORIAL BOARD: Prof. Dr. Ufuk ESIN (Editor-in-Chief, TUBA) Prof. Dr. Mehmet OZDOGAN Dr, Bruce HOWE Prof, Dr. Peter KUNIHOLM Sema BAYKAN ‘THE HONORARY EDITORIAL BOARD: (Ord, Prof, Dr, Sedat ALP Prof. Dr. Halet GAMBEL Prof. Dr. Nimet OZGUC Prof, Dr. Tahsin OZGUG ‘THE INTERNATIONAL EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD: Prof. Dr. Haluk ABBASOGLU (istanbul University) (Ord, Prof. Dr. Sedat ALP (TUBA, Honorary Member) Prof, Dr. Ayda AREL (9 Eyliil Unive Prof. Dr. Giiven ARSEBUK (istanbul University Dr, Nusin ASGARI (Former Director of the Museums of Archaeology, Ist.) Prof. Dr. Giiven BAKIR (9 Eylil University) Prof, Dr. O. BAR YOSEF (Harvard University, U.S.A.) Prof, Dr. Cevdet BAYBURTLUOGLU (Ankara University) Dr, Marie-Claire CAUVIN (CNRS, Centre Nat. Recherche Scientifique France) Prof. Dr, Ali DINCOL (istanbul University)Prof. Dr. Prof. Dr. Prof. Dr. Peter KUNIHOLM (Comell Unive Prof, Dr. Machteld MELLINK (Bryn Mawr College, U Prof, Dr. Nimet OZGUG (TUBA, Honorary Member) Prof. Dr. Wolfgang RADT (Deputy Director, German Arch Inst,, Ist.) Prof. Dr. Isin YALCINKAYA (Ankara University) ist.) AD) ‘The suggestions and views of the advisory board, as well their names, are confider INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS: Manuscripts for publication should be submitted to the Es Office (TOBA-AR Editorial Office, Sema Baykan, Prehistory Deparment, of Letters, University of Istanbul, Beyazat 34459, Istanbul, TURKEY) in duplicate copies, accompanied by a floopy disk in which the article was written and the application form available in the journal, The deadline for the submission of the manuscripts is the end of May each year. 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Although there is no exact limit on the length of the articles Illustrations: The journal is printed in color, Black and white photographs should be of good qual- ity and should be limited to a reasonable number, For a text of 20 pages, « total of 7-10 pages of illustrations will be the maximum, References: References should be given at the end of the article on a separate sheet as a footnote pa page(s), with the name of the authors), the date of the periodical or book, the number of the vol- ume and the page number as below:1. RJ. BRAIDWOOD, 1967, 103 2.0. R. GURNEY, 1993, 15 Citations pliced in the text will only include the author's name, the date of publication and the page numbers) (E. AKURGAL, 1997, 14) Boliography: ‘the bibliographical references must be armanged alphabetically and should be in the following order; BOEHMER, R.M., H, HAUPTMANN (Eds.), 1989 Beitrige zur Altertumskunde Kleinasiens, Festschuift fir Kurt Bitel, ‘Text und Tafeln, Mainz. am Rhein, Philipp von Zabern FISHER, G., 1988 "Sociopolitical organisation in early Anglo-Saxon England!, England in the Old Days, M, LITTLECHICK (Fd), Oxford, British Archaeological Publications, 128-144 FOSTER, S., 1989 spatial pattems in buildings’, Antiquity 63, 40-50. ions please write to: Yakup SERTEL. TUBA Atatark Bul Kavakhde 06100 Ankara, TURKE Phone: +90 312 467 45 11 / extention 123 Fax: +90 312 467 45.19 a-ar@tuba.govitrTUBA ARKEOLOJi DERGISI (TUBA-AR) MAKALE BASVURU FORMU Bu form kisa bir hatilatma niteligindedir. Yazalar igin gerekli bil paragrafincla agklanmaktadir. Son yaza gnderme tarihi 30 gi ‘Yazarlar igin yaysn ilkeler? W ~ YAZAR ADI - Unv Mt - BAGLI BULUNDUGU KURUM ~ SAVFA VE RESIM ADEDI - HANG] DILDE YAZILACAGL ~ TELEFON, F il DERG! YAZISMA. ADRES Uzman Arkeolog Sema BAYKAN Prehistorya Anabilim Dali Edebiyat Fakilt 34459 Istanbul, TORKIYE. Nou: 0216 - 362 17 43 semabaykan@hotmail.comTUBA JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY (TUBA-AR) APPLICATION FORM FOR PAPERS “This form should be regarded as a template, supplied only for reminding the information given on the'Instructions to authors’ paragraph, Deadline for the submission of manuscripts is May 30. - NAME OF THE AUTHOR ~ TITLE OF THE AUTHOR - NAME OF THE \STITUTION TITLE OF THE PAPER - NUMBER OF THE PAGES - NUMBER OF THE ILLUSTRATIONS - LANGUAGE OF THE PAPER ~ ADDRESS OF THE AUTHOR - PHONE and FAX NO: - SIGNATURE OF THE AUTHOR: CORRESPONDENCE ADDRESS FOR THE JOURNAL: Laman Arkeolog Sema BAYKAN Prehistorya Anabilim Dal Edebiyat Fakiltesi, Beyazit 34459 istanbul, TORKIYE Phone and Fax No: +90 216 362 17 43 nail: semabaykan@hounail.comIigiNDEKILER / CONTENTS Early Chalcolithic in North-Central Anatolia: ‘The Evidence from Bogazk5y-Buiyikkaya Kuzey-Orta Anadolu'da ilk Kalkolitik Cad: Boazkéy-Bliylkkaya Verileri Ulf-Dietrich SCHOOP Early Complexity in Highland Iran: Recent Research into the Chalcolithic of Iran Iran Yaylasinin ik Bilesik Toplumlart: Iran‘da Kalkolitik Devir’e Ait Yeni Arkeolojik Aragtirmalar Barbara HELWING Probleme der Ostanatolischen / Stidkaukasischen Bronzezeit: ca. 2500 - 1600 v.u.Z Dou Anadolu / Giiney Kafkasya Tung Gai Sorunlart Ca, M.0. 2500 - 1600 van-Krzystof BERTRAM The Late Prehistory of the Nile Valley: The Redemption of Africa Nil Vadisinin Son Tarinoncesi Devirleri: Afrika‘nin Kurtulugu Isabella CANEVA Kurgun Sir Keramiklerin Uretim Merkezleri Production Centers of Lead Glazed Pottery Yildiz AKYAY-MERIGBOYU. Neolitik Toplumlarda Bag veya Tum Bedeni Alcilama Gelenedi: Anadolu ve Yakindogu’dan Bazi Ornekler Practice of Remodelling Skulls or Bodies by Plastering in Neolithic Societies: Some Examples from Anatolia and the Near East Metin OZBEK Turkiye’de 2003-2004 Yilinda Yapilan Kazi ve Arastirmalar Archaeological Excavations and Surface Surveys in Turkey, 2003-2004 15 39 él 85 99 wer 137THbA-AR Vit 2005 EARLY CHALCOLITHIC IN NORTH-CENTRAL ANATOLIA: THE EVIDENCE FROM BOGAZKOY-BUYUKKAYA KUZEY-ORTA ANADOLU'DA iLK KALKOLITIK GAG: BOGAZK6Y- BUYUKKAYA VERILERI Ulf-Dietrich SCHOOP* Keywords: Bogjazkoy-Buyikkaya, Central Anatolia, Early Chalcolithic, pottery sequence, Buyukkaya Gray Were, imports, forest farmers. ‘Anantar Kelimeler: 8opazkoy-BOyAkkaya, Orta Anadolu ik Kalklitik Gad, canak comiek sisiles, BuyOKKaya Gri Malian, ithal nesneler, ormanlik béige citgileri ‘Buyakkay: ‘de, Biiyiikkaya kaya kiitlesi ti a Gri Mallar’ olarak adlanctinlan bir grup tuihOncesine ait canak gOmlegin varlga sap- tanmigur, Orta Anadolu'nun kuzey kesimlerinde prehistoriks malzemenin inde Hitit dolgusu iginde olarak, us iblenmesinde hala ciddi sorunlar olduu icin, bu bulunty toplulugunu kronolojik silsile icine oturtmakta zorluk cekilmistir. tk Onceleri bu maleme grubu ik Tung Gagi'na tauihlenmis, ancak sonradan bunun yanhy oldlugu anlasdnuste, 1990 larda Biytikkaya Ust Plato’da yapilan ancak biraz daha eski bir déneme ait kiigik bir yerlesimin kaliablan ortaya drmisur, Bu yazada, bu iki bulumu grabunun, yaptlan kargilaguamalasla MO. 6. bin baglarina, yani yakindan ‘lil caztlarcla, daha énee bilinen malzemeyle si bugine dek bu bélgede bulunmus en eski kiiltére aitir, Biyiikkaya tizerindeki kiigiik kOy, MO. 6. binde sik onmanlarla kaph Kralumak kavisi igindeki yerlesimler igin tipik: bir Ganck olmalid Introduction. In the mountainous north of Central Anatolia, Pre-Bronze-Age chronology is today still fraught with countless problems. Despite carly disco- veries in the core of this region at Alisar Héyitk: (ihe first Anatolian site west of the Taurus where pre-Bronze Age remains were exposed), the area asa whole has subsequently been largely neglected by prehistoric research, Indeed, most of our knowledge is based on material recovered before or shortly after the Second World War. One obvious reason for this neglect is the more intense interest in the suc- cessive Middle and Late Bronze Ages - ie. in the Hitite culture, Nearly all the presently known prehistoric remains represent either ancillary remains from the excavation of Hittite settle- ments or findings revealed in the search for the latter. The dating of such assemblages - repre- senting chance encounters - has needless to remained quite shaky. Even their pre-Bronze- Age origin has frequently been questioned. With disregard for the obvious material distinction, beuaschies acinoingsches Insita= abel Istanbul —ayazpesa Cami Sk. 48, $497 IunbubGamesuye16 most finds have been lumped together into the Early Bronze Age I" of the area (ic. the first half of the third millennium BO. Not until the 1990s was discussion on the chronological sequence of these finds newly in ed (chH, Parzinger 1993; L.This ~adman 1995; M.Ozdogan 1996). The var ous chronologies proposed so far extend beyond the range of this article, but will be di cussed elsewhere. Our purpose here is to pre- sent new material from Bilyitkkaya, a site whose prehistoric origins have been known for several decades, but very little discussed, and consider its significance in the prehistory of northem. Central Anatolia, sorely neglected and only recently coming into its own. This consideration of the finds from Baydikkaya aims both to estaly- lish their position in the chronology of early Anatolia and to call attention to special cha teristics typical of the carly cultural sequence in north-central Anatolis The site of Bitytikkaya Bayiikkaya (literally, ‘great rock") is a steep massive towering above the Jower remains of the Hittite capital Hattusa (Figs. 9-10). Situated as it is within the later Hittite city at the south- east of the BudakOzit valley, it is adjacent to the modern town of Bojazkale (Province of ‘orum). Immediately to the south of Buyukkaya two mountain passes that open into the plains of Yozgat and Biiyiiknefes; only some 20 km to the north, the stream of the Budakéztt leads into another valley complex. Thus we have another strategic passage providing a main communication route beween the plateau of Central Anatolia and the Black Sea ¢ the region of the present-day city of Samsun, Settlement on Biiyiikkaya did not reach its final configuration until the Hittite architects of the Late Bronze Age had created three successive plateaus; each designed to carry large structures, diverse in purpose, During excavation of the © fill required by this project, early pre- LIEDiewrich SCHOOP historic pottery was encountered: intrusiv ceramic remains on the Middle Plateau were di covered as early as the 1950s, when one group was designated “Biiytikkaya Gray Ware (Biiytkkaya Grauware). Only much later were stratified settlement remnants from the pre toric period exposed on the Upper Plateau, his- The settlement on the Upper Plateau ‘The upper plateau of Biiytikkaya is limited at the south by a smooth, almost vertical rock face rising some nvo meters in height. Beyond it the bedrock extends further descending in several steep steps to the Biytikkaya Deresi, a wibutary of the Budakézti that curves around the massive pinnacle of rock more than one hundred meters below. At the southeast of this uppemost platform, surface water from the plateau had collected and washed out a broad depression, It was here that the first settlers decided to build their homes most probably hecause the acclivity provided protection from the rain-bearing southern winds (Fig. 11). outward before In order to minimize the drainage problem, the natural depression was leveled with ca, one meter of fill; consisting of disintegrated. pisé, burnt t0 a bright orange hue. As some small lumps stil bore impres ments, itis clear that there must have been still ‘okler architectural remains in the immediate area from which the fill was taken, The origin of the fill, however, remains unknown, Above the surface of the fill ~ covered with a thin lay ashen earth — appeared the floors and three surviving hearths suggesting a roughly rectangular arrangement of the original houses, No remnants of either stone foun or postholes were encountered, so that the houses of this settlement most likely stood on plink-covered timber frames as did their better terparts at Ikiztepe on the Black Sea littoral GH.Alkim 1983) and thpinar in the Miurmara Region (J,.Roodenberg et al. 1989- 1990, 70), Underneath one strip of flooring was ons of wooden ele- preserved couFARLY CHALCOLITHIC IN NORTH-CENTRAL ANATOLIA found the hocker burial of rest without any grave goods. small child, laid to ‘The small settlement was surrounded by a ring of storage pits, most of which were filled with refuse when the site was abandoned. One of these contained a fragmentary bow! quite large n diameter (Fig. 2.20), At the eastern slope the segment of a deep ditch was encountered, pos- sibly a drainage installation to protect the hous- cs and storage facilities from runoff. Remnants of all these structures were found covered by a layer of disintegrated pisé, unbumnt, and most likely detritus from the walls and roofs of the original architecture. No traces of any rebuilding or superimposed structures were in evidence; the settlement appears to have been quite short lived. Very few small finds were recovered. Conspicuously absent are heavy-duty tools of ground stone such as hammers and axes, typi- cal of most early settlements in the central Anatolian mountains, Local silex represented the exclusive mw material for the chipped stone industry; there is no obsidian, and within the tool repertory we note the absence of long blides and arrowheads. Worthy of note, how: ever, are several fragments of polished marble bracelets (Fig. 15); all of which, however, have been re-depasited together with a considerable array of chalcolithic potsherds when new res dences were erected and a mulitude of pits were dug toward the end of the Ealy Bronze Age (around 2000 BC), These pits, together with the new houses, inflicted considerable damage upon the earlier remains (cf. Fig. 11). The pottery associated with the original settle ment here (Figs. 1-5.59; Figs, 12-14) is exclu- sively hand-made, There is. liule distinction between fine and coarse ware. Striking are both the considerably thin vessel walls and the high quality of firing (despite the nearly ubiquitous presence of clark cores). The wares display uneven surface coloring in tones of brown and gray; no red or black sherds were encountered, surfaces were carefully burnished, although most exhibit traces lefi by the bumish- ng tool (Fig. 12). Organic tempering is not altested. Besides finely crushed limestone, most pieces coniain a considerable amount of a flaky mica schist that occurs locally in large lumps, ‘This laiter temper (not to be confused with the use of naturally micaceous clay - none of which attested here) contibutes an almost metallic sheen, producing striking reflections on the bur- nished surfaces; its admixture to the paste seems to represent a conscious choice. In a smaller ware group, the mineral asbestos was employed with a similar effect. The fine tansparent nee- les of this crushed mineral are even more cons- picuous against the dark surfaces. The more ‘compact particles of the remaining mineral tem= per were forced into the clay matrix during the bumishing process and are thus not visible on the finished surface One distinctive component of the shape reper toire comprises large bowls (around 30 cm in diameter) with rather massive splaying walls tapering outwards a somewhat pointed rim (Fi 11-4). One example displays a long knob pro- jecting on the exterior midway between the base and rim (Fig. 1.4). A second group of sim- ple bowls with more rounded walls tend to be pronouncedly smaller in dimension (Fig. 1.5-7). Much better represented, however, are strongly: carinated vessels of various form. Quite dist tive are the deep bowls Gvhich sometimes di play diameters up to 60 cm) with relatively thin walls, leaning pronouncedly inward above the ation (Fig, 1.15, 2.16-19), There is also a large group of generally much od bowls (with a typical diameter of ca. 9 cm), In contrast to the larger bowls mentioned above, their upper walls are nearly vertical or slightly ‘outtuming above the carination (Figs, 2.20, 3.21- 23). Characteristic of the latter bow! form are small knobs attached at the carination, either ingly or in pairs, ‘The rims of smaller bowls sometimes carry small lunate attachments (Fi L8-11; cf . 12). Apart from these - which offer 1 function, there is no c- smaller cari18 indication of lugs or handles within the assem- blage. Although a small number of carinated hole-mouth pots are attested (Fig, 112-14), there is very little evidence in the Biiyiikkaya inventory of other closed shapes. ‘The sherds indicate no evidence of tall shapes, and nothing whatsoever has been found on a large enough scale (0 represent vessels suitable for mass sto- rage. A very few fragments demonstrate the existence Is with more articulate profiles. The majority of these belong 10 vessels boasting a show neck - straight, constricted or slightly co- nical (Fig. 3.2830). A few sherds with profiles much 100 steep 10 allow a reconstruction of a neck probably belonged to beaker like shapes imilar {0 those better documented in the re: deposited material discussed below (Fig. 3.31- 32). The only form of a base documented is very broad and fat, with an average diameter of ca.12-13 cm (Fig. 4.39-44). Such bases som times display a concavity below and/or a con- striction of the profile immediately above. of vess The pottery of this assemblage is essentially monochrome and without ornament, On the other hand, the few instances of décor that do occur exhibit an astounding variation both in motif and technique. A number of fragments display stab-and-drag technique (Furchenstich), obviously executed to receive a paste of con- uasiing fill (Fig, 3.3438; Fig. 13); remains of such filling, when recognized, appear consis- tently pale reddish in hue. Although the sherd matetial is too fragmentary to enable recons- truction of the over-all motives, some general ‘observations may be made. The decorated fick on the vess re generally delineated by nd_possibly Iso below the rim, Most of the fiagments exhi- bit parallel bundles of straight lines. running ither vertically or diagonally across the vessel body, below as well as above the carination although some curvilinear motives are repre- sented as well. There is also limited evidence of simple incision, fingemail impressions (Fig, el bodie horizontal lines above the base UIE Diewrich SCHOOP ), and plastic omament (Fig. 3.27). A few pieces even boast traces of red paint over an unslipped ground, unfortunately poorly pre- served and sometimes difficult to discern or rec- ognize at all, One carinated bow! presents what switling pattem centered jon to this lirgely homogenous reper toire that can be termed BuyUkkays standard ware (comprising ca. 96% of the entire assem- blige), there are two other wares quite distinct in character. ‘The more conspicuous is a hard- fired ware of micaceous biscuit represented by an assortment of fragments coated on the exte- rior with an off-white slip (rather yellowish in hue), unburnished and disrupted by fine fissures as well as the negatives of small bumt-out plant ig, 445-53; Fig, 14). The biscuit itself contained a high quantity of very fine organic material, only the negatives of which are pre served, Most sherds display a gray core between bright orange margins; others are completely oxidized. Interior surfaces are neatly always densely covered with traces of a relatively fine scraping tool. Vessel shapes are quite distinct from those of the standard ware, characteristi- cally small in size and basically representing only two shapes morphologically related to one another: shallow bowls and squat jars with a pronounced S-curvature, displaying a short shoulder and a long, flaring lanceolate rim, Most ~ if not all — vessels of this ware seem to have been painted with pattems in dark brown, now often faded, nes beyond. recognition. ain, the to provide any accurate impression of over-all motives. In most cases we see pairs of broad tapering stripes running vertically or diagonally over the vessel body. Sometimes these enclose four to five thinner lines. These stripes some- times adjoin others at acute angles or approach the base of the vessel, where they end. Sometimes they stat from the rim downwards. One general feature seems to be a broad hori- zontal stripe at the junction between shoulder ind tim, This may be more clearly illustrated by remainsRLY CHALCOLITHIC IN NORTH-CENTRAL ANATOLIA a beterpreserved surface find (hat also pre- serves decoration on the interior of the rim) from Mehmetbeyli (Fig. 454, a site in the immediate vicinity of Bofazkéy. Such decora- tion is generally restricted to this specific ware, which, distinguished by its fabric, biscuit and shape repertoire, very probably represents imponed material The second minimally represented ware (Fig 5.55-59) scems to represent a compromise between the standard wares and the beige- slipped organic-tempered ware described just above, Sherds of this ware, also slipped in a pale tone, are burnished, however, and the fine tem- per in the sherds consists mainly of stone grit and mica schist, only occasionally accompanied by small amounts of fine organics, Vessel shapes represent both those of the standard wares and the more complex profiles of the possibly imported group above. Although some décor in dark brown paint docs occur, we see also the plastic decoration typical of the standard ware Should our interpretation of the aforementioned ware as an import be correct, perhaps this se- cond group represents « local imitation of the same. Re-deposited pottery from the Middle and Lower Plateaus The so-called “Gray Ware” here was discovered in the first excavations undertaken on kkaya (1952-1954). The director of the pro- ject, Kurt Bitte, at first thought that the cam- paigns had encountered true settlement remains ina deep sounding on the Middle Plateau (1953, 54)3. With the first detailed discussion of the 1 Jevant material by Rolf Hachmann (1957), thi interpretation was comected, for it had soon become clear that the pottery was scattered within a Hitite fill containing a far greater pro- portion of LBA pottery, These eatly prehistoric finds were then addressed! some 35 years later by Hermann Parzinger (1993). During the recent Biyiikkaya excavations (1994-1998 under the direction of JUrgen Seeher), these early finds 9 have been augmented by a large quantity of prehistoric material mixed into the Hittite fill on both the Middle and the Lower Plateaus, ‘the relationship between the prehistoric remains and the predominantly Hittite fill demonstrates one factor particularly of note, recognized by Hachmann (1957, 61) already: most of the fill must have originally accumula ed elsewhere - and at a location where the pre- historic finds had already been introduced into Hittite deposit. Perhaps this fill represents the debris of an abandoned Hittite quarter that had incorporated still older settlement remains in the fabrication of building materials. Such ase condary re- AEC M) and Gan Hasan 205 Heach 1962, fg 9.4, Freel 1968 23.0.1 Fin Versuch der Imerpatation der Wolrciteltur von kite. pe Betrige zur Aletumskunde Klsnasions Fesschal fir Kier Rt) RM. BOFHMER HL HAUPTMANN, iam Rein Milipp ven Zaher, 1325. ASIAN, B, 5. BLUM, G. KASTL, F.SCHTWEIZER, 'D, THUN Cs), 2002 Mavescha: Fess fir Manes) Korman. Remstbdn Grantach, A Greiner. ‘BITTE, x, 1953, “iyukkaya.” Mteungen der Deuschen Orient Geseletah 86, 4858 BORDA, J, 1973 “earcat Resear in the Necithic of Seuth Cetra Turkey Subenlc, tehabs, and "Their Chronological Implications Arner Joumal of Avchcolgy 77, 22-283 DORFLER, W., R'NEEF, R PASTANAK, 2000, “Vatersichungen zur Unwelgeschici und Agarekonenie fm Bnaypbereh hethitscher Suite.” Miteitungen der Deantchen Onern-Geselshit 182, 397-89) DURU, R, 199K Kueuway Hpk 19721988 Katee Sonar: Nook ve ikon Kullolik Gag Yereynele. Results ef the HNcatsos 1978196 The NeoUthe ast karly Celolihie Meri Anca, Tsk Tac Kuru, 1965 “Badman Hogue (Kvikaa) Kualare 1998 Yi Gus ape,” ellen 6, 78380, rT, 1950 “An Inlnd Anaotan Site wit PreNines Hements: Onna ‘dnge Esker (A rxsaninaton of Blkarnallian co ‘nests the ih millenia BSC \° Gemmant 6, 67-13, 2000 “Recent investigation i Inland Nortiwesten Anata hs CContshuon to Ea HalkinAnatolun connestions, Kaninovo ML Beiteige 24m Neoleikum in Sidesteurops, (Ee) S MILLER. V- NIKOLOV. Vienna, Phobos Verlag. 71-8. 2OOL “The Seenent, te Archietiee and Paty”) The Sohage FEssatations at Orman Fide A Cholli Sein tnkind ernest Ano, (Eh). EFE, Iara, TASK Vai, 12 A Neat 1970, 508, 26 (eae VD A fig 3, 8,7 Ota Vb bid i 64.27 Cer Vl fig 79 Maar WE, iC 710 (Pace ig, 109 22,15, 18a Dar 194, ph $85, $1.6 chumacay’ 12, ed pL 70.3 ary 1D ep OI, HSB (Raruxay 199% Ad pl 10.12 Nuaay’ Ws pl 17 ‘Kurucay 7) 9 Duew 19%, pe, A116, 83 (Kurc 11), si. pl. 126.2 (Kura 109), Secher SD, i. $44.6, 1,17 (tai Mella 197 is, 110.1, 12228 dace 10x Haring 1978, 216-218 Fore dal one praele etncen the rodepited Bayikaya hat of the shige region. the exer ctronolygkal pre he develops his paper (1995, 229 fi. 9), However, set faly coasincng. 1 Efe 200,56, See al the pointed sherds for Kes Kaya wih motives typi ef Gat Hay West BC 1 (Ee 200, 181 wih i 1720, 12 fe 2001, figs 8.9, $9, 10.70.12 191 and 214 he 1990 fg 127%. 13 Consideration of poste «conor reasens forthe elatvelyLte pevction of sxatlencat Ine the sth of Cetra Anti ae [gen in Schoup 1986, This question, however, cenany Users fame cstion Fi Preliminary Report, 1951, Aral Sis 12. 27-0 lions at Can Hasan, 1966 Sth Primary, Repu” Anatol Sadie 17, S178, 1966 “Fscwatons at Gan Hsu, 197: Seventh Prtiniry Report” Aol Sues 18, 1551 GARSTANG, J, 1953, Prehitoric Mersin: Vaenk Tepe in South Turkes, Oxford, ‘Clarendon Pres. HACEMANN, 8.1957. WVoeethiticlhs Fune von Hiyihaya’, Holey Ml Rance sun den Crabungen 1052-1955, (Fas) K. BITTE, R NAL IANS, T. DERAN, Ro HACHMANN, G. KURTH, Ucn, Gebrer Mann, S86, LMAUPINANN, H, 1969 -Die Grabungen in de pserschen Sedans Vari Bejtarkiy 1 Pde as den Graben 1967 und 1968, 86) KITTEL 1, G. GOTERSOCK, H, HAUPTMANN, IE KUHNE P_NEVE, W. SCHIRMIR. Hein, Getter Mine, 64 1975 “Die Fehspate D", Dax hahtiche Felsheigtim Yacdlays, (EL) K BITTEL, Desi, Glen Sn, 62-75, KOSAY, HL Z, M. AKOK, 1948, “buayok Gelliek Arasrmalin Caerine Ik Raper / Peininary Repo on Test Excavations at Haye Gillie,” Hare 12, 7185, IAST,J, 1996, ‘Suvface Powery at Cotalyi™, On the Sufi Cue 1993:195, (il) 1 WODDER, Lowden, With teste of Archacolgy at Aakia, 115171 MELLAAKT, J, 1965 “Gata yk Wes,” Anion Suds 15, 13-156, 19) Excavations ax Huei, Eeinburgh, Uaversty Press ORTHMANN, W, 1963, Die Keramik der fren Bronaceet aus laarstelicn, Bein, Gebeider Marr OADOGAN, Mt, 1996 “Prethonze Age Seemce of Cental Anatol: An Aemaive Appwaich, Vn Hal zum Euplat Thowas Bera Ehren,