‭Flower Morphology‬

‭Corolla Form‬

‭Actinomorphic & Polypetalous‬

‭Cruciform‬ ‭‬ C
● ‭ orolla consist of four free petals‬
‭●‬ ‭Each petal is divided into‬
‭sections‬
‭●‬ ‭Arranged like a cross‬
‭●‬ ‭Brassicaceae family‬

‭Mustard (‬‭Brassica rapa‬‭)‬

‭Caryophyllaceous‬ ‭●‬ C ‭ orolla consist of five petals with‬

‭long claws‬
‭●‬ ‭Petals are at right angle‬
‭●‬ ‭Caryophyllaceae family‬

‭Dianthus sp.‬

‭Rosaceous‬ ‭‬ C
● ‭ orolla consist of five petals‬
‭●‬ ‭Petals have short claw or none at‬
‭all‬
‭●‬ ‭Petals faced outwards regularly‬
‭●‬ ‭Theaceae family‬
‭●‬ ‭Rosaceae family‬

‭Plum (‬‭Prunus domestica‬‭)‬

‭Actinomorphic & Gamopetalous‬

‭Campanulate‬ ‭‬ C
● ‭ orolla resemble bells‬
‭●‬ ‭Bell-shaped flowers‬
‭●‬ ‭Campanulaceae family‬

‭Lily of the valley‬

‭(‭C
‬ onvallaria majalis‬‭)‬
‭Tubular‬ ‭‬ C
● ‭ orolla is cylindrical or tube-like‬
‭●‬ ‭Equally expand from base to‬
‭apex‬

‭Sunflower disk florets‬

‭(‬‭Helianthus annuus‬‭)‬

‭Funnel-shaped‬ ‭‬ C
● ‭ orolla look like funnel/trumpet‬
‭●‬ ‭Gradually spreading outwards‬
‭from a narrow base‬

‭Sweet potato (‬‭Ipomoea batatas‬‭)‬

‭ otate/‬
R ‭‬ C
● ‭ orolla narrow and short‬
‭wheel-shaped‬ ‭●‬ ‭Ending with corolla look like a‬
‭wheel‬

‭Siantan (‬‭Ixora javanica‬‭)‬

‭Zygomorphic & Polypetalous‬

‭ apilionaceous/‬
P ‭‬
● ‭ ook like butterfly‬
L
‭butterfly–like‬ ‭●‬ ‭Five petals‬
‭●‬ ‭Consist of standard, wing & keel‬
‭●‬ ‭Leguminosae/Fabaceae family‬

‭Peanut (‬‭Arachis hypogaea‬‭)‬

 ‭Zygomorphic & Gamopetalous‬

‭ ilabiate/‬
B ‭●‬ L ‭ imb of corolla divided into two‬
‭two-lipped‬ ‭portions of lips‬
‭●‬ ‭Upper and lower lip‬
‭●‬ ‭Lamiaceae family‬

‭Basil (‬‭Ocimum basilicum‬‭)‬

‭ ersonate/‬
P ‭‬ T
● ‭ wo-lipped‬
‭masked‬ ‭●‬ ‭Lips near each other‬
‭●‬ ‭Lower lip close the mouth of the‬
‭flower‬

‭Snapdragon (‬‭Antirrhinum‬‭)‬

‭ igulate/‬
L ‭●‬ W ‭ hole corolla form a short,‬
‭strap-shaped‬ ‭narrow tube below‬
‭●‬ ‭Upper part is flattened above‬
‭like a strap‬

‭Ray florets of sunflower‬

‭(‬‭Helianthus annuus‬‭)‬

‭Other corolla forms‬

‭Tepal‬ ‭‬ P
● ‭ etal and sepal fused together‬
‭●‬ ‭Undistinguishable‬

‭Passion flower (‬‭Passiflora sp.‬‭)‬

‭Corona‬ ‭●‬ C
‭ rown, lobes, scales of hair, free‬
‭or united‬

‭Daffodil sp.‬
 ‭Floral Aestivation‬

‭Valvate‬ ‭●‬ M ‭ embers of whorls make‬

‭contact with each other by‬
‭their margins‬
‭●‬ ‭Petals or sepals next to each‬
‭other without overlapping‬

‭Sugar apple (‬‭Annona squamosa‬‭)‬

‭Twisted‬ ‭●‬ M ‭ argins of sepal or petal next‬

‭to each other‬
‭●‬ ‭Overlapping‬
‭●‬ ‭Clockwise or anticlockwise‬
‭●‬ ‭Malvaceae family‬

‭Okra (‬‭Hibiscus esculentus‬‭)‬

‭Imbricate‬ ‭●‬ O ‭ ne of the sepal or petal is‬

‭internal‬
‭●‬ ‭Overlapping on both margins‬
‭●‬ ‭One of the sepal or petal is‬
‭external‬
‭●‬ ‭The rest overlap at one‬
‭margin next to each other‬
‭●‬ ‭Fabaceae family‬

‭Flame tree (‬‭Delonix regia‬‭)‬

‭Vexillary‬ ‭‬ F
● ‭ ive petals‬
‭●‬ ‭The posterior petal is larger,‬
‭almost covering the two‬
‭lateral petals and the latter in‬
‭their turn‬
‭●‬ ‭Nearly overlaps the two‬
‭interior smallest petals‬
‭Butterfly pea (‬‭Clitoria ternatea‬‭)‬
 ‭Floral modification‬

‭Bracts‬ ‭‬ M
● ‭ odified leaf on flower stalk‬
‭●‬ ‭Foliaceous‬
‭●‬ ‭Epicalyx (leaf on the base of‬
‭calyx)‬

‭Spathe‬ ‭●‬ L ‭ arge boat-shaped bract‬

‭enclosing a cluster of flowers‬
‭or inflorescence‬
‭●‬ ‭Araceae family‬

‭Flamingo lily (‬‭Anthurium sp.‬‭)‬

‭Involucre‬ ‭‬ B
● ‭ racts in whorls‬
‭●‬ ‭Present around cluster of‬
‭flower‬
‭●‬ ‭Asteraceae family‬

‭Sunflower (‬‭Helianthus annuus‬‭)‬

‭Bracteole‬ ‭●‬ A ‭ t the base of individual‬

‭florets of the Asteraceae‬
‭family flower‬
‭●‬ ‭Thin, membranous, scale‬

‭●‬ G ‭ lumes - small, dry, scaly in‬

‭spikelet of Poaceae‬
‭●‬ ‭Bracts are empty glumes‬
‭●‬ ‭Lemma - flowering glumes‬
‭●‬ ‭Palea - bracteole‬
 ‭Floral Position on Receptacle‬

‭Hypogyny‬ ‭ ‬ S‭ uperior ovary‬

●
‭●‬ ‭Ovary on the highest position on receptacle‬
‭●‬ ‭Stamens, petals and sepals attached below ovary‬

‭Perigyny‬ ‭ ‬ S‭ uperior ovary‬

●
‭●‬ ‭Margin of receptacle grows upwards to form a cup-shaped‬
‭structure called calyx tube (hypanthium)‬
‭●‬ ‭Hypanthium encloses ovary but free from ovary‬
‭●‬ ‭Hypanthium carries sepal, petal and stamen‬

‭Epigyny‬ ‭‬
● I‭ nferior ovary‬
‭●‬ ‭Margin of receptacle grows further upwards‬
‭●‬ ‭Hypanthium completely encloses ovary and fused with it‬
‭●‬ ‭Sepals, petals and stamen above the ovary‬
 ‭Anther‬

‭Anther Attachment‬

‭Anther Dehiscence‬
 ‭Stamen Fusion Type‬

‭Monadelphous‬ ‭Diadelphous‬

‭●‬ S‭ tamens united in one group by their‬
‭filaments‬
‭●‬ ‭All stamens are united into a single tube‬
‭●‬ ‭Malvaceae family‬
‭●‬ S‭ tamens are held in two bundles or‬
‭clusters‬
‭●‬ ‭Leguminosae family‬
‭●‬ ‭One bundle with 9 stamens‬
‭●‬ ‭Another bundle with 1 stamen‬

‭Hibiscus rosa-sinensis‬ ‭Pea (‬‭Pisum sativum‬‭)‬

‭Classification of Flowers‬

‭Complete‬ ‭●‬ ‭Made up of calyx, corolla, stamens, pistils (four regular parts)‬

‭Incomplete‬ ‭‬
● ‭ ack one or more of the four regular parts of the complete flower‬
L
‭●‬ ‭Fagaceae (oak family)‬
‭●‬ ‭Betulaceae (birch family)‬
‭●‬ ‭Juglandaceae (walnut family)‬

‭Perfect‬ ‭‬ H
● ‭ ave both stamens & pistils‬
‭●‬ ‭May or may not have sepals/petals‬

‭Imperfect‬ ‭‬ L
● ‭ ack either stamens or pistils‬
‭●‬ ‭May or may not have sepals/petals‬

‭Naked‬ ‭●‬ ‭Without petals & sepals‬

‭Calla lily (‬‭Zantedeschia sp.‬‭)‬

‭Apetalous‬ ‭●‬ ‭Lack petals‬

‭Hydrangea sp.‬
‭Staminate‬ ‭‬ M
● ‭ ale flowers with stamen‬
‭●‬ ‭No function pistils‬

‭Pistillate‬ ‭‬ F
● ‭ emale flowers with pistil‬
‭●‬ ‭No functional stamens‬

‭Flowering Characteristics‬

‭Monoecious‬ ‭‬ B
● ‭ ears both staminate & staminate flowers on the same plant‬
‭●‬ ‭E.g. Oak (‬‭Quercus sp.‬‭), Corn (‬‭Zea mays‬‭)‬

‭Dioecious‬ ‭●‬ B ‭ ears staminate flowers on one plant & pistillate flowers on a different‬
‭plant‬
‭●‬ ‭E.g.‬‭Ilex sp.‬‭, Cycads, Conifers‬

‭Polygamous‬ ‭●‬ B ‭ ears staminate, pistillate & hermaphroditic/bisexual flowers on the‬

‭same plant‬
‭●‬ ‭E.g. Red maple (‬‭Acer rubrum‬‭)‬
 ‭Inflorescence Type‬

‭Solitary‬ ‭●‬ ‭A single flower on a stem‬

‭Hibiscus rosa-sinensis‬

‭Spike‬ ‭●‬ U ‭ nbranched inflorescence with‬

‭sessile flowers‬
‭●‬ ‭No pedicels‬
‭●‬ ‭Poaceae family‬

‭ rass‬
G
‭(‬‭Pennissetum conjugatum)‬
‭Raceme‬ ‭●‬ U ‭ nbranched inflorescence with‬
‭petiolate flowers‬
‭●‬ ‭Pedicels present‬

‭Mustard (‬‭Brassica rapa‬‭)‬

‭Panicle‬ ‭‬ B
● ‭ ranched or compound raceme‬
‭●‬ ‭Main rachis with branches bearing‬
‭flowers on pedicels‬

‭Paddy (‬‭Oryza sativa‬‭)‬

‭Corymb‬ ‭‬ F
● ‭ lat-topped inflorescence‬
‭●‬ ‭Youngest flowers at the end of main‬
‭axis or rachis‬

‭Siantan (‬‭Ixora javanica‬‭)‬

‭Cyme‬ ‭‬ F
● ‭ lat-topped inflorescence‬ ‭Simple cyme‬
‭●‬ ‭Oldest flowers at the end of main‬
‭axis or rachis‬
‭●‬ ‭Includes simple, compound &‬
‭scorpioid cymes‬

‭ unga tahi ayam‬

B
‭(‬‭Lantana camara‬‭)‬

‭Compound cyme‬

‭Elderberry (‬‭Sambucus nigra‬‭)‬

‭Scorpioid cyme‬

‭Heliotropium indicum‬
‭Umbel‬ ‭‬ F
● ‭ lat-topped inflorescence‬
‭●‬ ‭All pedicels arising from a common‬
‭point‬
‭●‬ ‭Includes simple & compound umbel‬

‭Carrot (‬‭Daucus carota‬‭)‬

‭Catkin/Ament‬ ‭ ‬ S‭ pike-like inflorescence‬

●
‭●‬ ‭Unisexual & apetalous flowers‬
‭●‬ ‭Pendent & falling as a unit‬

‭Ekor kucing‬
‭(‬‭Acalypha hispida‬‭)‬

‭Spadix‬ ‭‬ T
● ‭ hick, fleshy spike‬
‭●‬ ‭Unisexual & apetalous flowers‬
‭●‬ ‭Surrounded by a vase-shaped or‬
‭funnel-like bract/spathe which is‬
‭brightly coloured‬
‭●‬ ‭Male flowers cluster above female‬
‭flowers on an erect, phallus-like‬
‭spike‬ ‭Calla lily (‬‭Zantedeschia sp.‬‭)‬

‭Capitulum/head‬ ‭‬ A
● ‭ steraceae family‬
‭●‬ ‭Consists of ray flowers, disk flowers‬
‭or both‬
‭●‬ ‭Epigynous/inferior ovary‬

‭Sunflower (‬‭Helianthus annuus‬‭)‬

‭Cyathium‬ ‭‬ E
● ‭ uphorbiaceae family‬
‭●‬ ‭Bracts surround clusters of small,‬
‭greenish, cup-shaped structures‬
‭called cyathia‬
‭●‬ ‭Each cyathium consists of a flower‬
‭cluster containing unisexual,‬
‭apetalous male & female flowers‬
‭●‬ ‭Inconspicuous male flowers occur‬
‭in clusters & reduced to a single red‬
‭stamen‬ ‭Poinsettia‬
‭●‬ ‭Female flower consists of a single‬ ‭(‭E
‬ uphorbia pulcherrima‬‭)‬
‭ovary (pistil) on a stalk (pedicel)‬