Volume 9, Issue 6, June – 2024
ISSN No:-2456-2165
Evaluating the Performance of Vapor Compression
Cycle by Adding Nanoparticle
Utkarsh patil1∗; Rhutuja Tomake2; Shreeram Mali3; Karan Jankar4; Aniket Mengane5; Shubham Mirjkar6
Mechanical Engineering DY Patil Collage of Engineering and Technology Kasaba Bavda Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India
Abstract:- The discusses the improvements in
refrigeration systems using nano-refrigerants or
nanofluids. It explores the compatibility, stability, and
feasibility of using nanofluids in refrigeration systems,
and how the performance of Al2O3 nanoparticle-based
nanofluids can enhance the efficiency of vapor
compression refrigeration systems. Additionally, it
discusses a study on the impact of polyester oil-based
multiwalled carbon nanotube nano lubricants on both the
evaporator's heat dissipation and the compressor's power
consumption in a refrigerator. One ofthe potential heat
transfer fluids in refrigeration systems is nano
refrigerant, which can significantly improve the
performance of vapor compression refrigerator systems.
The study found that including nanoparticles in the
refrigerant increases viscosity, thermal conductivity, and
density, leading to enhanced heat transfer coefficients of
performance and a reduction in power consumption.
I. INTRODUCTION
For the past twenty years, introducing nanomaterials
into various base fluid types to boost heat transfer rate has
greatly contributed to improving thermal system efficiency. In
1996–97, Choi S. found a way to improve the thermal
conductivity of nanofluid using nanoparticles (Said et al.,
2023) They have shown how to use metal oxide nanoparticles
to measure the thermal conductivity of fluids. [2]. Since then,
a large body of research has backed the usage of nanoparticle-
based nanofluid to increase the thermal application's
efficiency. Choi S.'s researchmade it possible to incorporate
nanofluids in a variety of thermal applications. Additionally,
the literature that is currently accessible for Al2O3-based
nanofluid in refrigeration systems has been evaluated to
observe the performance parameters, primarily concentrating
on power consumption and coefficient of performance
(C.O.P.). Biet al. [3] employed Al2O3 and TiO2
nanoparticles with HFC134a refrigerant in a home
refrigerator and observed enhanced other performance
measures along with a 26.1% reduction in energy
consumption. Jwo et al. [4] additionally mentioned that by
utilizing Al2O3 – POE-based nano lubricant with R134a in
therefrigerant system, there was a 2.4% decrease in energy
consumption and a 4.4% increase in C.O.P. Sendilet al. [5]
carried out the experimental study with a nanofluid based on
Al2O3 and POE and varied R134a refrigerant charging.
According to the trial results, the C.O.P. significantly
improved and energy consumption was reduced by 10.32%.
additionally mentioned that by utilizing Al2O3—a POE-
based nano lubricant—in conjunction with R134a in the
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refrigerant system, they were able to reduce energy
consumption and increase C.O.P. by 2.4% and 4.4%,
respectively. Soliman et al. [6] improved the efficiency of the
vapor compression cycle by combining R134a refrigerant
with an Al2O3-based POE nanofluid. Based on the findings
of the experiment, the heat transfer coefficient was increased
by 50%, cycle performance was improved by 10.5%, and
energy consumption was decreased by 13.5%. R134a
refrigerant is used to increase the concentration of Al2O3-
based POE nanofluid. Yusof et al. [7] found that the
refrigeration system's C.O.P. significantly improved and
there was a 2.1% decrease in energy consumption.
The technique of superheating and subcooling in
conjunction with Al2O3 nanofluid has demonstrated superior
performance for the refrigeration system to increase its
efficiency. [8]. Significant heat transfer improvements were
demonstrated in vapor compression refrigeration and an
absorption refrigeration system using water and an Al2O3
nanofluid based on ammonia. [9]. Other studies comparing
Al2O3-based nanofluid to other nanoparticles in the
refrigeration system are available in the literature. [13–18]
where better nanoparticles have been used, like copper oxide,
carbon nanotubes, and titanium dioxide. The researchers
found that the performance parameters of the refrigeration
system were improved when utilizing these nanoparticles in
comparison to Al2O3 nanoparticles. However, the
improvement was still greater when compared to the
conventional refrigerant system that used Al2O3-based
nanofluid. The current study examines the performance and
experimental aspects of the R134a and R600a-powered vapor
compression refrigeration test rig. Due to the paucity of
information on Al2O3 experiments using R600a. [14]. The
current work compares an Al2O3-based nanofluid under
identical physical conditions to R134a and R600a. Choi
created the first "Nanofluids," which are 100 nm
nanoparticles mixed with basic fluids including oil, ethylene
glycol, and water. Renewable energy is one of the fascinating
applications of nanofluids. [11]. Renewable energy is one of
the fascinating applications of nanofluids. The remarkable
qualities of nanofluids include their thermal characteristics,
steadiness, etc. Numerous studies have found that base fluids
are not as capableof convective heat transfer as nanofluids.
[12] Appropriate heat management systems are crucial to the
operation of car radiators. An image of nanofluids as a smart
coolant for car radiators was created in a study by Choi [13].
In applications related to the renewable energy sector, these
nanofluids have shown promising results, such as
improvements in convective heat transfer characteristics and
effective thermal conductivity. Therefore, the remarkable
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ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24JUN024

qualities of nanofluid as presented allow researchers to compares the vapor compression cycle 1-2-3-4 to the
explore the innovative idea of nano- refrigerants. Coolants reversed Carnot cycle 1-2-3-4 or 1-2- 3-4, both operating
and lubricants are the two primary areas of applications for between the identical temperature limitations of Tk and To.
nanofluids. While nanoparticles in refrigerant-based systems During the vapor compression cycle.
are added directly to the refrigerant, in lubricant-based
systems, the nanoparticles are mixed with the lubricant before refrigeration effect qₒ = aera 1-4-d-eHeat rejected qₖ =area 2-
being added to the refrigerant. [14]. While lubricants like 2՛-3-c-e
polyol ester oil (POE) are lubricants, nano refrigerants are Word done w = qₖ -qₒ = area 1-2-2՛-3-c-d-4-1
refrigerants that contain well-dispersed nanoparticles. tiny
particles. Even though nano lubricants and nano refrigerants
are not the same thing, researchers have extensively studied
the thermal properties of refrigeration systems employing
nanofluids without making this distinction. As a result, the
impact of nanoparticles on refrigeration system performance
has not been thoroughly assessed. However, after reviewing
the literature, we discovered four noteworthy findings from
earlier research. [15–26]

As a result, numerous researchers have looked into

refrigeration systems that can lower GWPand ODP, mostly
by employing two strategies. The initial strategy entails
swapping out low-GWP refrigerants combined with
conventional refrigerants [27–30] Based on the concept of
nanofluids [43–45]. Nanorefrigerants are refrigerants that Fig 1: Vapour Comperssion Cycle on T-s Diagram
contain evenly distributed nanoparticles, whereas
nanolubricants are lubricants that incorporate nanoparticles, It may be seen that the vapour compression cycle
such as polyester oil (POE). Although nanorefrigerants are
presents three deviation from the reversedCarnot cycle
distinct from nanolubricants, researchers have extensively
studied the thermal properties of refrigeration systems ,as indicated below
utilizing nanofluids without categorizing them as
nanorefrigerants or nanolubricants. As a result, they have not
conducted a comprehensive evaluation of nanoparticles'
effects on refrigeration system performance. However, based
on a literature assessment, we discovered four notable
findings from earlier investigations [31–42]. An R113-based
carbon nanotube (CNT) nanofluid was shown to have
improved thermal conductivity in an experimental study.
Mahbubul, et al. [32]

Solubility studies with R134a and a POE lubricant

containing scattered TiO2 nanoparticles revealed that the
nanoparticles had no effect on solubility. Furthermore,
Cremaschi et al. [42] discovered that Al2O3 nanoparticles
suspended in R22 can enhance the boiling heat transfer
coefficient. Park and Jung [34] shown experimentally that a
nano lubricant can boost the pool boiling heat transfer Fig 2: Vapour Compersion Cycle on p-v Diagram
coefficient of the refrigerant. Furthermore, using
experimental data, they developed a model that can estimate (i) Area 4-4'-c-d represents the loss of refrigerating effect due
the boiling heat transfer coefficient in an evaporator to throttling. (ii) Area 4-4^-c-d represents a loss of
containing the nano lubricant. The third reported by earlier positive work, Aw, caused by the failure to recoup
researches [38, 39, 41]2. expansion work. It canbe seen that regions 4-4'-c-d and 3-
f-4 are identical. (iii) Dry compression causes an increase
II. VAPOR COMPRESSION SYSTEM in negative work (Awk) in the superheat horn area (2-2^-
2^). As a result, the theoretical COP of the vapor
compression cycle is lower than that of the reverse Carnot
The cycle with the two modifications described above is cycle. Nonetheless, it is closer to the Carnot cycle than
known as the vapor compression cycle, and it is the most other cycles, and its COP approaches the Carnot value.
commonly utilized in commercial refrigeration systems due [46]
to its high performance or efficiency index. Figures 3.4 and
3.5 illustrate a complete vapor compression cycle on the T-S
diagram and the p-v diagram, respectively. Figure 3.4 also

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Volume 9, Issue 6, June – 2024
ISSN No:-2456-2165
Fig 3: Vapor Compression System
III. NANOFLUID
A. Synthesis of Nano-Refrigerants
The synthesis of nano-refrigerants, as well as the
preparation of well-dispersed nanofluids and nano-
refrigerants, has long been a major problem for researchers.
In the one-step procedure, nanoparticles are first generated
and then distributed in the base fluid using any conceivable
approach. This approach demonstrates how rapidly
nanoparticles settle in the base fluid; it is critical to ensure
that nanoparticles do not cluster together before dispersing in
the base fluid. The two-step strategy is recommended in this
case because it is simpler and more cost-effective, as
Fig 4: A Two-Step Liquid-State Nano-Refrigerant Preparation Method
B. Development of Nano-Refrigerants and Nano-Lubricants
While nanoparticles are combined with oil in nano-
lubricant to reduce compressor power, they are equally
dispersed throughout base refrigerant in nano-refrigerant, a
subtype of refrigerant. Because of their improved
thermophysical and tribological qualities, respectively, nano-
refrigerants and nano-lubricants have demonstrated
remarkable thermodynamic efficiency and mechanical
performance in vapor compression refrigeration systems. The
compressor contains most of the lubricant in a vapor
compression refrigeration (VCR) system, with the remaining
part mixed in a predetermined ratio with the refrigerant.
According to the manufacturer of HVAC equipment, the
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illustrated in Fig. 2. Nanoparticles include metals such as
copper, nickel, and aluminum, as well as oxides such as
Al2O3, TiO2, CuO, and SiO2. Variations in kind,
concentration, size, form, and preparation process must be
evaluated. for refrigeration system efficiency. Section 6
describes the behavior of migration and aggregation later on.
Peng and associates. [46] An orbital incubator shaker can be
used to spread nanoparticles intothe refrigerant and prevent
them from evaporating. CuO-R113-based nano-refrigerant
was ultrasonically combined with TiO2 nanoparticles for 6
hours to avoid sedimentation. The suspension remained
stable for up to 12 hours after preparation.
compressor can consume as much as half of the lubricant in
the system,the evaporator and dryer can use as much as 20%
of it each, and the condenser and hoses can use as much as
10% of it. [35] Nano refrigerants improve the VCR system's
ability to absorb heat or cold, while nano lubricants increase
compressor efficiency. [36,37] Two main researchapproaches
can be distinguished in nano-refrigerant research. While one
group of researchers looks into the direct incorporation of
nanoparticles into the base refrigerant, another group
evaluates the efficacy of suspending nanoparticles in
lubricant. When particles are distributed throughout the
refrigerant-lubricant blend, nano-refrigerants and nano-
lubricants are produced.For instance, when nanoparticles and
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refrigerants combine, nano-refrigerants show better heat
transmission qualities than tribological traits. However,
because the nanoparticles in the compressor lubricant are
more concentrated than in the refrigerant, nano-lubricants
exhibit better tribological performance. The system's flow,
pool boiling heat transfer properties, and pool flowing
condensation heat transfer are all improved by the
refrigerant's improved thermalcharacteristics. Because nano-
refrigerants have exceptional heat conductivity, It is possible
to attain heat transfer coefficients with substantially lower
pumping power. [38] The enhanced tribology characteristics
of nano lubricant extend the life of mechanical components
while simultaneously raising the wear rate and coefficient of
friction of the compressor. The greater viscosity caused by
the higher concentration of nanoparticles, however, is the
primary obstacle to the performance. Therefore, the
performance of a refrigeration system depends on the
appropriate concentration of nanoparticles. The following
features of adding nanoparticles to refrigerant are present [27]
• Adding nanoparticles as additives can improve the thermal
and thermophysical characteristics of refrigerants; dispersing
nanoparticles into the lubricant can lower the wear rate and
friction coefficient; and enhancing the compatibility between
refrigerants and lubricants. Wang et al. [39]
Carried out the first experiment utilizing nano-
refrigerants with lubricant, and it showed that the
refrigeration system's COP performance was improved.
utilizing the nano refrigerant TiO2-R134a-MO.
Consequently, Jiang et al. anticipated an improved theory of
nano- refrigerant thermal conductivity. [40] founded on the
notion of particle aggregation. Many studies have been
conducted by researchers to enhance lubrication, decrease
friction, and lessen wear on mechanical components. By the
20th century, research on nano lubricants had been done for
many different purposes. The first experimental research on
nano-lubricants for cooling systems was carried out in 2007.
Kedzierski and Gong evaluated the efficiency of CuOPOE-
R134a nano-lubricant-refrigerant in heat transfer during pool
boiling [41] and observed gains of as much as 275%. They
also found that even a little increase in thermal conductivity
resulted in a noticeable improvement in heat transfer. Bartelt
et al. [42] then looked at the same kind of nano-lubricants,
concentrating on the R134a-POE mixture's flow boiling in a
horizontal tube.
C. Synthesis and Stability of Nanofluid
Before adding the nanoparticles to the refrigeration
system, they must be used as nanofluid. Two types of
refrigerants must be encountered by the necessary nanofluid
Table 1: Thermophysical Property of Al2O3 Nanoparticle
Sr. No. Specification
1 Molecular weight
2 Molecular Formula
3 Purity
4 Average Particle size
5 Sp. Surface area
6 Melting Point
7 Bulk Density
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in the experiment. As the basis fluid for the manufacture of
the nanofluid, compressor lubrication oil is utilized tocreate
the right mixture. In this experiment, R134a and R600a are
the refrigerants used. The lubrication oil used in the R600a is
mineral oil (MO), whereas the R134a uses polyester oil
(POE). An average particle size of 35 nm was used in the
experiment with Al2O3 nanoparticles.The 99% pure Al2O3
nanoparticles from Platonic Nanotech Private Ltd. were
classified as having the following thermophysical
characteristics in Table 1. The stability combination and
synthesis technique of oil and nanoparticles in the
refrigeration system are crucial since there shouldn't be any
nanoparticles settling there. By using the synthesis approach
the 99% purity and thermophysical characteristics of the
Al2O3 nanoparticles supplied by Platonic Nanotech Private
Ltd. Since there shouldn't be any nanoparticles settling within
the refrigeration system,the synthesis process and the stable
mixing of oil and nanoparticles in the system are crucial. By
using the synthesis approach [48], To achieve the appropriate
dispersion, the Al2O3 nanoparticles were vibrated using a
probe ultra sonicator. Although it increases the stability ofthe
nanofluid, the surfactant was not utilized in this experiment.
The mass fractions of the nanofluid produced with POE and
MO separately were 0.02 wt%, 0.04 wt%, 0.07 wt%, and 0.1
wt%. With R134a and R600a, two different compressors
were utilized in conjunction with the POE and MO-based
nanofluids. The characteristics of the MO and POE are
presented in Tables 2 and 3. Because of their superior quality,
Godrej Pvt Ltd. POE oil and mineral oil werechosen for the
nanofluid production. The sonication process was carried out
using Epishear's probe ultrasonicator, and KEPRO's
weighing equipment was utilized to determine the amount of
nanoparticles needed for each mass fraction of nanofluid. The
graphic that depicts the morphology and particle size of
Al2O3 nanoparticles is based on a SEM image provided by
Platonic Nanotech Pvt. Ltd. (Fig. 1,2). The produced Al2O3-
based nanofluid with varying massfractions, POE, and MO
are displayed in Figs. 3 and 4. After being tested for
sedimentation for 48 hours, the produced nanofluid
demonstrated good stability. To achieve the appropriate
dispersion, the Al2O3 nanoparticles were vibrated using a
probe ultrasonicator. Although it increases the stability of the
nanofluid, the surfactant was not utilized in this experiment.
The mass fractions of the nanofluid produced with POE and
MO separately were 0.02 wt%, 0.04 wt%, 0.07 wt%, and 0.1
wt%. R134a was utilized with both the POE- and MO-based
nanofluids.
Value
101.96 gm/mol
Al2O3
99.9%
30–50 nm
120–140 m2/g
2055 0C
0.2–0.4 gm/cm3
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Table 2: Property of Polyester Oil

5 Acid value 0.12 mg KOH/gm
6 Density 0.98 gm/ml
7 Colour 260
5 Acid value 0.12 mg KOH/gm
6 Density 0.98 gm/ml

Table 3: Property of Mineral Oil

Sr. No. Poe Oil Characteristic Unit
1 oil type 160PZ
2 Viscosity at 40 °c 32.5 cSt
3 Pour point -45 °c (max)
4 Flash point 178°c
5 Acid value 0.07 mg KOH/gm
6 Density 0.9 gm/ml
7 Colour None

Fig 7: Different Concentration of AL2O3 Nanofluid with

POE Oil
Fig 5: SEM Image for AL203 Nanoparticle Particle Size
IV. PERFORMANCE ENHANCEMENT OF
NANOFLUID
A. Nano-Refrigerants and Their Impacts
Researchers employ nanotechnology as one strategy to
improve system performance. The benefits of incorporating
nanoparticles into the working fluid for enhancement are the
researchers' main area of interest. Nano-refrigerants are fluids
that contain a combination of refrigerant and nanoparticles.
Because of its higher thermal conductivity, it could improve
theperformance of refrigeration and air conditioning systems.
[49] According to recent research on nano-refrigerants,
adding nanomaterial to convectional refrigerant enhances the
system's overall performance, thermophysical characteristics,
and heat transfer efficiency. Mahbubul and associates [50]
According to recent research on nano-refrigerants, adding
nanomaterial to convectional refrigerant enhances the
system's overall performance, thermophysical characteristics,
and heat transfer efficiency. Mahbubul and associates [52].
Rahman et al. [53] found that at 305K, there was a 15.6%
Fig 6: SEM Image for AL2O3 Nanoparticle Uniformity
increase in thermal conductivity and a 4.93% decline inthe
specific heat of SWCNT/R407c. On the other hand, the

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viscosity of the refrigerant boostedby nanoparticles increased
with the addiction to nanoparticles and decreased with the
operatingtemperature. [54–57]. Chauhan et al. determined the
viscosities of TiO2/R134a on the suction and discharge
side.[58] and they discovered that at 0.3% volume
concentration, the maximumviscosity value was 0.38 mPas
and 0.2 mPas. Additionally, the findings showed that adding
nanoparticles to the refrigerant increases its specific heat
capacity and latent heat with temperature, which enhances its
potential for heat transfer. [51,59]. Alawi et al. [51] showed
that the specific heat decreased with volume concentration
when nanoparticles were added to the refrigerant. The "Cp"
value of Al2O3/R141b was discovered to be 2.6% lower than
that ofthe R141b refrigerant. Additionally, they concluded
that the volume percentage of nanoparticles increased and the
temperature lowered the novel refrigerant's density.
Mahbubul and associates. [50] found that there is an 11%
increase in the density of Al2O3/R134a refrigerant. Parkash
et al.'s research [60] demonstrates how temperature and
volume fraction affect ZnO/R134a's density. Studies on nano-
refrigerants have demonstrated superior refrigeration system
performance compared to traditional refrigerants. By mixing
R140a refrigerant with Al2O3 nanoparticles, the system's
efficiency increased by 40% [61].
The Ambhore et al. studies [55] obtained the COP of the
system with Al2O3/R134a as 2.03. Similarly, Subhedar et al.
[56] found approximately 85% of enhancement in the COP
with the Al2O3/R134a refrigerant. Payyala et al. [62]
indicated that adding Al2O3 to R140a increased the pressure
ratio, COP, and energy efficiency ratio. When the CuO
nanomaterial was mixed with R134a, the friction coefficient
decreased by 9.9% and the COP increased by 14.55%. [63].
Likewise, Bartelt et al. [64]at 1% volume concentration, the
heat transfer coefficient of CuO/R134a was shown to have
enhanced by 42–82%. Katoch and associates.[65] analyzed
theCuO/R113a nano-refrigerant in the refrigeration system
and discovered that the energy consumption decreased by
19.82% at 0.5% of the nanoparticle addition. CuO/LPG-
based systems see increases in heat transfer rate and
efficiency of 36% and 46%, respectively. [66]. Adelekan et
al. [67] looked into how a nano-refrigerant based on
TiO2/LPG affected a home refrigerator. They found that
using 50g of LPG with 0.2 g/lit nano-lubricant produced the
lowest power consumption index (44W), whereas 40g of LPG
with 0.4 g/lit produced the highest COP of 2.8. Dhamneya
and associates [68] showed that the TiO2/R134a
evaporatively cooled condenser's performance was much
enhanced, with a 51% increase in COP. Rahman and
associates. [53] discovered that there was a 4.59% increase in
the COP anda 34% decrease in compressor power. According
to the assessments, the system's overall performance and heat
transfer efficiency are enhanced by the nano-refrigerants, and
the COP rises with increasing nanoparticle concentration.
[69]. R1234yf's primary drawback is that it performs less well
than R134a. Therefore, the main topic of this study is the
employment of nanoparticles to increase the efficiency of
the R1234yf system. Few research has been doneon the
pressure drop, heat transfer capacity, and thermo-transport
characteristics of R1234yf- based nano-enhanced
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refrigerants. The performance of R1234yf nano-enhanced
refrigerants in terms of heat transfer and pressure drop
characteristics require more investigation. Using simulation
techniques and mathematical models, this study examines the
CuO/R1234yf refrigerant's heat transfer properties and
pressure drop. The numerical findings of the simulation
method are compared with the mathematical models, which
have been validated by previous types of publications. In this
analysis, the temperature ranges from 0 ◦C to 65 ◦C, and the
concentration of nanoparticles in the puree refrigerant varies
from 0.2% to 1%.
B. Co-efficient of performance
The refrigeration system's coefficient of performance
was greatly raised with the use of nanofluid. A pure
refrigerant, R600a, was found to perform significantly better
than the refrigerant R134a. As the mass fraction of Al2O3
nanoparticles increased, the C.O.P. of the R134a-POE-based
nanofluid improved. With 0.02 weight percent of Al2O3,
19.38% with 0.04weight percent of Al2O3, 22.44% with 0.07
weight percent of Al2O3, and 29.5% with 0.1 weight percent
of Al2O3 utilizing R134a-POE nanofluid, the refrigeration
system's C.O.P. improved. Performance was better in the
C.O.P. observation using R600a-MO than it was withR134a-
POE. When compared to pure R134a refrigerant, the C.O.P.
was improved only by the pure R600a refrigerant. Using
R600a-MO, the C.O.P. increased by 3% with 0.02 weight
percent. of Al2O3, 0.04 weight percent of Al2O3, 0.07
weight percent of Al2O3, 10.25% of Al2O3, and 14.95% of
Al2O3. The maximum C.O.P. of 2.69 was attained using
R600a-MO- based nanofluid, even though the pace at which
R134a-POE-based nanofluid enhanced the C.O.P. differed
significantly from that of R600a-MO. [70].
C. Power Consumption
The use of pure R600a refrigerant resulted in much
lower power consumption. Watts per 24 hours were
employed in the experiment to assess power consumption,
similar to C.O.P. Incorporating further.The addition of
nanofluid greatly reduced the amount of electricity used by
the refrigeration system. When 0.02 wt%, 0.04 wt%, 0.07
wt%, and 0.1 wt% Al2O3-R134a-POE based nanofluid was
used, power consumptions were reduced by 6.7%, 13.51%,
15.63%, and 25.16%, respectively. using mass fractions of
0.02 wt%, 0.04 wt%, 0.07 wt%, and 0.1 wt%, power
consumption reductions using Al2O3-R600a-MO were
8.76%, 10.04%, 11.21%, and 21.4%. Al2O3-R600a-MO
nanofluid with a 0.1 weight percent mass fraction was
determined tohave the largest power consumption reduction
of any refrigerant (28.7%).
V. FUTURE SCOPE
This work makes use of both numerical and
simulation methodologies. The identification of nano
refrigerant performance and energy efficiency in
practical cooling systems requires experimental
verification, which is outside the scope of this research.
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Fig 8: Comparison of numerical and simulation results for 0.2% CuO/R1234yf.

Fig 9: Comparison of Numerical and Simulation Results for 0.2% CuO/R1234yf.

The current research investigation focuses on future research, it could be expanded to higher concentrations,
nanoparticles with lower concentrations and smaller sizes. In varied forms,and sizes of nanoparticles in the refrigerant.

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VI. CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the integration of nano-refrigerants or
nanofluids represents a groundbreaking advancement in the
field of refrigeration systems, offering substantial
improvements in efficiency, performance, and sustainability.
The extensive research conducted on these innovative fluids,
particularly focusing on Al2O3 nanoparticle-based
nanofluids, highlights their immense potential to
revolutionize traditional vapor compression refrigeration
systems the fundamental aspects driving the adoption of
nanofluids in refrigeration are their compatibility and
stability within the system. Studies have consistently
demonstrated that nanofluids exhibit favourable
compatibility with system materials and maintain stability
underdiverse operational conditions. This ensures seamless
integration into existing refrigeration infrastructures without
compromising system integrity or longevity. The
incorporation of nanoparticles into refrigerants imparts
remarkable enhancements in fluid properties, notably
viscosity, thermal conductivity, and density. These
improvements result in significantly enhanced heat transfer
characteristics, leading to higher coefficients of performance
(COP) and reduced power consumption in refrigeration
systems. By facilitating more efficient heat transfer
processes, nano-refrigerants contribute to substantial energy
savings and environmental benefits, aligning with global
efforts to mitigate climate change and reduce greenhouse gas
emissions. Furthermore, research efforts have delved into the
multifaceted impacts of nanofluids on various components of
refrigeration systems. Studies examining the effects of nano
lubricants, such as multiwalled carbon nanotube-based
lubricants, on evaporator heat dissipation and compressor
power consumption have unveiled promising outcomes.
These nano-enhanced lubricants exhibit the potential to
optimize system efficiency and minimize energy
consumption, further underscoring the transformative
potential of nanotechnology in refrigeration. The implications
of these advancements extend beyond mere efficiency gains,
encompassing broader economic and environmental
ramifications. Enhanced energy efficiency translates into
reduced operational costs for refrigeration systems, offering
significant long- term savings for industries and consumers
alike. Moreover, by reducing energy consumption and
reliance on conventional refrigerants with high global
warming potential, nanofluids contribute to mitigating
environmental impact and fostering sustainable practices
within the refrigeration sector. Looking ahead, continued
research and development efforts are paramountto unlock the
full potential of nano-refrigerants and nanofluids. Addressing
challenges such as cost-effectiveness, scalability, and
optimization of nanoparticle dispersion will be crucial in
accelerating their widespread adoption in commercial
refrigeration applications.
Additionally, interdisciplinary collaboration between
researchers, engineers, and industry stakeholders will be
essential to drive innovation and ensure the seamless
integration of nanotechnology into future refrigeration
systems. In summary, nano-refrigerants and nanofluids hold
immense promise as game-changing solutions for enhancing
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the efficiency,performance, and sustainability of refrigeration
systems. With ongoing advancements and concerted efforts
towards technological innovation, these novel fluids are
poised to redefinethe landscape of refrigeration, ushering in a
new era of energy-efficient and environmentally conscious
cooling solutions.
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Mr. Utkarsh Narayan Patil is working as Assistant Professor Mechanical Engineering

Department at D Y Patil College of Engineering and Technology Kolhapur. He has done
ME in heat power Engineering.

(unpdypmech21@gmail.com)

Rhutuja Ramesh Tomake is Currently Studying in Final year of B.Tech in Mechanical

Engineering from D Y Patil Collage of Engineering and Technology kolhapur India. She is
area of Interest in include Advance Manufacturing Technology, Advance Thermodynamics
and Combustion, Design of Air Conditioning Systems

( pratikvadgavkar45@gmail.com )

Shreeram Dattatray Mali is Currently Studying in Final year B.Tech in Mechanical

Engineering from D Y Patil College of Engineering and Technology Kolhapur India. His area
of Interest in include Machine Design, 3D - CAD, I. C. Engine, Automobile Engineering,
Robotics, Heat Transfer, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning.

( shreerammali.432@gmail.com )

Aniket Nitin Mengane is Currently Studying in Final year B.Tech in Mechanical Engineering
from D Y Patil Collage of Engineering and Technology kolhapur India. His area of Interest in
include Advance Manufacturing Technology , I.C Engine & Quality control systems.
(aniketmengane10@gmail.com)

Shubham Nitin Mirajkar is Currently Studying in Final year B.Tech in Mechanical

Engineering from D Y Patil Collage of Engineering and Technology kolhapur India. His area of
Interest in include Advance Manufacturing Technology , I.C Engine & Quality control systems.

(shubhammirajkar2002@gmail.com)

Karan Rajesh Jankar is Currently Studying in Final year B.Tech in Mechanical Engineering
from D Y Patil College of Engineering and Technology kolhapur India. His area of Interest in
include Advance Manufacturing Technology , & Quality control systems.

(karanjankar2002@gmail.com@gmail.com)

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