Writeup For Engineering Lab Experiments

LABORATORY MANUAL FOR ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY EXPERIMENTS
Prepared by
Dr. JYOTI MITTAL
(Assistant Professor)
Department of Chemistry, MANIT
Instructions for Laboratory Record writing:
BLANK SIDE RULED SIDE

Experiment Number and Date on which experiment
was performed
Aim/Objective of the experiment
Theory/Principle on which experiment is based
Neat Labelled Diagram (in Description of the Apparatus
pencil)
Observation in tabular form (in Procedure followed while carrying out the experiment
pen)
Calculations (in pen) Inference / Result
/Graph (in pencil & pasted)
Sources of Error and Precautions taken to Eliminate or
to Minimize them
**Students should submit the record of the previous experiments when they come
for practical-work next time.
Experiment No.
Aim: To determine the Flash Point and Fire Point of the lubricating oil by Abel’s Apparatus.
Materials Required: Abel’s apparatus, Lubricating oil, Thermometer, Heater, Spirit lamp,
Wooden sticks, Water
Theory: Good lubricating oil should not volatize under the working temperature and even if
vaporization takes place, the vapors should not form inflammable mixture with air under the
condition of lubrication. The flash and fire points are helpful in providing safety limit against fire
hazard during their storage and their industrial use. Flash point of the oil should be higher than
the operating temperature of the machine.
Flash Point: Flash point is the lowest temperature at which the lubricating oil gives off
enough vapors to ignite for a moment when a test flame is brought near to it.
Fire Point: Fire point is the lowest temperature at which the vapors of the lubricating oil
burn continuously for at least five second when a test flame is brought near to it.
Diagram of the Apparatus:
Description of the Apparatus: To be written point-wise by student.

Procedure:
1. Remove the water jacket from heater and fill it with hot water (keeping it in the basin) up
to the top but afterwards empty out at least half a mug to create space for vapors. Put it
back on the heater.
2. Fill the oil up to the pointer in the oil cup.
3. Fix the thermometer so that it should dip in oil and not strike the bottom of the oil cup. It
should be firmly placed with the readings towards you.
4. Shutter on the lid of oil cup should remain close to prevent the escaping of oil vapors. It
should be opened only when testing is to be done.
5. Least count of thermometer is 1 0C, so readings should be recorded at every one degree
rise or fall of temperature.
6. Switch on the heater and start checking for flash with flame (on wooden splinter) after 40
0
C.
7. Flame should be kept at the mouth of shutter. It should not be too much high in air and
never inside the oil cup.
8. Note your findings with increasing temperature as “No Observation” or “Flash is
observed” or “Fire is observed”.
9. Check up to first fire only and switch off the heater.
10. Temperature will continue to rise even after switching off the heater but testing should
not be performed.
11. TESTING ABOVE FIRST FIRE IS STRICTLY “NOT ALLOWED”.
12. Check for fire and flashes during decreasing temperatures also. Continue till you get “No
Observation” 3 – 4 times.
Sample observation table:
1. While increasing the temperature:
S. No. Temperature (0C) Observation
1 40 No Observation
2 41 No Observation
3 42 No Observation
4 44 No Observation
5 45 No Observation
6 47 Flash is observed
8 50 No Observation
10 53 No Observation
11 54 Fire is observed
2. While decreasing the temperature:

4 51 No Observation
6 49 No Observation
8 47 No Observation
Result: Flash point of the lubricating oil is 46 0C.
Fire point of the lubricating oil is 53 0C.
Precautions:
1. Do not fill the oil above the pointer in the oil cup.
2. Fix the thermometer as instructed in the procedure.
3. Water jacket should have water less than full to avoid spilling of water on heater.
4. Keep the shutter close. Open it only while checking for flash or fire.
5. DO NOT EVER CHECK ABOVE FIRST FIRE.
6. Do not try to remove heated oil cup by yourself. Ask the lab assistant to do so.
Experiment No.
Aim: To determine the Flash Point and Fire Point of the lubricating oil by Pensky Marten’s
Apparatus.
Materials Required: Pensky Marten’s apparatus, Lubricating oil, Thermometer, Heater, Spirit
lamp, Wooden sticks
Theory:
Good lubricating oil should not volatize under the working temperature and even
if vaporization takes place, the vapors should not form inflammable mixture with
air under the condition of lubrication. The flash and fire points are helpful in
providing safety limit against fire hazard during their storage and their industrial
use. Flash point of the oil should be higher than the operating temperature of the
machine.
Flash Point: Flash point is the lowest temperature at which the lubricating oil gives
off enough vapors to ignite for a moment when a test flame is brought near to it.
Fire Point: Fire point is the lowest temperature at which the vapors of the
lubricating oil burns continuously for at least five second when a test flame is
brought near to it.

Procedure:
1. Fill the oil up to the grooved ring in the oil cup.
3. Shutter on the lid of oil cup should remain close to prevent the escaping of oil vapors. It
should be opened only when testing is to be done.
4. Least count of thermometer is 2 0C, so readings should be recorded at every two degrees
rise or fall of temperature, which means ODD readings cannot be taken.
5. Switch on the heater and start checking of flash with flame (on wooden splinter) after 100
0
C.
6. Flame should be kept at the mouth of shutter, not too much high in air and never inside
the oil cup.
7. Note your finding with increasing temperature as “No Observation” or “Flash is
observed” or “Fire is observed”.
8. Check up to first fire only and switch off the heater.
9. Temperature will continue to rise even after switching off the heater but testing should
not be performed.
10. TESTING ABOVE FIRST FIRE IS STRICTLY “NOT ALLOWED”.
11. Check for fire and flashes during decreasing temperatures also. Continue till you get “No
Sample Observation Table:
6 124 - 180 No Observation

Precautions:
1. Do not fill the oil above the grooved ring in the oil cup.
3. Keep the shutter close. Open only while checking for flash or fire.
Experiment No.
Aim: To determine the Flash Point and Fire Point of the lubricating oil by Cleveland’s
Apparatus.
Materials Required: Cleveland’s apparatus, Lubricating oil, Thermometer, Heater, Spirit lamp,
Match sticks, Wooden board
Theory:
Good lubricating oil should not volatize under the working temperature and even
if somevaporization takes place, the vapors should not form inflammable mixture
with air under the condition of lubrication. The flash and fire points are helpful in
providing safety limit against fire hazard during their storage and their industrial
use. Flash point of the oil should be higher than the operating temperature of the
machine.
Flash Point: Flash point is the lowest temperature at which the lubricating oil gives
off enough vapors to ignite for a moment when a test flame is brought near to it.
Fire Point: Fire point is the lowest temperature at which the vapors of the
lubricating oil burns continuously for at least five second when a test flame is
brought near to it.

Procedure:
1. Fill the oil slightly LESS than the grooved ring in the oil cup.
3. Least count of thermometer is 2 0C, so readings should be recorded at every two degrees
rise or fall of temperature, which means ODD readings cannot be taken.
4. Due to open cup chances of oil catching fire is more, thus extra precautions and attention
should be taken.
5. Switch on the heater and start checking of flash with flame (on wooden splinter) after 100
0
C.
6. Flame should be kept at the level of the cup, not too much high in air and never bend
stick downwards inside the oil cup.
7. Note your finding with increasing temperature as “No Observation” or “Flash” or “Fire”.
8. Check up to first flash only and switch off the heater so as to prevent overheating of the
oil.
9. Temperature will continue to rise even after switching off the heater. Keep on testing to
get the first FIRE.
10. TESTING ABOVE FIRST FIRE IS STRICTLY NOT ALLOWED.
11. Check for fire and flashes during decreasing temperatures also, till you get “No
6 124 - 180 No Observation

Precautions:
1. Due to open cup chances of oil catching fire is more, thus extra precautions and
attention should be taken.
2. Fill the oil slightly below the grooved ring in the oil cup.
4. Switch off the heater at the first FLASH so as to prevent overheating of the oil.
7. IN CASE OF OIL CATCHING FIRE COVER THE OIL CUP WITH WOODEN
BOARD TO STOP THE FIRE. DO NOT BLOW IN THE FIRE. AND ALSO, DO
NOT TRY TO REMOVE THE OIL CUP FROM HEATER.
Experiment No.
Aim: To determine the Viscosity-Index of the lubricating oil by Redwood Viscometer 1.
Materials Required: Redwood Viscometer, Lubricating oil, Thermometer, Stop-watch, Water
Theory: Viscosity of liquids decreases with increasing temperature and, consequently, the
lubricating oil becomes thinner as the operating temperature increases. Hence, viscosity of good
lubricating oil should not change much with change in temperature, so that it can be used
continuously, under varying conditions of temperature. The rate at which the viscosity of
lubricating oil changes with temperature is measured by an arbitrary scale, known as Viscosity
Index (V. I). If the viscosity of lubricating oil falls rapidly as the temperature is raised, it has a
low viscosity index. On the other hand, if the viscosity of lubricating oil is only slightly affected
on raising the temperature, its viscosity index is high.
Description of the Apparatus: To be written point-wise by student

Diameter of the orifice: 1.62mm
Length of the capillary: 10mm

Procedure:
1. Close the orifice of the oil-cup properly with the valve and fill the oil up to the
pointer.
2. Place the measuring beaker beneath the orifice to collect the oil as it drains out.
3. Fix the thermometer so that it should dip in oil and not strike the bottom of the oil
cup. It should be firmly placed with the readings towards you.
4. Note the temperature of oil.
5. Remove the valve to start collecting the oil and also start the stop-watch immediately.
6. Collect 50 ml of the oil and note down the time taken.
7. Fill back the same oil in the oil-cup. Pour lukewarm water in the water bath
approximately up to the level of oil.
8. Rotate the stirrer and wait for the temperature of the oil to stabilize. It should be
roughly 4-6 0C above the first reading.
9. Again note the temperature of oil, remove the valve to start collecting the oil and also
start the stop-watch immediately, collect 50 ml of the oil and note down the time
taken.
10. Fill back the same oil in the oil-cup. Flow out small amount of water and fill more hot
water so as the raise the temperature to 4-6 0C above the second reading.
11. Repeat to get at least five readings to plot V.I. curve.
S. No. Temperature of oil (in 0C) Time of collection of 50 ml of oil (in sec)
1. 23 (Room Temperature) 185
2. 29 176
3. 35 156
4. 42 123
5. 47 108
Calculations:
Plot the graph between Temperature on X-axis and Time on Y-axis (on graph paper). Join the
points to get hyperbolic curve. Do not join the points by scale. Leave the points not falling on
curve.
Result: Graph shows decrease in time of collection of oil with increase in temperature, which
indicates fall in viscosity of lubricating oil with rising temperature.
Precautions:
1. Fill the oil up to pointer only. Do not fill only 50 ml.
2. Place the measuring beaker exactly beneath the orifice to collect the oil without
any spillage.
3. Fix the thermometer properly.
4. Small debris can clog the small orifice and change its flow rate. Keep close watch
on the rate of flow of oil.
5. In case of clogging, report the matter to lab assistant to clear the orifice.
6. Raise the temperature in step-wise manner.
7. Stabilize the temperature of the oil before taking the reading.
8. While adding water, make sure it should not fall in oil-cup to prevent the
formation of emulsion.
Experiment No.
Aim: To determine the Viscosity-Index of the lubricating oil by Redwood Viscometer 2.
Materials Required: Redwood Viscometer, Lubricating oil, Thermometer, Stop-watch, Water
Theory: Viscosity of liquids decreases with increasing temperature and, consequently, the
lubricating oil becomes thinner as the operating temperature increases. Hence, viscosity of good
lubricating oil should not change much with change in temperature, so that it can be used
continuously, under varying conditions of temperature. The rate at which the viscosity of
lubricating oil changes with temperature is measured by an arbitrary scale, known as Viscosity
Index (V. I). If the viscosity of lubricating oil falls rapidly as the temperature is raised, it has a
low viscosity index. On the other hand, if the viscosity of lubricating oil is only slightly affected
on raising the temperature, its viscosity index is high.

Diameter of the orifice: 3.8 mm
Length of the capillary: 15 mm
Procedure:
1. Close the orifice of the oil-cup properly with the valve and fill the oil up to the
pointer.
2. Place the measuring beaker beneath the orifice to collect the oil as it drains out.
3. Fix the thermometer so that it should dip in oil and not strike the bottom of the oil
cup. It should be firmly placed with the readings towards you.
4. Note the temperature of oil.
5. Remove the valve to start collecting the oil and also start the stop-watch immediately.
6. Collect 50 ml of the oil and note down the time taken.
7. Fill back the same oil in the oil-cup. Pour lukewarm water in the water bath
approximately up to the level of oil.
8. Rotate the stirrer and wait for the temperature of the oil to stabilize. It should be
roughly 4-6 0C above the first reading.
9. Again note the temperature of oil, remove the valve to start collecting the oil and also
start the stop-watch immediately, collect 50 ml of the oil and note down the time
taken.
10. Fill back the same oil in the oil-cup. Flow out small amount of water and fill more hot
water so as the raise the temperature to 4-6 0C above the second reading.
11. Repeat to get at least five readings to plot V.I. curve.
S. No. Temperature of oil (in 0C) Time of collection of 50 ml of oil (in sec)
1. 25 (Room Temperature) 98
2. 31 72
3. 37 44
4. 42 28
5. 47 12
Calculations:
Plot the graph between Temperature on X-axis and Time on Y-axis (on graph paper). Join the
points to get hyperbolic curve. Do not join the points by scale. Leave the points not falling on
curve.
Result: Graph shows decrease in time of collection of oil with increase in temperature, which
indicates fall in viscosity of lubricating oil with rising temperature.
Precautions:
1. Fill the oil up to pointer only. Do not fill only 50 ml.
2. Place the measuring beaker exactly beneath the orifice to collect the oil without
any spillage.
3. Fix the thermometer properly.
4. Small debris can clog the small orifice and change its flow rate. Keep close watch
on the rate of flow of oil.
5. In case of clogging, report the matter to lab assistant to clear the orifice.
6. Raise the temperature in step-wise manner.
7. Stabilize the temperature of the oil before taking the reading.
8. While adding water, make sure it should not fall in oil-cup to prevent the
formation of emulsion.

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LABORATORY MANUAL FOR ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY EXPERIMENTS

Instructions for Laboratory Record writing:

BLANK SIDE RULED SIDE

Diagram of the Apparatus:

Description of the Apparatus: To be written point-wise by student.

2. While decreasing the temperature:

Diagram of the Apparatus:

Result: Flash point of the lubricating oil is 184 0C.

Diagram of the Apparatus:

Result: Flash point of the lubricating oil is 184 0C.

Diagram of the Apparatus:

Description of the Apparatus: To be written point-wise by student

Length of the capillary: 10mm

Sample Observation Table:

Diagram of the Apparatus:

Description of the Apparatus: To be written point-wise by student.

Sample Observation Table:

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