1st Quiz Reviewer

TRIALS OF THE RIZAL BILL

Claro M. Recto
- Mian proponent of the Rizal Bill
- Sponsor the bill at the congress. But this was met with stiff opposition from the Catholoic Church
- Charges as being a communist and an anti catholic for mandating the reading of Rizal’s novel.
Jose P. Laurel, Sr.
- Co authored the bill in 1956
- Chairman of the committee of education who sponsored the bill in senate
- Bravely fought the bill and incures intense animosity of his wife, Paciencia.
Senate Bill 438
AN ACT TO MAKE NOLI ME TANGERE AND EL FELIBUSTERISMO COMPULSORY
READING MATTER IN PUBLIC AND PRIVATE COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES AND FOR
OTHER PURPOSES
Republic Act 1425
AN ACT TO INCLUDE IN THE CURRICULA OF ALL PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SCHOOLS,
COLLEGES, AND UNIVERSITIES COURSES OF THE LIFE, WORKS AND WRITINGS OF JOSE
RIZAL, PARTICULARLY HIS NOVELS NOLI ME TANGERE AND EL FILIBUSTERISMO.
Rationale:
The bill was an important example of the state’s effoprt (attempt) to decolonize the culture of the
Philippines
Opposition
- Attempt to discredit Catholic region, violate religious freedom
- Attack on the clergy
- Endangered youth’s salvation
- Senator Francisco Rodrigo opposed the bill
The opposed
- Rizal’s novel are source of patriotism, let the people know freedom and nationalism
- Social change/transformation is its core
-
- The philipines lived through:
333 years of Spanish rule
50 years of American tutelage
 5 years of Japanese occupation
Rizal
- Is the greatest enigma
- He is anti fryers but not anti catholics nor anti governments

NATIONALISM

History of Nationalism
It started in France
- In 16th century, France was in chaos under the rule of King Louis XVI
- They impose heavy taxes and depleted monarch’s treasury due to expensive expenses.
- Age of Enlightenment- the idea of having a government of the people, by the people, and for the
people.
- Ruled by barbarian family
- People were paying taxes, only common people
- 1st estate- church
- 2nd estate- the noble (very rich and it is their birth right not to pay taxes)
- 3rd Estate- the common folk, the working class
- Each estate has only one vote regardless of their number
Age of Enlightenment
- Is a political movement that originates in France (mid 1700s) involved ideas that challenged the
concept of absolute monarchy.
- Divine Right- theory that stated that Kings had God given right to rule the nations as they wish.
John Locke
- Believed that people are basically moral and reasonable. They want to do the right thing.
- All people are born free and equal with three natural right- LIFE, LIBERTY, PROPERTY.
- If the government fails to protect these rights, the people may change or replace the government.
- Social Contract- an arrangement where people give up their rights to be protected by the
government.
Jean Jacques Rousseau
- Believed that people were naturally good, but were corrupted by society
- Stressed the importance of the general will- the will of the people as whole
- Believed the good of the community should be placed above individual interests- common good
- The government attains its right to exist and to govern by “the consent of the governmen”
Baron de Montesquieu
- Believed that having 3 branches in government would prevent tyranny
1. Executive (enforces laws)
2. Legislative (makes the laws)
 3. Judicial (applies laws)
- Having a separation of powers would prevent any one branch from gaining too much power over
the other two.
- “In order to have… liberty, it is necessary that government be set up soi that one man need not to
be afraid of another”
Voltaire
- Fought for civil liberties- rights/freedoms of citizens
1. Freedom of Speech
2. Freedom of Religion
3. Separation of Church and State

French Revolution: Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity

 Nation- exist through the union in people based on similarities in language, ethnicity, culture,
history, or geographic proximity. Symbolizes the unity of the people (social)
 Nation-State – when a nation of people manage to create a state of their own. Has become a
focal point where people unify where they identify themselves and assess political events.
 State- includes 4 elements: people, territory, government, and sovereignty. Has laws taxation,
government, and bureaucracy (political)

What is Nationalism?
- Patriotism is a part of nationalism
- It is an ideology, it is a sense of belongingness to a particular location or people
- It is an imagine community, the common identity; the cultural element; the common history,
language, ethnicity
- Loving the country isn’t enough. Even fools can love the country.
1. Sentiment- a feeling of affection or love for one’s country
2. Patriotism- an act of gesture of loyalty or commitment to the nation-state
3. Philosophy- View of what a nation is, should be, and ought to be.
Theory of Nationalism
1. Nationalism is the ideology of the nation-state- people are asked to commit to an idea, to a
tradition, to a history, to a notion of fraternity.
2. Nationalism is exclusivist- focuses on national group as the principal political unit and it
demands that the national group be served by a state- a nation-state. It demands that each
individual give loyalty to only one nation state.
3. Nationalism is Power- it gives the individual an identity and extend that identity into something
greater than self. Can unify, but it can also divide people from other group.
4. Nationalism is a philosophy of power- requires nation-state to cultivate strategies, methods, and
processes of building, developing and nourishing the state to a mass power. It must be strong,
without it, it is nothing.
 5. Nationalism is product of a people’s experience- cannot be understood apart from its historical
antecedents. In Asia, nationalism has been a response to and defense against imperialism.
6. Nationalism is a dynamic concept- Nationalism is dynamic since a nation-state is ever
changing. The degree of solidarity and group identification shifts according to time and
circumstance.

THE ASCENDANCE OF THE CHINESE MESTIZO

Philippine history is not complete as the basis for understanding contemporary societies without including
the contributions of the Chinese mestizo to the development of the Philippines as a nation.

Chinese History in the Philippines

- Chinese presence in the Philippines started even before Spanish colonization
- Established regular commercial and cultural contacts in the islands
- A commercially-oriented money maker
- The emergence of Chinese mestizos
-
The Chinese proved to be “necessary outsiders” in the Philippine colonial economy and society.

32 years after the founding of manila as a Spanish settlement, Chinese had an estimated 20, 000
population in contrast with 1000 Spaniards

The Fear of the Spaniards

Methods in dealing with the Chinese:
1. Segregation – Communities (emerged in many other parts of the archipelago) Binondo (formed
as a Chinese town in 1594)
2. Hispanization
3. Expulsion
Spain’s Chinese Policy in establishing control:
1. Taxation
2. Forced Labor drafts
3. Conversion

Chinese- Indio Intermarriage

- Spain encouraged marriage when both were catholics
- Gradual process of integration
 - Inducement to marriage
In 1740, inhabitants are classified as:
1. Spaniards- peninsulares and Insulares
2. Mestizos- Spanish mestizos and Chinese mestizos
3. Indios- Pure-blooded native of the Philippines
4. Chinese- Non-catholic pure blooded Chinese

Significance of the Chinese Mestizo

- He was a special kind of Filipino
- The legal identification with the Philippines was automatic upon birth
- Mestizo culture was a blend of Chinese, Spanish, and Indio culture
- They spoke Philippine dialect through their mother’s influence. Most did not speak Chinese

Commerce- Traders, retail merchants, artisans, and proffesionals: involved in the local or native
economy; give loans to indios and inquilinos (a tenant who rented land from the friars and subleased the
land to sharecroppers)

Filipino Identity- the chinese mestizo shared grievances with the indios against Spaniards
- Jose Rizal was a 5th generation Chinese mestizo

SPANISH IMPOSITIONS

Encomienda
- Imposed on all of the Spanish Empire that entrusted conquered lands to Spanish conquerors
- Although highly criticized as an avenue of abuse by the Spaniards, it was still implemented in the
Philippines.
- It was a favor from the King which allowed the enconmendero to collect tributes or taxes from
the inhabitants of the area assigned to him.
Three types of Encomienda
1. Royal Encomienda- belonged to the king
2. Ecclesiastical Encomienda- Belonged to the church
3. Private Encomienda- belonged to a private individual
Tribute/ Taxation
- A form of recognition of the Filipino’s loyalty to the Spanish Colonial government
- Tribute was replaced by the Cedula personal in 1884
- Aside from tribute, the natives paid other taxes
 Three types of Taxes
1. Diezmos Prediales- a tax consisted of one-tenth of the produce of the land.
2. Donativo de Zamboanga- a tax specifically used for the conquests of Jolo.
3. Vinta- paid by the people of some provinces along the coast of western Luzon for the defense of
the coasts from Muslim Pirates.
Bandala System
- A system that compelled the natives in a province to sell their produce to the government meeting
an annual quota.
- In reality, the natives were never paid most of the time.
Repartamiento de Labor
- The system that implemented forced labor in the Philippines
- Infamously known as polo y servicio
- To be exempted, one has to pay falla.
Reducciones de Indios
- The policy that uprooted many barangays from their original locations as they were repositioned
within pueblos.
- Made easier for the government to facilitate the collection of taxes, implementation of forced
labor, and assimilation of the natives to Spanish culture and religion.
Manila- Acapulco Galleon Trade
- A government monopoly
- It had virtual monopoly over the Pacific trade that controlled the flow of Asian goods and
products from China, India, Japan, and SEA
- For more than 200 years, it became the main source of income for the colony
Rise of Filipino Nationalism
- Spanish impositions
- Filipino nationalism
- Challenges of the 19th century

CHALLENGES OF THE 19TH CENTURY

Industrialization
- New manufacturing process that made use of steam powered, special purpose machinery,
factories, and mass production in Europe
- Increase the demand for raw materials and markets for finished products. It encourages free trade
policies that hastened the development of international commerce.

Opening of the Philippines to world trade

 - Spain opened the Philippines to foreign traders and investments. This stimulated commercial life
and agricultural; production, ushering economic progress and material prosperity.
Orbit of World Trade
- Paved the way for the importation of Books, magazines, and newspapers with liberal ideas from
Europe and America.
The New Middle Class
- The middle class had the means to provide education for their children abroad.
Secularization
- The slow and gradual transfer of churched from regular priest to secular priests.
- Regular priest vs. secular priest
Regular Priest- Belonged to the four religious orders:
1. Dominicans
2. Recollects
3. Augustinians
4. Franciscans
Secular Priest- were not member of any religious orders
- The leader of the filipino campaign to secularize the parishes was Father Pedro Pelaez
Liberalism in the Philippines
- Carlos Maria de la Torre was “the best governor-general of the Philippines ever had”
The Return of Autocracy
- The autocratic Rafael de Izquierdo ruling the Philippines “with a cross in one hand and a sword in
the other”
The Cavite Mutiny
- January 20, 1872. It was caused by the revocation of the privileges of shipyard workers to be
exempted from force labor and from paying tributes.
The Execution of GomBurZa
- On February 17, 1872, the three priests were executed by garotte.
- They were accused of starting the Cavite Mutiny