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one thing is still needed, and that is money. It is for the French
Government to ask for it, and for the French Parliament to grant it.
Certain there be who deliberately oppose French colonial expansion;
with them discussion is impossible. I do not try to convince them, for
they are already proved to be in the wrong.
There are, however, others, noble and loyal Frenchmen, who
stigmatize as sterile all the efforts we make beyond seas to add to
the possessions of our native country. “What,” they urge, “you talk of
wholesale emigration, when the population of France is by no means
increasing!”
This is, after all, only a specious argument. Who speaks of
advising expatriation en masse to Frenchmen for the sake of
peopling distant countries? All the colonies suitable for peopling
have already been appropriated by our English rivals. Australia was
the last of them.
With regard, however, to colonies for exploration, it is quite a
different matter. And with the fullest conviction of my soul, I say
France ought to acquire such colonies. Through them alone will she
recover her commercial ascendency, which has been so seriously
jeopardized; through them alone will her social position become
assured.
Take, for instance, some child, the son of a workman or farmer: he
goes to the school of his quarter or village. Intelligent and
hardworking, he soon wins the affection of his teacher. “Work,” says
that teacher; “to every one the reward is sure, according to his
merits. Think of Pasteur, the son of a workman, to whom all Europe
renders homage.”
Believing what he is told, the child works on. At first the State
fulfils the promises made through the lips of the master. The teacher
has spoken to the inspector of his protégé, the rector bestirs himself
in the matter, the minister even intervenes, encouragement and
money aid alike are lavished upon the young fellow. His zeal
increases, he redoubles his application, he passes all the
examinations and gets all the honours possible, till the University has
no more to teach. Teacher, rector, minister, all justly pride
themselves in having done their duty by him.

MEDAL OF THE FRENCH SOCIETY FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF

SCIENCE.

Then the son of the workman begins his life in the world.
Oh, how changed is everything to him now! Knowledge and
industry are much, it is true, but there are still two applicants for
every post, for every social function, and it is always the weaker, the
less skilful, or rather perhaps the less fortunate, who goes to the
wall.
The State has no other situation to offer him, and there is a
regular glut of brain-workers already in commerce and in
manufacture. Still it is necessary to eat to live.
It is easy to say “go back to the workshop or the plough,” but it is
against human nature to do so; the cultivated brain, the matured
intelligence, need the intellectual food to which they have become
accustomed. The hands are too soft and delicate now for manual
labour, nor are the muscles strong enough for it.
One more embittered, discontented, unfortunate man has been
produced, that is all, and who knows but that to-morrow he may
astonish the world by some attempted crime or act of folly, the result
of his despair, perhaps even of actual hunger?
 Am I making excuses for an anarchist? By no means. I have but
proved the necessity of French colonial expansion in colonies of
exploration.
If we wish to turn our distant possessions to account, the criminal
of yesterday, the dangerous member of society, might go there, and
in directing industrial or commercial enterprises find legitimate
employment and a fair return for all his intelligent efforts and for the
work and study of his youth.
There is plenty of labour to be obtained out there, for it is only the
natives, of whatever tribe or colour, whose temperament is hostile to
manual work.
More than that, these very natives who are now in a degraded
state of barbarism, if taught by intelligent Europeans, would soon
rise above their present condition to more of an equality with their
instructors. Not only would the young man of whom I have been
speaking live a happy life; not only would he win riches for himself
and add to the wealth of his native country, but he would also aid in
bringing about what, in my opinion, is the noblest of all possible
ambitions, the amelioration of the lot of his fellow-creatures, for to
make them better and happier is to share in the work of God Himself.
So logical is this reasoning, that my only wonder is why those who
have the good of humanity at heart have not thought of it before
myself.
Is not our French Sudan just such a fertile colony as is well suited
for playing a part in what I may call the future social policy of
France? I can answer that question in a very few words.
 MEDAL OF THE ‘SOCIETÉ D’ALLIANCE FRANÇAISE.’

I have visited the lower course of the river, with the districts under
the control of the Royal Niger Company, and I can confidently assert
that except for palm-oil, which is only to be obtained on the
seaboard, none of the exports, gum, india-rubber, ivory, and above
all, karité, are wanting in the French Sudan. In fact, we have all
these things in greater quantities than the English, without counting
the products peculiar to our districts, but unknown at the mouth of
the river.
Let us then make that railway, and make it quickly. Do not let us
waste any more time talking about it; do not let us turn aside for any
other projects, and when some 373 miles of iron road unite some
622 miles of the navigable Senegal, with no less than 1056 miles of
the Niger, all alike fit to be navigated by our boats, we shall have a
second Algeria, larger and richer than the first. The mind can
scarcely grasp the idea of the new source of fortune to be opened to
France by a thing so simple as this, a thing in which the Belgians
have been beforehand with us—the construction of a railway.
Stanley was right when he said Africa would belong to the first who
should lay down a line of railway through it.[12]
This will bring us to Ansongo. Are we to let it be the limit of our
zone of trading operations? No, certainly not; and this brings me to a
second result won by our expedition: the opening of relations with
the Awellimiden.
 I have constituted myself the defender of the Tuaregs. I have
shown them to be less cruel, less traitorous, less hostile to progress
than they are generally said to be. It is for the reader to judge
whether the adventures I have related do or do not prove my
impressions to have been correct.
One thing, however, I must stipulate, and that is: if we let months
or years slip by without improving the relations opened with the
Tuaregs of the Niger by further contact with them, we shall find them
more difficult to deal with, more suspicious, altogether less
accessible than we did during our stay in their country.
As I have already said, the Azgueurs were in our hands after the
journey of Duveyrier. Ikhenukhen, their great chief, who was
honoured and obeyed by them, was our friend. When the treaty of
Rhâdames was made, we said to them, “We want to go to the Sudan
by way of Aïr: you will guide us, you will protect our traders, you will
hire your camels to us, and you will find it to your profit to do so.”
A Tuareg proverb says, “You should never promise more than half
what you mean to perform.”
The Azgueurs of course expected our caravans to arrive, and they
are still expecting them. Gradually, however, they are beginning to
doubt us. “What,” they are saying, “did those Frenchmen, who
seemed so anxious to trade in our country, come to do here?” When
this question is put to a Tuareg, he will answer immediately, “They
came to spy; they were the spies of a great army, which will come to
take away our liberty and our independence.”
 MEDAL OF THE LYONS GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY.

In the English of Tripoli and their agent, the Kaimakhan of

Rhâdames, they would have advisers, who would increase their
suspicions of us. Little by little the sympathy the Tuaregs had felt for
us would give way to dread of us. Ikhenukhen is dead now, the
Sahara is closed to us, more completely closed than when Duveyrier
visited it, or when Barth and Richardson crossed it.
If we are equally negligent with the Awellimiden, we shall obtain
equally melancholy results.
If only an opposite policy could be pursued, how different
everything would be!
Whilst waiting for that iron road, and alas! its completion is very
far off! the only means of transit—bearing in mind the impossibility of
navigating the second section of the river—is to employ the
comparatively cheap and easily obtained ships of the desert, the
ugly but useful camels.
Now the camels all belong to the Tuaregs, generally to their Imrad
tribes.
Let us imagine that the railway is completed, that boats brought
up in sections to Kolikoro have been put together there, and are
going down the river as far as Gao, boats sufficiently well armed to
make the French respected, and of sufficient tonnage to carry
merchandise; we should at once have either at Gao or somewhere
else in its neighbourhood, a centre, so to speak, of transit, to which
the Tuaregs could bring their animals to be laden, and acting as
convoys to our caravans, would be most useful auxiliaries to the
French traders.
Do not let any one urge against this the pillaging instincts of the
Tuaregs. To begin with, it is in our power, if necessary, to destroy, or
at least to insist, upon the removal elsewhere, of the riveraine negro
villages, an excellent way of keeping the natives in awe, for we
should then have it in our power to avenge ourselves efficaciously on
them in case of their hostility, for it is from these riveraine districts
that they obtain the grain which is their only food.
I assert, however, that it would never be necessary to proceed to
such extremities as that.
The Tuaregs are alike too intelligent and avaricious of gain to risk
raids, the result of which would be uncertain, when merely letting out
their camels on hire would bring them in alike a greater and a surer
profit.
By doing as I suggest, the old route from Gao to Lake Tchad, one
of the most ancient in Northern Africa, could be reopened. This
route, bearing as it does in the direction of Gober and Aïr, and
skirting the Sahara, as it were in the rear, might in the end be made
to connect the French Sudan with Algeria and Tunis.
To achieve this I repeat we must not give the marabouts, who are
badly disposed towards the French, time to destroy our work before
it is fairly begun; we must not by too long a delay, awake once more
the suspicions of the Awellimiden, which are always easily aroused.
I do not pretend to say that any immediate profits would result
from the course I advocate. Skins, wool, and gum are all too heavy
to make it worth while to export them by difficult and costly modes of
transport from Timbuktu to Kolikoro, and from Kolikoro to Diubeba,
where ends at the present moment the railway from the Senegal to
the Niger.
 MEDAL OF THE MARSEILLES GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY.

It is, however, absolutely necessary to pave the way for traffic

even at the cost of a temporary loss, so that it may be in full swing
from the very day of the completion of the railway, when steamers
will begin to ply on the navigable portion of the Niger.
On that day our hydrographical map, which is so far the chief
result of our expedition, will find its use!
Was our stay at Say a profitable one? The future alone can
decide.
I do think, however, that at least our gentle and benevolent
behaviour to the peaceable natives, to the tillers of the soil, the
Koyraberos, must, however obtuse their intelligence, have proved to
them that these French infidels, these Kaffirs, as they called us, were
not really exactly what their marabouts told them we were: ferocious
beasts.
Moreover, our establishing ourselves in our island, and our stay at
Fort Archinard, in spite of the prohibition of our enemy, Amadu
Cheiku, under his very eyes, as it were, and in spite of all his
satellites could do, all his vain intrigues against us, must surely have
weakened his influence and his prestige.
We could not possibly have done more than we did with the very
small force at our command, and in view of the instructions we had
received to maintain the pacific character of our expedition,
instructions, alas! which to the end remained incomplete, and were
very different from what I had hoped they would be.
With regard to the Lower Niger it is best to be silent. There is far
too much competition there with other European nations, and it
would only lessen the effect of the results we had been able to
obtain, whether those results were great or small, to publish what
they were. It is for diplomacy to deal with them, bearing in mind that
our rivals know on occasion how to act with what I may call quite a
special bad geographical faith, which is not, however, any longer
effective, since we have now reconnoitred and examined the districts
in dispute.
I may add that we also brought back with us a few collections, and
what was, as it appears to me, a most important point, the results of
as careful a study as possible of the different dialects spoken in the
river districts.
There is nothing which gains the confidence of the natives more
than to be able to speak, or even to jabber, their language. The
effect on the Tuaregs especially is immense when they find that a
European can say a few phrases in Tamschenk, and a very great
stride has been made towards a good understanding when those
sentences have been pronounced.

MEDAL OF THE CHER GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY.

 Whatever may be the results of our journey, I should be guilty of
the grossest ingratitude if I concluded my account of our adventures
in any other way than by thanking all the devoted companions who
helped me to bring it to a successful conclusion.
Our negroes, those brave Senagalese, whom we have watched at
their work so long, who were so devoted, so French, who so blindly
followed the chief whose service they had entered, had held their
own lives cheap, and now shared with us the proud sense of duty
accomplished.
Then above all, our thanks are due to my friends Baudry, Bluzet,
Taburet, and Father Hacquart. We were going back now to civilized
life, perhaps to disperse to the four corners of the earth, but a bond
had been formed between us which nothing will ever break. As for
me, that bond was made up chiefly of loving gratitude, for to them is
due the fact that I was able to keep my oath made when Davoust
died, to serve my country and to increase the extent of the future
possessions of France.
 NATIVES OF SANSAN HAUSSA.

Thanks too must be given to those who aided me by their

influence, their encouragement, and their contributions, no matter
how small. As my readers have seen, the beginning of the
hydrographical expedition I commanded was set about with many
difficulties, and I can honestly assert that I suffered far more
personally just because of my zeal for the task I had undertaken; a
task which when completed would extend the area of our colonial
possessions and make them better known, which would add to the
wealth and the power of my native country. Yes, I suffered more than
if I had been a bad officer, caring little about his duty.
I wish I could say that at least all was changed on my return, but
truth compels me to add that there were certain notable exceptions
to the general sympathy with me, and the general kindness of the
reception given to me.
 GRAND MEDAL OF THE PARIS SOCIETY OF COMMERCIAL
GEOGRAPHY.

But never mind, the sense of having done one’s duty is worth
more than anything else.
It is to you, dear friends, dear companions on the Niger, that I add
—“Let people say what they will; a hundred years hence many things
and many men will be forgotten, but for all that, it will be as true then
as it is now, that our hydrographical expedition was the first to
descend the Niger, the first to explore its course from Kolikoro to the
sea.”
A French sailor, Francis Garnier by name, on his way to Tonquin,
which he had to aid in conquering, and where he was to end his
days, wrote to his mother describing all the difficulties he would have
to contend with, adding, “But I do not mind, mother dear. Forward,
for the sake of old France!”
For ourselves, and for those who are to come after us in Africa or
elsewhere, I too close my narrative with the same words. “Forward,
for the sake of old France!”
 THE Course of the river Niger from Timbuktu to Bussa.
Reduced from the Original Surveys made by the Hourst Expedition.

(Large-size)
 INDEX

Abd el Kader, Arab name of Hourst, 90, 191, 196, 309

Abder Rhaman, a chief, 142, 144
Abdu, 285-288, 293
Abdul Dori, 65, 66, 78, 98
Abdulaye, a carpenter, 96, 189, 287, 319, 320, 335, 364, 370, 399, 496
Abdulaye Dem, Tierno, 41, 70, 84, 95, 96, 157, 196, 286, 338, 352, 353, 367,
397, 416
Abdul Bubakar, 329
Abdul Kerim, 88-90, 101, 103, 124, 146, 153, 154, 168, 174, 184, 191
Abegga, 484, 485
Abiddin, 75, 81, 101-108, 114, 118, 120, 121, 135, 140, 141
Abo, 350, 488, 490, 491
Abu, 147
Achur, 125
Adria, 158
Agata, a village, 135, 136
Aghades, 352
Agibu, 373
Agony, 358
Agoult, Naval Lieutenant, 456, 487, 491
Ahmadu Mumi, 280, 386, 387, 389
Ahmady Mody, 318, 338
Air, 176, 202, 207, 243, 247, 505, 507
Ajacin, 443
Akassa, 452, 488, 493
Algeria, 49, 129, 144, 201, 228, 242, 247, 504, 507
Algiers, 228
Ali, 306
Aliburi, 282, 310, 313, 320, 388
Alif, 118
Alimsar, 240, 241, 426
Alkori, 204
Al Walidj, 104
Amacher, 202, 222
Amadi, 79, 80
Amadu, a guide, 436-439, 442-445, 456, 457, 468
Amadu Cheiku, 37, 181, 271, 274, 280, 283, 290, 291, 307, 312-317, 372, 384,
508
Amadu Lobbo Cissé, a chief, 78
Amadu Saturu or Modibo, 285, 286, 288, 290-292, 299, 326, 347, 359, 361,
365-368, 373, 378, 382-387, 388-391
Amiru of Torodi, 313
Amrar, 178, 244
Ansars, 208
Ansel Makkoren, 144
Ansongo, 99, 100, 165, 181-184, 188, 192, 269, 368, 369, 373, 498, 499, 504
Arabu, 310, 364
Archinard, General, 37, 284, 298, 299, 500
Ardent, The, 452, 492
Ardos of Massina, 316
Argungu, 412, 421
Arhlal, 101
Armas, the, or Romas, 144, 168, 208, 209, 216, 217
Aron, Lieutenant, 491, 492, 494
Askia, 165, 167, 193, 207, 316
Assaba, 487-490
Atakor n’Ahaggar, 202, 207, 243
Atchino, 331, 358, 399
Attanoux, 84, 160, 172
Aube, 30, 495
Aube, The, 52, 59, 60, 94, 99, 123, 146, 147, 156, 186, 188, 193, 251, 255,
256, 258, 260, 275-277, 299, 304, 338, 357, 358, 459, 463, 467-469, 494
Auru, 265, 368, 369, 438, 449, 464, 466, 467, 470, 472, 474, 479, 485
Aussa, Igwadaren, the, 90, 131
Autel Makhoren, 134
Awellimiden, the, 88, 104-106, 120, 129-131, 136, 148, 152, 167, 170, 173,
174, 176, 177, 181, 195, 196, 201, 203, 204, 209, 217, 219, 231, 236, 238,
240, 241, 243, 246, 247, 271, 315, 379, 426, 504, 506, 507
Azemay, 277
Azgueurs, the, 160, 172, 197, 201, 248, 504

Baba Hamet, 80, 146, 177

Badjibo or Guadjibo, 470
Bafing, a stream, 7, 42
Bafulabé, 7, 34, 38, 42
Bakel, 27, 30
Bakhoy, the, 7, 39, 42
Balia, 180, 181
Ballot, Governor, 33
Bamako, 52, 289, 405
Bamana Dankun, 71
Bamba, 136, 148
Bambara, 60, 62, 68, 71, 281, 351, 411
Bandiagara, 65, 288, 290, 363, 364, 367, 371, 372
Bargu, The, 475, 477
Baror, a rock, 149, 155
Barth, Dr. Henry, 1, 2, 10, 75, 88, 89, 101, 124, 129, 142, 149, 152, 156, 165,
166, 179, 180, 184-186, 194, 201, 240, 251, 357, 367, 484, 485, 505
Baruba, 142
Baud, 32, 33, 285, 286, 423, 427
Baudry, Lieutenant, 14, 17, 20, 21, 23, 28, 32, 34, 36-39, 41, 64, 94, 97, 100,
132, 160, 182, 188, 197, 254-257, 261, 302, 323, 335, 337, 352, 353, 364,
371, 399, 421, 468, 469, 485, 498, 510
Baye Hamet, 80, 146, 177
Beba, 182
Bechir Uld Mbirikat, 88, 118
Beckay Uld Ama Lamine, 75, 76
Bedda of Ida, 228
Belle or Bellates, 215, 216, 251
Benin, 493
Beni-Omia, law of, 236-238
Bentia, the Biting of Barth, 194
Benuë, 479, 481, 483
Berber, 203, 204
Bidda, 437, 476, 488
Bikini, 405
Bilali Cumba, a coolie, 29
Bilinga, 375
Bina, Ali, 47
Biskra, 78
Bluzet, Lieutenant, 37-41, 44, 45, 64, 94, 97, 100, 158, 290, 303, 304, 325,
340, 353, 354, 374, 408, 469, 510
Bobo, 282
Bokar Ahmidu Collado, 372
Boker Wandieïdu, 218, 252, 269-271
Bolard, Léon, 19, 20, 38
Bonnier, Colonel, 30, 118, 218
Bori, 100
Bornu, 179
Bozos, the, 316, 351, 354
Brass, 488, 493
Brazil, The, 21, 23
Brid’oison, M., 352
Brière de l’Isle, 24
Brière de l’Isle, The, 27, 30
Bubakar-Singo, 28, 39
Bubodji, 406
Burdane, 202
Buré, an island, 189, 191
Burgu, 408, 420, 423, 455
Burrem, 98, 100
Burrum, 10, 160, 165, 413
Bussa, 5, 289, 303, 408, 425, 431, 433, 434, 437, 439, 440, 443-449, 451, 452,
454, 459, 462, 470, 472, 474, 479, 481, 498, 499
Bussuma, 373

Caillé, René, 75
Cape Verd, 21
Carnot, M., 176
Caron, 8, 33, 41, 309
Carrol, Captain, 473, 475, 476, 486, 487, 490
Cayor, 23, 24, 282, 319, 364, 388
Chalor, a rock, 149
Chambas, the, 204, 248
Charenton, 435
Chaudié, M., Governor-General, 37, 496
Chautemps, M., Colonial Minister, 37
Cheibatan, the, 240, 242
Cherbourg, 22
Colbert, 5
Congo, the, 36
Conquet, 399

Dafins, the, 274

Dahomey, 32, 33, 96, 289, 290, 331, 358, 399, 474, 496
Dakar, 21, 25, 87
Damels, 23
Dantec, The, 52, 95, 99, 156, 188, 254-256, 260, 357, 463, 465, 468, 469, 492,
494
Davoust, Naval Lieutenant, 7, 10, 34, 427, 439, 495, 510
Davoust, The, 11, 13, 21, 23, 28, 29, 34, 38, 41, 44, 59, 60, 65, 93, 99, 112,
117, 146, 149, 156, 178, 193, 194, 250, 255, 256, 259, 263, 277, 300, 306,
370, 459, 465, 469, 494, 495
Day, 93
Dē, 367
Debo, Lake, 74, 78, 140, 298, 334, 405
De Brazza, 482
Decœur, 32, 33, 286, 358, 423, 436
Delcassé, M., 6, 7, 10
Dendi, 317, 377, 404, 406, 409, 411, 413, 414, 417, 419, 423, 446
Dendikobes, the, 377
Dentchendu, 385, 391, 421
Dergona, 179, 180, 181
Desa, 268
Desbordes, 500
Destenaves, Captain, 34, 39, 65, 66
Diafara, 373
Diamu, 97, 337
Diena, 35
Digui or Samba Amadi, 39, 41, 95, 197, 255, 256, 259-261, 264, 267, 275, 317,
318, 329, 369, 376, 381, 399, 407, 442, 454, 459, 460, 462, 463, 465, 467,
486, 496
Diko, 153
Diubeba, 42, 507
Diulas, the, 330
Djamarata, 368, 379
Djanaru, 316
Djerma, 385-389, 421
Djermakoy, 384, 385, 421
Djermankobes, 298, 313, 325
Djidjima, 442
Djitafe, 81
Djula, 375
Dodds, General, 358
Dongoe, 148, 149, 218
Dori, 65, 66, 243, 312, 368, 373
Dosso, 389
Drew, Mr., 474, 475, 481, 485, 486, 490
Duentza, 312
Dunga, 280-284, 300, 312, 382, 387, 397
Dungu, 313, 315
Duveyrier, 197, 201, 243-245, 248, 504, 505

Ebener, Colonel, 33
Eguedeche, 145, 146
El Abaker, 208
El Hadj Omar, 75, 76, 79, 129, 313, 314, 316, 386, 397
El Khotab, 154, 168, 170, 240
El Mekki, 182, 183, 186, 270, 271
El Sirat, 272
El Waghdu, 124
El Yacin, 178, 219
Emir el Munemin, 308, 314