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HWN Plato Lecture 2-1-155
HWN Plato Lecture 2-1-155
HWN Plato Lecture 2-1-155
FOUNDATION”
Content :
Meaning of Political ?
Is Political Science, really a Science ?
State vs Government
Introduction to Western Political Thought
- Meaning of “West”
PLATO (Introduction)
Plato ( Overview )
➤ Introduction
➤ Sophists
➤ Socrates
➤ Plato
Plato’s Time
His work
Methodology
Influence of Socrates
➤ Theory of Ideas
➤ Theory of Justice
➤ Scheme of Education
➤ Communism of Wives & Property
➤ Ideal State & Philosopher King
➤ Evaluation of Plato
Criticism
Place in Political Thought
POLITICAL SCIENCE & INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
➤ Political + Science
➤ “Polis” - Greek word for a “city
state” (Ancient Greek) e.g. Sparta, Athens,
Florence,..
➤Politics (from Greek: politiká, 'affairs of the cities') is the set of
activities that are associated with making decisions in groups,
or other forms of power relations between individuals, such as
the distribution of resources.
Meaning of West
Intro
Life of Socrates
Socrates believed that it is not enough to know what constitutes life, rather it is
more important to know what constitutes ‘good life’ or ‘virtuous life.’
Objective of life is to lead ‘good life.’ In order to lead good life, we
should have ‘the knowledge’ of ‘good life.’
The source of ultimate knowledge is within ourselves.
Parmenides
Idea of Permanence
Plato's Theory of Forms
Sources of Influence on Plato
Parmenides
Idea of Permanence
Plato's Theory of Forms
Sources of Influence on Plato
Heraclitus
Comment: "Western thought, one might say, has been either platonic or anti platonic but hardly ever
2009
non platonic." (Popper). (20 Marks)
Comment: " Plato's communism is a supplementary machinery to give effect to and reinforce that spirit
2007
which education is to create."
2006 Comment : “the state is individual writ large.” (Plato) (20 Marks)
2005 Comment : “the state is individual writ large.” (Plato) (20 Marks)
2004 Plato’s theory of education ‘is the logical result of his conception of justice’. Discuss. (60 Marks)
Comment : “Until philosophers are kings, or kings and princes of this world have the spirit and power of
2000
philosophy, cities will never have rest from evil.” (Plato) (20 Marks)
1993 Comment : “For, no law or ordinance is mightier than knowledge” (Plato) (20 Marks)
Prominent works of Plato:
“The Republic”
• Young Plato
• greatest of all his works.
• Plato of ‘the Republic’ is what is known to
the world: the idealist, the philosopher and
the radical (Young Plato)
• not only a treatise on politics, but is also a
treatise dealing with every aspect of human
life.
• It, in fact, deals with –
metaphysics (the idea of the Good),
moral philosophy (virtue of human soul),
education (the scientific training the rulers ought to have), politics (the
Ideal State),
the philosophy of history (the process of historical change from the Ideal
State to the tyrannical regime),
economy (communism of property and families)
Prominent works of Plato:
“The Statesman”
Written in transitional phase i.e.
between the young and the maturity.
He is bitter and satirical, and seems to
be sadly conscious of the realities of
human life.
Yet the ideal glory of the Platonic
philosophy is not extinguished. He is
still looking for a city in which kings
are philosophers.
Prominent works of Plato:
“The laws”
work of the matured Plato; becomes more
practical & pragmatic.
Plato’s last, longest work
a mixture of democratic and authoritarian
principles
Laws is not simply about political thought,
but involves extensive discussions on
psychology, ethics, theology, epistemology,
and metaphysics.
Prominent works of Plato:
“The laws”
Theory of Soul:
• Every person has soul
• Every soul => 3 elements
Reason Courage Appetite
Theory of Soul: PLATO
Theory of Ideas:
Allegory of caves
E.g :
OR
What “Beauty” is ? The “thing”/Person
Realm of “Knowledge” which/who is beautiful
Realm of “Opinion”
Theory of Ideas: PLATO
Nietzsche:
Michael Oakeshott
Participants are :-
• Socrates- (Plato)
➢Cephalous
➢Polemarchus
➢Thrasymachus
➢Glaucon
PLATO
Theory of Justice:
CEPHALUS
• Justice is doing one duties
• Justice is paying one’s dues.
PLATO
Theory of Justice:
Arguments of Polemarchus
Do good to friend
Harm to enemy
Theory of Justice: PLATO
Thrasymachus
Thrasymachus
Plato Reply
• Plato does not have a very convincing counter
argument against Thrasymachus.
GLAUCON
• State is natural.
• It is also wrong to think that law of state are only
in interest of weak.
PLATO
Theory of Justice:
• Why education?
• The education system is a process through
which the qualities of the soul can be
deducted.
• Background:
• Observed the education system of Athens and
that of Sparta and made following analysis:
Theory of education:
Athens Sparta
👍Equality to women,
👎Women were neglected military education to both the
sexes.
Theory of education:
Practical 35-50
Theory of education:
Administrative
Rulers
statesmanship
Material
Producers
productivity
Theory of education:
ROUSSEAU
"Republic: Best book ever written on education"
Criticism of Plato’s theory of education :
Aristotle:
"Ruler has to be worldly wise rather than wise in
the world of ideas"
Theory of communism:
Communism of Property :
Communism of family:
It’s for the family that people want to earn money and acquire
property.
Theory of communism:
• According to him,
"the only purpose of marriage is procreation,
only the ablest man or women will be permitted to
marry so that the best race emerges."
Theory of communism:
Once the child is born the state will take over the
child, which means that the child will be the
responsibility of the state.
Questions asked !
OR
Purpose:
The uplift of working class or poor.
PLATO
Theory of communism:
Similarities:
On deeper analysis:
• similarities are superficial & the difference is
fundamental.
PLATO
Theory of communism:
Why differences:
Aristotle:
• “Everyone’s property is no one’s responsibility.”
• Aristotle stands corrected when we see tragedy of commons->
climate change, overgrazing etc.
There are benefits of Private property too such as -
It gives the sense of achievement, motivation to work hard.
The scope of charity.
PLATO
Theory of communism:
Karl Popper
Plato urged that the ruler should be the one who knows
the art, science and knowledge of administration.
Power:
The king enjoys absolute powers. There is no limitation
on the philosopher king except that he can’t make
changes in the constitution of the ideal state.
Aristotle
• had criticised Plato for giving absolute powers to the
philosopher king.
• It’s not practically possible to find out the philosopher king.
• Philosopher king who is enjoying unlimited powers will go
tyrannical (a state under cruel and oppressive government).
PLATO
Criticism on Plato's PK:
Lord Acton:
"Power corrupts, absolute power corrupts absolutely."
Criticism on Plato's PK: PLATO
Karl Popper
Why he says so ?
• Basic features of Fascism:
▪ Absolute Powers to State.
▪ No rights to the individuals, only duties.
▪ Against democracy.
▪ Importance of leadership – Leader is a Super-man.
▪ Fascist societies = regimented societies. That is, all institutions
are under state control.
▪ Hitler believed in the concept of Racism
Criticism on Plato's PK: PLATO
Is he right ?
• Levinson, in his book, titled, “In defence of Plato“,
PLATO
Criticism on Plato's PK:
has suggested that Plato & Fascism differs in time and space.
It is like comparing apples to oranges.
There are some superficial similarities but fundamental
differences. Fascism is not a coherent ideology. It is better to
call fascism as a propaganda rather than ideology and
philosophy.
PLATO
Criticism on Plato's PK:
C.E.M. Joad
Karl Popper
Hannah Arendt
We can’t say, if, that ideal state was the rule of terror &
violence. Hence, we should resist the temptation of
calling Plato as a totalitarianism thinker.
PLATO
However, we can say that Plato is much ahead of his times when he
gives an opportunity to women to get educated and join politics