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CV\1K‡,/YNY?KOJ8J<KmFDKB0M*1K‡5<24FG* QE7D24. 7
λ1,2 =
√
uv ∓ a2 M 2 − 1 `cfMdGe );h
2roiKm587S~†7G.ZJ8A<2Z0 24J8J<2^7GFS.Š* Y?KOA<2k0M7
",4CV\3FD2ZCg,/FDK
u2 − a 2

(u2 + v 2 )1/2
M=
Z7n2;5<5VKOA8oZ7IC<\1K„FDKy`cfMdGe );h <5 24.12‡A<Kg,/FG7n5<24FD2 .1KOFnCg,45<2 0M7 M ≥ 1 d t KOA8JV,/.ŠJ<2N7GFn587D58J<KOY^, ~
a

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FDKpCg,/AV,/J8J<KOA87D58J87DC<\1Ky5<24.12?7GYNY^,/x;7G.-,/A87DK KE0&7GFXY?KOJ<20 2^0 KOFGFDKpCg,/AV,/J8J<KOA87D58J87DC<\1K .124.&9 *1
KE5V5<KOA<K†* J87GFG7GQEQr,/J<2 d
+KO7nU1*15V587‹58* 9IKOA<5<24. 7DCO7‹9:KOA|24x;. 7‹9 * .ŠJ<2 0 KOF‹9 7W,/.12 x, y 587‹\-,/. .12^_Z* 7G.10M7‹0M*1K
A<KOJ8J<K‡KECECEKOQE7D24.-,/FG7‹0M7SKE_Z*-,/QE7D24.1K P

dy
=
√
uv − a2 M 2 − 1 `cfMdGeg«ih
dx u2 − a 2

dy
=
√
uv + a2 M 2 − 1 `cfMdGe ih
u2 − a 2
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dx

FDK 0M7GA<KOQE7D24. 7KECECEKOQE7D24.-,/FG7u5<24v.12¡,/.1aCV\SH KE5<5<Kpo4,/A87W,/P 7GFG7KpFDK¡`cfMdGeg«ih|K¡`cfMdGe ih|0 K£‰1. 7D5<CEx,24.1y2

FDK„KE_Z*-,/QE7D24. 7I0M7I0M*1K+>c,/YN7Gx;FG7DK†0M7:FG7G.1KEK†Cg,/AV,/J8J<KOA87D58J87DC<\1K;R1CV\1K†5<24.12‡7G.ZoZ7GFG* 9 9I2y0M7¤A<KOJ8J<K
KECECEKOQE7D24.-,/FG7j` 7Gx1d-fMdGerh£d
 .ZJ8A<2Z0M*1CEKO.10 2^7GFnoiKOJ8J<24A<K
`cfMds
b ih
KE0^* J87GFG7GQEQr,/.10 2‡FW,‡0 K£‰1. 7GQE7D24.1K†0 KOFGFW,BY^,/J8A87DCEK A 01,/JV,m.1KOFGFW,k`cfMdGe (ih£RZ7GF¤5<7D58J<KOY^,^`cfMdGe;erh
l = {α , α }
1 2

9 *1^5<COA87GoiKOA<587

  f;f
y y
n n2 retta eccezionale
dy = λ
θ linea caratteristica dx 2
n1
P
θ P

dy = λ
dx 1

x x
‹7Gx;* AV,^fMdGe;Œ

AlT = 0
c` fMdsbMerh
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o4,/FD24A<Km5<7n\-, λ 1

√
uv + a2 M 2 − 1
 
−1
 u2 − a 2 
A= √
 

 v 2 + a2 −uv + a2 M 2 − 1 
u2 − a 2 u2 − a 2
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~|KOo7D0 KO.ŠJ<KOY?KO.ŠJ<KB0 K£‰1. 7GJ<2N,mY?KO.12p0M7¤* .-,‡CE2;58JV,/.ZJ<K;RM5<KO. Qr,B9IKOA<0M7GJVl,‡0M7¤xiKO.1KOAV,/FG7GJV‚ 587
1

9 *1N9:24A8A<K α = 1 K†A87DCg,go4,/A<Kp01,/FGFW,3`cfMdsbMerh
1
√
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α2 =
u2 − a 2
 oiKOJ8J<24A87 Dj
0 K£‰1. 7GJ87‹01,/FGFW,3`cfMd*);h A87D5<* FGJV,/.12

D1 =
(
1,
√
uv − a2 M 2 − 1
)
D2 =
( √
uv + a2 M 2 − 1 v 2 − a2
, 2
)
`cfMdsb;bih
u2 − a 2 u2 − a 2 u − a2
K†F@H KE_Š*-,/QE7D24.1Kp0M7SCE24YN9-,/J87GP 7GFG7GJV‚€`cfMdihƒ,45V58* Y?K†FW, >c24A8Y^,
√ √
∂u uv − a2 M 2 − 1 ∂u uv + a2 M 2 − 1 ∂v v 2 − a2 ∂v
+ + + =0
∂x u2 − a 2 ∂y u2 − a 2 ∂x u2 − a2 ∂y
C<\1KB9 *1^,/.1CV\1K‡5<COA87GoiKOA<5<7
√ √ √ !
∂u uv − a2 M 2 − 1 ∂u uv + a2 M 2 − 1 ∂v uv − a2 M 2 − 1 ∂v
+ + + =0
∂x u2 − a 2 ∂y u2 − a 2 ∂x u2 − a 2 ∂y
f/l 
 

t 247DC<\ FG* . xi2kFW,?Cg,/AV,/J8J<KOA87D58J87DCg,kCE24A8A87D589I24.10 KO.ŠJ<KN, o;,/FDKmFW,"`cfMdGeg«ihjFW,?9 A<KECEKE0 KO.ŠJ<K

KE_Z*-,/QE7D24.1KBA87D58* FGJV, λ1

√
∂u dy ∂u uv + a2 M 2 − 1 ∂v dy ∂v
 
+ + + =0
2roZoiKOA<2 ∂x dx ∂y u2 − a 2 ∂x dx ∂y

du
=−
√
uv + a2 M 2 − 1 `cfMdsb;fih
t A<2ZCEKE0 KO.10 2¡,/.-,/FD24xŠ,/Y?KO.ŠJ<K 587S24J8J87DKO.1KBF@H KE_Z*-,/QE7D24.1K‡0M7SCE24YN9-,/J87GP 7GFG7GJV‚
dv u2 − a 2

du
=−
√
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dv u2 − a 2
,45V5<2ZCO7W,/JV,N,/FGFW, λ d2

 
"* 1+@+ *=. 1



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A87D5<* FGJV,u9-,/A8J87DCE24FW,/A8Y?KO.ZJ<KjFW,/P:24A87D2;5<2 d X,+0 KOJ<KOA8YN7G.-,/QE7D24.1Kƒ0 KOFGFDKaCg,/AV,/J8J<KOA87D5<J87DC<\1KƒK[0 KOF z
FDKƒKE_Z*-,/QE7D24. 7-0M7-CE24YN9-,/J87GP 7GFG7GJV‚‡0M7GoZ7DKO.1Ku9 7 ?5<KOYN9 FG7DCEKj>@,4CEKO.10 2B*15<2B0M7 * .-,†.124JV,/QE7D24.1K
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 24.1587D0 KOA87W,/Y?2"7GF Cg,45<2"0M7j0M*1Kk5<24FDKko;,/A87W,/P 7GFG7a7G.10M7G9IKO.10 KO.ŠJ87 d  F 587D58J<K£z
Y^,&`cfMdsfih 9 *1?,/.1C<\1Kp5<COA87GoiKOA<587 (n = 2)

`cfMdsb ih
7G.3CO* 7
A v +A v +B =0
1 ,x1 2 ,x2

   
a111 a121 · · · a1k1 a112 a122 · · · a1k2
   

dd dd dd dd dd dd dd dd
 a211 ··· ··· ···   a212 ··· ··· ··· 
   
   
A1 = 


 A2 = 



   
   
   
ak11 ··· · · · akk1 ak12 ··· · · · akk2

   

 v1 
 
 b1 


 
 
 

   
 v2
dd  b2
dd

 
 
 

 
  

v= B=

 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 

vk bk
   

  f
KB587S~†>@,/J8J<2y*15<2N0 KOFGFW,y.124JV,/QE7D24.1K
φ,x1 =
∂φ c` fMdsb(ih
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∂x1

(A1 n1 + A2 n2 )T = 0
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Y^,/J8A87DCEKmJ8AV,4589I2;58JV,MRM* J87GFG7GQEQr,/.10 2?FW,T`cfMdGe ih£R¤KE_Š* 7Go;,/FDKm,
| − λA + A | = 0
`cfMdsb ;) h
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1 2

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1

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`cfMdsb;«ih
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2

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5<24.12Nx;FG7[š4”M“@
‘ š  ‘4Ÿ  0 KOFGFW,yY^,/J8A87DCEK λA d
i

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2

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(A2 − λI)T lT = 0
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l(A2 − λI) = 0
c` fMdsbih
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i

01,N587G. 7D58J8AV,Md
ij i

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 
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`cfMdsf
ih
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dd
 0 λ2
ddd
 

 
Λ=



 
 
 

FW,yY^,/J8A87DCEKm0 KOx;FG7‹,/* J<2roiKOJ8J<24A87 587G. 7D5<J8A87

0 λk
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   
l1 l11 l12 · · · l1k

`cfMdsfMerh
   

dd
  l21
dd
 l2
   

   
L=

=
 


   
   
   

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k lk1 · · · · · · lkk

 
r11 r21 · · · rk1

`cfMdsf;bih
 

dd
 r12
 

 
R = [r 1 , r 2 , . . . , r k ] = 



 
 
 

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2 A
`cfMdsf/lZh
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A =RΛL
2

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,x1 ,x2

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ij

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u = Lv

A87D5<* FGJV,/.12 j

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v + Av = 0
`cfMdsf ih
CE24.
,x1 ,x2

`cfMd l ih
 
a11 a12
A= 

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a21 a22

λi =
1
 h
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i1/2 
c` fMd l1erh
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2

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=λ i
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1

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2

i1l (a − λ ) + l a = 0
11 i i2 21
`cfMd lŠfih
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