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d
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−
j 1 j j S1

:.-,.-A45N218;i>
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0 0

Ÿ€ v  ¢¡
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j j n

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n j j

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[ρsun ] ≥ wn [ρs]
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[ρvn ] = 0 Ÿ€ v   ¡
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[ρvn ut ] = 0 Ÿ€ v  c¡
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n


[p + ρvn un ] − wn [ρvn ] = 0
42>e13N -
[p + ρvn2 ] = 0 Ÿ€ v  ¡
£ /P>@CA79YO>@ET;3/6QH;i*|;3,FCD> Ÿ€ v  ¢¡ :H-jP>
wn2 + wt2
[Evn + pun ] + [ρvn ] − wn [p + ρun vn ] − wt [ρvn ut ] = 0
2
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Ÿ€ v  ¡
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ρvn e+ + n =0
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:<13,.-0=c;3,H:.- vn 6= 0

[ρvn ] = 0 Ÿ€ v c¡

[p + ρv ] = 0 2
n Ÿ€ v ¢¡
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[H] = 0 Ÿ€ v   ¡
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1H = H 2 Ÿ€ v  c¡
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/2;3,H;iN /P>e=Z>@C0N Q<>@?8Ÿ€-A79/2; ¡4 ;3C0CWVX79,H45-0/2;^45-¤YZ,<>@/24 ;3?8?¢>G4 ;3C0CA7s:.*a;8:<:H79,H;t4 ;3C0CWV N ,.QH7 v MN2;8:.QH7
n

—›-0/ QH;879,.-D> -0/5™2/ -0QH7 -0/ LONP>@/6QH7 CD>o=c;3CA713-0Q<RoQH;3/24 ;š>9:.-0/6QH79Q.-A1_>@ET;3/OQH; >@-˜=Z>@CA79,.- u



; u v [N Q.Q<>8=-D>^:.-+* N2q^42>@,H;u4 ;3C0CA7^:.*|;8:H:H79,H;S4V N ,.QH7zCD>z4 ;™2/ -0?8-A79/2;u1879/O=c;3/ ?8-A79/P>@CA;t45- 1

{,<>@/245Q.CW¥CA7 :H*a;8:H:<79,H;S4 ;3C0CWV N ,.QH7 —˜42>@QH7 42>@C0CD>z45- ;3,H;3/ ?¢>tfm,<>gCA;M-0/OQH;3,H:<;3?8-A79/ -]1879/sCA;


2

,H;3Q.QH; u = u ; u = u 4 ;3C0CD>G,H;3δQ.Q<>sQ<>@/ Yc;3/OQH;T>@C0CD>s13N ,.=9>d4 ;3C0CD>G=c;3CA7613-0Q<Rs/2;3C* N /OQH7



-0/y13N -[CD>^4 ;3,.-0=9>@Q<>G—uEG>9:H:.-0EG>5J213-A7—u/2;3C]* N /OQH7G45-`P;8:H:H7 Ÿ
-0Y2v v§¦ ¡ v

1 2

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;8:<:H;3,H;e4 ;3C0CA7}:.QH;8:H:H7}79,H45-0/2;G45-YZ,<>@/24 ;3?8?¢>}4 ;3-{QH;3,.Ee-0/ -w1879/6=c;3Q.Q.-0=6-Wv g>@C0CD> Ÿ€ v   ¡ :H-
jP>^L6N -0/245-


v 
µ
du
= 0[ρu ] 2
€
Ÿ ¢¡
 w>@C0N Q<>@/24 7TCD>^4 ;3,.-0=Z>@Q<>e45- u 1879ET; dx

du u2 − u 1
=
dx δ
; QH;3/2;3/24 7l1879/OQH7}1<j2;ZJ;8:H13C0N24 ;3/24 7d-0C1_>9:<7s45-N /N ,.QH7s45--0/OQH;3/2:H-0Q<RGET79C0QH7d* -A181879CD>5J
—e4 ;3C0CWVX79,H45-0/2;s4 ;3C0CD>l=c;3CA713-0Q<RlET;845-D>y>@C0CWV -0/6QH;3,./27p4 ;3C0CWV N ,.QH7 J42>@C0CD> Ÿ€ v ¢¡ :H-
jP>
u −u 2 1

v 9¦
µ
€
Ÿ ¡
 
δ=0
¤79-A1<
j  —^187Z:.Q<>@/6QH;e-0/\P>9:H;e>@C0CD> v   J*a7Z:<:.-D>@ET7d=9>@C0N Q<>@,.CA7l-0/šL6NP>@C0N /2LON2;
ρu

* N /6QH7›>@C0CWV -0/6ρuQH;3,./27n4 ;3C0CWV N ,.QH7 vl)ž/o*P>@,.Q.-A1879Ÿ€CD>@,H;ZJ¡ *|79-A1Hj ZJ1879ET;T:.-{=c;845,<Ry/2;3CU:H;3YZN -0QH7 J

>@Q.Q.,<>_=c;3,H:H7TN /pN ,.QH7G:.-*P>9:H:I>^:H;3Ee* ,H;i42>z`2N2:<:H7e:.N *|;3,H:H79/ -A187G>z`2N2:H:<7T:.N \2:H79/ -A187 J2:H-
*|79Q.,<R^=Z>@C0N Q<>@,H; ρu /2;3C[* N /6QH7T-0/p13N - M = 1 ;tL6N -0/245- u = a v w>@C0N Q<>@/24 7l>@/21Hj2; µ
/2;3C0CA7G:.QH;8:H:H7^* N /6QH7T;u,.-A1879,H42>@/24 7G1<j2;ZJP42>@C0CD>^QH;879,.-D>e13-0/2;3Q.-A1_>T4 ;3-]YO>9:_J :.-jP>


µ = 0[ρal]

  

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δ = 0[l] Ÿ€ v  ¡
)x/n1879/245-0?8-A79/ -/279,.EG>@C0-45-¤* ,H;8:H:.-A79/2;i;iQH;3Ee*a;3,<>@Q.N ,<> (p = 1 atm, T = 0 C) CA7
:.*a;8:<:H79,H;g4 ;3C0CWVX79/242>e4V N ,.QH7G—gL6N -0/245-[4 ;3C0CWVX79,H45-0/2; 54 - 10 13Eyv
−6
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