History of Parmar Kingdom

The word Parmar means slayer of the enemies. As per Prithvi Raj Raso the Parmars trace their
origin to the fire pit of Saint Vasistha. Parmars initially held control over the area of Abu with their
capital at Chandravati. Some of the historians say that Parmars trace their origin to Brahmins while
others claim that they are descendants of the Sun. The founder of Parmar dynasty in Abu was
Dhoom Later on, King Sindhuraj became famous and was given the title of "King of Maru
Mandal."
Parmars of Abu
1. King Dhandhuka
• King Dhandhuka fought a battle with the King of Gujarat named Bheemdeva-1.
• King Dhandhuka sought refuge with Malwa's King Bhoja Parmar.
• Bheemdeva appointed Vimal Shah as the governor of Chandravati.
• Vimal Shah built the famous Jain temple of Adinath in Delwara (Abu).
• The architect of this splendid temple was Kirtidhar. The temple was built in 1031 AD Vimal
Shah later mediated a peace between Dhandhuka and Bheemdeva and Dhandhuka was made
the King of Chandravati.

2. King Dharavarsha
• During his reign it is said that Prithviraj attacked Chandravati at night, this attack failed because
of Dharavarsha and his brother Prahladan Dev.
• Someshwar's Kirti Kaumudi describes the heroics of Prahladan Dev.
• Dharavarhsa fought against the forces of Mohammed Ghori during their Gujarat campaign.
• Prahaladan Dev succeeded his brother Dharavrsha and became the King.
• He established the city of Palanpur and wrote a play named named "Parth Prakaram Vyayog".

3. Vikram Singh
• During his reign, the Parmars of Abu started using the titles of Raval and Maharaval.
• In his reign, Chauhan's of Jalore captured the western part of Abu and reduced the hold of
Parmars over Abu.

Parmars of Vagar
• Apart from ruling Abu-Chandravati, Parmars held the area of Vagar. Their capital was
Arthuna.
• Before ruling this independently, they were feudatories of Parmars of Malwa.
• Mandalika was the famous King of Vagar who built the famous Mandleshwar temple at
Panheda (near Banswara) in 1059 AD.
• He was a famed warrior and won many battles.

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• The inscription of Arthuna gives the details of construction of Mandleshwar temple.Over a
period of time Samant Singh defeated the Parmars of Vagar and established an independent
Kingdom of Guhils in this area.

Parmars of Jalore
• Parmars of Jalore were vassals of Gujarat's Chalukyan Kings.
• The inscription of Jalore gives details about the seven Parmar Kings who ruled over Jalore.
• Over a period of time they extended their sway to Bheenmal/Kiradu.
• Later on Kirtipal, Chauhan Prince of Nadol defeated King Asala of Jalore and captured Jalore.
This ended the rule of Parmars in Jalore.

Parmars of Malwa
The origin place of Parmars of Malwa was Abu and their capital was Ujjain(M.P) which was also
referred as 'Dhara-Nagri'.
1. Munj Parmar
• Among the Parmar Kings of Malwa, Munj Parmar was a famous ruler.
• He defeated the Huns and was known by the titles of Vakpati-Raj' and 'Utpal-Raj'.
• He was a patron of scholars and conferred upon himself the title of "Kavi - Vrish'.
• Court Scholars.
o Halayaudh: He authored 'Abhidhan- Ratnamala'.
o Padmagupta: He wrote Nav- Sahasank- Charitt.
o Dhananjay: Text Dashrupak was authored by him.

2. Raja Bhoj
• He was a King who excelled in war as well as literature and was liked by public.
• He constructed a "Saraswati-Kanthabharan' school in Dhara-Nagri which was also called
Bhojshala
• The idol of Vag-Devi was installed in this school, which was later accepted as the idol of
Goddess Saraswati by the Indians, a symbol of Gyanpeeth prize given to the scholars.
• He was an erudite scholar and was popularly known by the title of Kaviraj. According to Abu
Fazal's Aain-E-Akbari, 500 scholars of various courts used to grace his court.
• Raja Bhoj wrote many texts during his life time, some of which are Siddhant Samuh,
Rajmartand, Ayurved-Sarvasv, Adityapratap Siddhant, Vidhya Vinod etc.
• He established a city named as Bhoj Nagar and constructed a big pond known as 'Bhojsar'.

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 History of Amber / Kachwaha dynasty
1. Dulha Rai
• Dulha Rai was married to the daughter of Chauhan-Chief of Dausa. In 1137 AD, with the help
of his in-laws, he defeated the Bad-Gurjar Kings of Dausa and captured the area
• He then defeated the Meena Kings of Ramgarh (near Amber) and made it his new capital He
constructed a temple of "Jamwai Mata" in Ramgarh "Jamwai-Mata" is the clan deity of
Kachwahas
• His actual name was Tejkaran. He died fighting in a battle in Gwalior

2. Kapil Deva
• In 1207 AD, Kakıl Deva defeated the Meena's of Amber and captured it
• He shifted his capital to Amber which was also called Ambika Nagar
• He constructed a temple of Ambhikeshwar Mahadev in Amber. It is one of the oldest temples
in the Amber fort which is still surviving

3. Prithvi Raj
• He fought in the battle of Khanwa alongside Rana Sanga and died
• He was married to the sister of Rana Sanga
• He had a son named Sanga who established the city of Sanganer near Amber

4. Bharmal (1547-573)
• Bharmal became King of Amber after a lot of succession struggle
• He met Akbar in Sanganer with the help of Chagtai Khan.
• Prior meeting Akbar in Sanganer, Bharmal met Akbar in Delhi in 1556 AD with the help of
Majnu Khan In 1562 AD, he accepted the supremacy of Akbar, he was the first ruler of
Rajasthan to accept subjugation of Mughal Empire.
• Bharmal was a mature diplomat and had recognized the influence of Mughal power carly and
hence tied up with Akbar
• He married his daughter Harkha Bai to Emperor Akbar
• It was from Harkha Bai that future Emperor Saleem (Jahangir) was born.
• She was given the title of "Mariam-Uz- Zamani" by Akbar meaning Head of Queens
• Akbar gave Bharmal the title of "Ameer-Ul-Umra" meaning Commander of the Commanders.

5. Bhagwant Das (1574-1589)

• Bhagwant Das was a well respected courtier in Mughal Court
• He led many campaigns of the Mughal Empire and suppressed the revolt of Mirza's in Sarnal
(Gujarat). Akbar rewarded him by offering him a flag and a drum (Nagada)

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• He was given a Mansab rank of 5000. He married his daughter Man Bai to Prince Jahangir
Prince Jahangir gave her the title of "Shah-E-Begum" meaning head of Queens Prince Khusrau
was born out of this marriage.
• Man bai committed suicide as she was troubled by the liquor addiction of Jahangir

6. Man Singh (1589-1614)

• He was son of Bhagwant Das and had joined the Mughal court at the tender age of 12.
• At his coronation, he was awarded the Mansab rank of 5000
• In 1605 AD, his Mansab was increased to 7000 which was a rare feat that was accomplished
by Man Singh as Mansab of 7000 was only awarded to the family members of Mughal Empire

Campaigns of Man Singh

Kabul (1581-1587 AD)
• He was appointed Governor of Kabul
• Mirza Hakim, half brother of Akbar, revolted against him, this revolt was suppressed by Man
Singh and Mirza Hakim accepted the supremacy of Akbar
• During his time in Kabul, he subjugated many tribes, including Roshania's and Yusufrai's and
the local tribes respected Man Singh's bravery and strategic skills. He had a long and successful
stint as a governor of Kabul by making many tribesaccept the supremacy of Akbar, after this
he was appointed Governor of Bihar.

Bihar (1587-1594 AD)

• In 1587 AD, he was appointed as Governor of Bihar
• He was made the King of Gaya.
• He diverted his focus to Orissa and suppressed the rebellion of Afghan led by Qutlu Khan and
Nasir Khan
• Doing this time in Orissa, the control of the famous Puri temple was in the handsof Man Singh
• He built many forts in Rohitash in Bihar
• In Gaya district in Bihar, he founded a city of Manpur

Bengal
• In 1594 AD, he was appointed as Governor of Bengal
• He founded a city of Akbar Nagar in Bengal, presently known as Raj Mahal and shifted the
capital from Tandah to Akbar Nagar
• He suppressed the revolt of Usman Khan, Isa khan and other Afghan rebels in Bengal Laxmi
Narayan, King of Cooch-Bihar also accepted Mughal supremacy during this time
• He defeated Kedar, King of East Bengal and brought an idol of "Shila-Mata from Bengal and
installed the statue in a temple in Amber fort. Shila Mata is a tutelary goddess of Kachwaha
clan

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• Prince Jagat Singh, son of Man Singh died during the campaign of Bengal. Queen
• Kankavati, mother of Jagat Singh constructed a temple known as Jagat Shiromani in the
memory of her son Jagat Singh. The idol of Lord Krishna placed in the temple of Jagat
Shiromani is the one that was being worshiped by Meera Bai in Chittoor.
• Man Singh constructed the forts of Ramgarh and Amber, and built a grand temple in Vrindavan
known as Radha Govind temple. Saint Dadu Dayal ji was contemporary of Man Singh and
composed a text named Vaani during his reign
• King Man Singh died in 1614 AD in Elichpur, Maharashtra

Court Scholars:
• Pundarik Vitthla: He wrote following books
o Rag Manjari
o Rag Mala.
o Rag Chandrodaya
o Nartan-Nirnay
• Rai Murari Das. He wrote following books
o Man-Charitra
o Man-Prakash
• Jagannath: He wrote a book named as Man Singh Kirti Muktavali
• Dalpatraj : He wrote following books
o Patra-Prashasti
o Pavan-Paschim
o Poet Hapa Barath was a scholar in the court of Man Singh

7. Mirza Raja Jai Singh (1621-1667 AD)

• He ruled for 46 years which makes him the longest serving King of Ander
• He worked with three Emperors Jahangir, Shab- Jahan and Aurangzeb
• In his first campaign, he was sent to Ahmednagar against Malik Amber . He suppressed the
revolts of Jats in Mahavan
• Shah Jahan sent Jai Singh to North West frontier province to defeat the Uzbeks
• He was sent with Prince Shuja to Kandhar, to mark this occasion Shah-Jahan gave him the title
of Mirza Raja .
• Aurangzeb sent him in a campaign against Chattrapati Shivaji in Deccan
• In 1665 he was able to conclude a treaty with Shivaji in Purandar known as "Treaty of
Purandar".

Provision of Treaty of Purandar

• Shivaji agreed to surrender 23 forts to Mughals.
• His son Sambhaji would be present in the court of the Emperor

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• This treaty was a significant achievement of Jai Singh as earlier two campaigns of Mughal
Empire led by Shahista Khan and Afzal Khan proved an utter failure
• Italian traveler Nicholao Manuchi was present during this treaty and he has mentioned this in
his book "Storio Do Mogor" meaning an account of Mughal Kingdom
• Jai Singh also led a campaign in Bijapur against Adil Shah This campaign was unsuccessful
and Jai Singh's reputation took a hit in the Mughal court
• He built the famous "Jai-Garh" palace in Amber. This place was earlier called as "Cheelon ka
Teela" or "Hills of Eagle"
• He established a city near Aurangabad named as Jai-Singh-Pura.
• Jai Singh was a seasoned diplomat and it was because of his mediation that peace was
established between Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb and King Jaswant Singh of Marwar.
• He knew many languages such as Persian, Arabic, Turkish and Sanskrit He was of scholars
and his court attracted many jewels of literature
• He died in Burhanpur (Maharashtra) in 1667 due to poison.

Court Scholars
Bihari Ji
• He was an excellent scholar and his works in literature are studied with great interest even
today.
• The most famous work of Bihari Ji is "Bihari-Satsai a book of 700 couplets.
• It is a text on Shringar-Ras and Bhakti -Ras, meaning the text expresses beauty and love
towards the supreme power

Kulpati Mishra
• He was the nephew of Bihari Ji and wrote 52 books. These books give detailed account of the
campaign of Jai Singh in Deccan
• A famous text on the character and reign of Jai Singh was written by court Poet Ra Kavi. The
name of the text is "Jai Singh Charitra"

8. Sawai Jai Singh (1700-1743)

• After the death of Aurangzeb, the decline of Mughal Empire started which is visible of the fact
that during his tenure as King. Sawai Jai Singh worked with 7 Mughal Emperor
• In the succession battle between Muazzam and Azam, Jai Singh supported Azam, but
unfortunately Azam lost the battle and Muazzam became Emperor. The battle took place in
Jajau in 1707 AD.
• Bahadur-Shah attacked Amber and dethroned Jai Singh and declared his younger brotherVijay
Singh as King of Amber. He renamed Jaipur to "Islamabad" or "Mominabad".
• In 1708, after the Debari Pact, Jai Singh recaptured the fort of Amber He suppressed the revolt
of Jat King Chundaman in Bharatpur and forced him to conclude a peace pact with the Emperor

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• After the death of Chudaman, there was a succession battle in Bharatpur between Mohkam
Singh and Badan Singh. Jai Singh supported Badan Singh and won the battle
• He gave Badan Singh the Jagir of "Deeg" and title of "Brij-Raj".
• Mughal Emperor Muhammed Shah Rangeela gave Jai Singh the title of "Raj-Rajeshwar".
• Jai Singh was appointed Governor of Malwa (MP) three times during his lifetime

Battles between Jai Singh and Marathas

• Battle of Pilsud: This battle was fought when Sawai Jai Singh was theGovernor of Malwa in
1715 AD. He won this battle.
• Battle of Mandsaur: This battle took place in 1733 AD in Malwa. Jai Singh lost this battle
and had to give war compensation of Rs 6 lakh to Marathas along with some territory of Malwa
• Battle of Rampura (Kota): This battle took place in 1735 AD. Jai Singh lost this battle and
Marathas looted the area of Sambhar and other areas. This battle is also known for war tactics
of Marathas as they had lighter canons and mobile forces which gave them victory over Jai
Singh's army
• After the battle of Rampura, Sawai Jai Singh wanted to conclude a treaty with Peshwa Bajirao
in 1735 AD, but due to internal politics in Mughal court he could not complete the task and
Marathas continued to plunder Malwa Finally, in 1741, he concluded a treaty with Peshwa
Balaji BajiRao in Dhaulpur. The treaty was welcomed by Mughal Emperor and it accepted the
supremacy of Peshwa on Malwa
• Apart from this Jai Singh continuously interfered in the internal Politics of Kota and Bundi-
Kota conflicts. Sawai Jai Singh got made the biggest cannon in Asia Known as "Jaiban". It
was made in the weapon factory located in Jaigarh.
• In 1740 AD, he conducted an Ashwa-Medha Yagna in Jaipur. This was the last Ashwa Medha
Yagna that was conducted by any Hindu King.
• The Ashwa-Medha Yagna was officiated by Chief Priest Pundreek Ratnakar.
• The horse which is let loose after the Yagna was arrested by Deep Singh Kumbhani.

Cultural Achievements
• The biggest and most glorious achievement of Sawai Jai Singh was that he founded the city of
Jaipur.
• Foundation day: 18 Nov 1727 AD.
• Architect of Jaipur was famous Vastu Scholar- Vidhya-Dhar Bhattacharya.
• Portuguese astrologer Xavier D'silva help was also taken in designing the city. - Jaipur was
developed on the lines of two famous cities of that time, i.e. Baghdad (Iran), Canton (China)
• Jaipur was developed on the theory of 9 squares Mandala. Jaipur was the first city of India,
which was developed in a well-planned manner along with maps and with a vision of the future.
• In ancient times this place was called "Shikar ki Hodi", a place where Kings come for hunting
purposes
• Badal Mahal was the first palace that was constructed while building Jaipur

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• Initially it was called as "Sawai Jai Singh Nagar
• The resplendent palace of Chandra-Mahal or City palace was constructed personal residence
of the King and his family
• The temple of Lord "Govind- Dev Ji" was constructed right in front of City palace
• This temple belongs to "Gaudiya" Sect started by Chaitanya Maha-Prabhu.
• Rulers of Jaipur consider themselves as the "Deewan" or Prime-ministers of Lord Govind-Dev
Ji.
• In order to protect the city from Maratha invasions, Sawai Jai Singh constructed afort outside
the city named as "Nahar-Garh."
• Nahar-Garh is known as "Sentinel of Jaipur", earlier this fort was called Sudarshan Garh but
to honor the memory of Nahar Singh it was renamed as Nahar- Garh During his reign, he also
constructed a palace named "Jal-Mahal" in Lake-Mansagar
• This was specifically built as a residential arrangement for the priests whoparticipated in the
Ashwa-Medha Yagna.
• To ensure proper water supply in the newly built city he arranged water supplies and built a
canal named as Harmara Canal
• As he had great curiosity in the subject of astronomy, he constructed 5 JantarMantar's or
observatories in the below mentioned places
o Jaipur (Rajasthan), Delhi, Ujjain (M.P), Mathura (U.P), Banaras (UP). First Jantar Mantar
was constructed in Delhi. The purpose of these observatories was to find out the correct
positions of stars.
• Jantar Mantar constructed in Jaipur is the biggest one. It was completed in 1734AD
• Jaipur Jantar Mantar has 19 instruments which are used in deriving the position of celestial
objects and other calculations regarding the field of astronomy.
• The Jantar Mantar of Jaipur has the world's largest stone Sundial,
• Among the 19 instruments there is an instrument known as "Vrihat Samrat Yantra". It means
the King of all instruments. Its height is around 88 feet and its shadow tells the time of the
day. On its top there is a cupola which was used to announce eclipses and monsoons.
• In 2010 Jaipur's Jantar-Mantar was included in the UNESCO world heritage list It was the first
cultural monument of Rajasthan to be part of UNESCO list.

Literary Achievements
• He wrote a book named "Jai Singh Karika“ This text is considered as one of the great books
written on astrology
• He also compiled a table known as "Jeej-Mohammed Shahi", this table is an accurate
representation of various positions of stars and it enabled the people of that time to make
correct astronomical observations
• He established a Painting department in his state and it was called "Surat-Khana"
• Jai Singh during his reign settled various artists and tried to establish Jaipur as a major center
of the diamond and stone cutting

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Court Scholars
• Pundalik Ratnakar: He wrote a book named "Jai-Singh Kalp Drum" which is a text on the
reign of Jai Singh
• Jagannath Samrat
o He was a mathematician in the court of Sawai Jai Singh.
o He translated Greek writer Ptolemy's Almagest from Persian to Sanskrit and it is known as
"Siddhanta-Sar-Kaustubh"
o He also translated Euclid's Geometry in Sanskrit language and it is known as Rekha-Ganit
o He wrote a book named "Siddhant- Samrat" in which he describes astronomical
instruments, the construction and their usage.
• Keval Ram
o He translated French book "Logarithm" in Sanskrit and titled it as Vibhag-Sarini.
Swai Jai Singh - A Social Reformer
• He tried to control the evil practice of Sati.
• He also made efforts in controlling Child-Marriage.
• He promoted Inter-Caste marriages during that time.
• He inspired Saints who had left their homes and established a settlement for them near
Mathura.
• He abolished internal discrimination between Brahmins of that time
• He made rules that prevented people from spending extravagantly in marriages.
• He died in 1743, and after his death a succession battle took place between his sons Ishwari
Singh and Madho Singh-I.

Diplomatic Mistakes of Sawai Jai Singh

• He continuously interfered in administration of Bundi's Kingdom which instigated them to take
the help of Maratha's to defeat Jai Singh, eventually allowing Maratha's to directly meddle in
the political affairs of Rajasthan.
• His constant conflicts with Ajit Singh and then Abhay Singh also spoiled his relations with
Marwar.
• He dishonored the Debari Pact of 1708, under which he had to declare Madho Singh as the
King of Jaipur instead he made Ishwari Singh the King, thereby creating a succession struggle.
It allowed Marathas to attack Jaipur and the results of whichwere devastating.

9. Ishwari Singh-1743-1750 AD
• He was the eldest son born to Sawai Jai Singh's and queen Suraj Kanwar.
• According to the Debari Agreement, the son of Sawai Jai Singh's Sisodia queen Chandra
Kanwar (Madho Singh) will be the king of Amer.
• Therefore, there was a succession struggle between Ishwari Singh and Madho Singh started.

Battle of Rajmahal (Tonk) - 1747 AD

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• Ishwari Singh v/s Madho Singh
• Surajmal (Bharatpur)
• Jagatsingh II (Mewar)
• Umaid Singh (Bundi)
• Durjansaal (Kota)
• Holkar (Maratha)
• Ishwari Singh wins. In memory of this victory, seven-storey tower Isarlat (Sargasuli) was
constructed in Jaipur.

Bagru (Jaipur) War: - 1748 AD

• Ishwari Singh. v/s. Madho Singh
• Surajmal (Bharatpur)
• Jagatsingh II (Mewar)
• Umaid Singh (Bundi)
• Durjansaal Kota
• Marathe (Peshwa $ Holkar)
• Madho Singh won.
• Ishwari Singh gave Madho Singh 5 parganas.
• Umaid Singh was made the king of Bundi.
• Ishwari Singh awarded war compensation to the Marathas.
• The Marathas tortured Ishwari Singh to pay the war.
• Ishwari Singh committed suicide by poisoning.

10.Madho Singh (1750-1768 C.E.)

• Marathas were massacred in Jaipur on 10 January 1751 AD by local public of jaipur
• In 1759 AD, he defeated the Marathas in the battle of Kakod (Tonk).

Battle of Bhatwada (Baran) - 1761 AD

• Madho singh V/s Satrusaal (Kota)
• This war was fought for authority over the Ranthambore Fort, as Madho Singh made an
agreement with Mughal Emperor Ahmad Shah, Nawab Safdarjung of Awadh and King Suraj
Mal of Bharatpur.
• Therefore, the Mughal emperor gave this fort to Madhosingh. Whereas the Satrusaal of Kota
considered it his authority.
• Shatrasal won and Jatim Singh Jhala was the general of Kota in this war.

Cultural achievements
• He Established Sawai Madhopur in 1763 AD.
• Moti Dungri Palace built in Jaipur.
• Built the temple of Sheetla Mata in Chaksu.

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11.Pratrap Singh-1778-1803.
Battle of Tunga (Jaipur) - 28 July 1787 AD
• Pratap Singh and Vijay Singh (Jodhpur) v/s Marathe (Mahadji Scindia)
• The kings of Shivpur and Karauli also supported Pratapsingh in this war. The Mughal
Mohammad Beg Hamdani, the Aly of the Sindhias, also flippedin favour of Pratap Singh.
• The Marathas were defeated.

Battle of Patan - 20 June 1789 AD

• Pratap Singh & Vijay Singh (Jodhpur) v/s Marathe- De Boi (French commander)
• Marathas won.

Battle of Malpura (Tonk) - 16 April 1800 AD

• Pratap Singh &Bhimsingh (Jodhpur) v/s Maratha (Daulat Rao Scindia)
• Marathas won.
Cultural achievements
Hawamahal: -
• It was built in 1799 AD by Architect- Lalchand Usta
• It is a five-story building.
• Name: - Sharad Mandir, Rattan Mandir, Vichitramandir, Prakash mandir, Hawa mandir
• Shape: - Like the crown of Lord Shri Krishna.
• 953 jharokhas are made in hawa Mahal
• Queens used to watch the procession of Teej and Gangaur from here.
• Pratapsingh used to write poems under the name "Brijnidhi".
• Poetry Guru- Ganpati Bharti.
• Music Guru - Chand Khan.
• The title of Chand Khan - Buddha Prakash.
• Book of Chand Khan - Swar Sagar.
• He Organized a music conference in Jaipur.
• President of Music Conference- Devarshi Brijpal Bhatt.
• The book "Radha Govind Sangeet Saar" was written in this conference.
• The reign of Pratap Singh was the golden period of Jaipur painting. He established the school
of painting. A painter named Lalchand had painted pictures of animal fighting.
• During his reign Tamasha folk drama became popular in Jaipur. He invited Banshidhar from
Maharashtra
• Pratap Singh had 22 scholars in his court. They were called Gandharva Baisi or Pratap Baisi.
Gunijan sabha was made for them.
12.Jagat Singh II-1803-1818 AD
• His beloved Rasakpur used to interfere in the governance work. Later, Rasakpur was arrested
at the Nahargarh Fort.

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• Vijay Singh's girlfriend Gulab Rai is called Nur Jahan
• He concluded Pacts with British in 1818 AD. This treaty was done by Rawal Barisal from
Jaipur and Charles Matcalfe from the British side.
13.Ramsingh II - 1835-1880. AD
• After the death of King Jai Singh III (father), he became the ruler at an early age. At this time,
the British officer Alviz and Black, who came to investigate the Roopa Badaran case, were
attacked by the public, in which Black was killed.
• Guardian- John Ludlow.
• He banned sati, samadhi, female infanticide, human trafficking
• In 1857 AD . He established Madrasa-e-Hunari for the development of art. Presently, it is
called Rajasthan School of arts and crafts
• In 1866 AD by the help of Kantichandra Mukherjee, the Girls School was established in Jaipur.
It was the first girls' school in any princely state of Rajasthan.
• He Established Maharaja College and Sanskrit College in Jaipur.
• In 1876 AD Prince Albert laid the foundation of Albert Hall.
• Architect - Steven Jacob.
• In 1887 AD Albert Hall was inaugurated by Edward Bradford.
• Ramnivas Bagh was constructed .
• During his reign Pink color (ocher color) was done in Jaipur. Stanley Reed in his book Royal
towns of India, He referred to Jaipur as “pink city”
• Blue pottery became popular in Jaipur during his reign
• Ramprakash Theater was constructed in Jaipur.
14.Madho Singh II-1880-1922 AD
• He was called Babbar Sher.
• He provided Financial assistance of Rs. 5 lakhs to Madan Mohan Malaviya for the
establishment of Banaras Hindu University
• He constructed 9 similar palaces in Nahargarh for his 9 concubine
• He got constructed Mubarak Mahal in Chandra Mahal.
• In 1904 AD, the postal system was started in Jaipur. (For the first time in any princely state of
Rajasthan)
• During the reign of Edward VII, he went to London with Ganga water in two big silver urns.
15.Sawai Mansingh II
• He was ruler of Jaipur at the time of independence .
• He was the first and last Rajpramukh of Rajasthan.
• He married Princess of Kooch Bihar Gayatri Devi .
• She was First woman Lok Sabha member from Rajasthan (1962) .
• Autobiography - A Princess Remembers: The Memoirs of the Maharani of Jaipur.

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 Administration and Revenue system of Medieval Rajasthan
• The Princely of Rajasthan had diverse administrative systems in their Kingdoms, but there
were some practices which were common across all of them.
• We can broadly categorize the medieval administration in three parts which are as follows
1. Land Revenue systems
2. General and Military systems
3. Judicial administration
• The administration of Rajasthan can be defined as a Samanti / Feudal system.
• In this form of administration the bigger son would be appointed as King, the head of the state,
and his younger family members were appointed as Samant/feudal lords.
• Feudal lords were given land holdings, which were known as Jagir for running the
administration and for their subsistence. This system was hereditary, clan based and dependent
on the blood relations

Relation between King and feudal lords

As mentioned earlier Kings and feudal lords relationship was characterized by brotherhood an by
a master-servant relationship. Feudal lords used to provide various services to the Kings in return
to the Jagir that was given to them which are as follows:
1. Payment of various taxes
Feudal lords used to pay various taxes, which are mentioned below
• Rekh - Rekh means land revenue and it was of two types i) Patta Rekh and ii) Bhartu Rekh
• Patta Rekh refers to the estimated amount of land revenue mentioned in the lease when King
used to give lands to their feudal lords.
• Bhartu Rekh was the actual amount of the land revenue that was generated from the Jagir.
• Initially, it was not paid to the King on a regular basis, but it became regular during the Mughal
era.
Succession tax
• This tax was given by the successor upon the death of the feudal lord of the Jagir. It was more
of a renewal tax of lease from the new feudal lord.
• King used to send his officials to collect this tax from the successor and if he failed to pay this
tax the Jagir was confiscated by the King
• This tax was known as Talvar-Bandhai/Nazrana in Mewar, Hukumnama and Peshkashi in
Jodpur, Nazrana in Jaipur and Kaid-Khalsa in other princely states
• Jaisalmer was the only princely state where this tax was not charged from the feudal lords.
Nazrana
• It was the amount that was paid by the feudal lords on the occasion of the first wedding of the
eldest son of King

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• Feudal lords also used to present gifts and other valuable items to the Kings on festivals such
as Dussehra, Akshya-Tritiya etc.
Nyot Tax
• Amount paid by the feudal lords on the occasion of weddings of princesses
Ganeem Barad
• Tax collected by Kings from feudal lords at the time of wars
Chatund
• In the Princely state of Mewar 1/6 portion of income was collected from the feudal lords, which
was known as Chatund
2. Chakar
• Every feudal lord was entitled to keep an army and it was mandatory for feudal lords to be
present with their armies during war as the state was considered as a common heritage
• During peace times it was mandatory for feudal lords to mark his presence along with their
armies once in a year. They would help the King with day to day administration such as helping
with construction of forts, ensuring protection of court ladies during pilgrimage, looking after
the arrangements during weddings of prince and princesses
• If any feudal lord wanted to construct a fort or start fortification of the existing ones he had to
take prior permission from the King He would also take permission before marrying off his
wards.
Special rights given by the King to feudal lords
In exchange for the services and taxes given by the feudal lords, King used to bestow certain
special rights or honor to the feudal lords which are as follows
1. Tajeem
Whenever any feudal lord visited the Royal court the King used to stand up in his honour and paid
greetings to him. Tajeem were of two types
• Ekavadi: King used to stand up on the arrival of feudal lord in court
• Dovadi: King used to stand up twice on arrival as well as on departure of the feudal lord from
the court.
2. Banh-Pasay
• Feudal lords while entering the court used to touch their swords on the faces of King and King
used to put his hand on the shoulder of feudal lord as a sign of patronage and brotherhood.
3. Hath-Kurab
• King used to first put his hand on the shoulder of feudal lord and then kept the hand on his
heart. It signified that the actual place of feudal lord lies in the heart of King and s reflected
affinity between King and feudal lords.
• In some cases feudal lords were given the right to choose the heir of state in order to resolve
the succession struggle. Despite the fact that Udai Singh declared Jagmal as his successor.

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 Ratan Singh along with other feudal lords played a crucial role in making Pratap the King of
Mewar.
Types of Jagirs/Land Ownership systems
• The land directly under the control of the King or the state was called as Khalsa and apart from
that there various other lands which are mentioned as below
1. Samanti/Feudal
• It was the land owned by the feudal lord given to him by the King which was hereditary
2 Hukumat/Muttasadi
• In order to run the administration of Khalsa territories a bureaucrat class was created. In
exchange for the services rendered by these officials, they were given ownership of certain
territories as a part of their salary Feudal lords also used to employ these officials in their Jagirs
for specific purposes.
• This system was not hereditary and was based on the capabilities of the individual
3. Bhomiya
• Bhomiya is derived from Bhumi means land and hence Bhomiya refers to the person who has
sacrificed his life for the land of the state.
• This resembles to the modern day gallantry award systems. This was both hereditary and non-
hereditary depending upon the nature of sacrifice.
• There were two types of Bhomiyas, one who were not liable to pay any taxes and the other
ones who used to render services such as post delivery, arrangement of government officials
during visits against the land grant given to them.
4. Sasan
• The land grant given to religious institutions such as temples, mosques, cenotaphs, and other
court scholars such as Brahmins or for educational purpose.
• The owner of the land was not liable to pay any tax or render any service to the state.
• King had no right on this land and even if he wished he could not convert these lands into
Khalsa lands
Categories of Feudal lords
• In its original intent this system did not have any classification of feudal lords but later on it
got influenced from the Mansabdari system of Mughal court and various catégories came into
being Despite of the Mughal influence the categories were based on the prestige of the clans
• In Mewar there were 16 first grade feudal lords who were known as Umrao. Then there were
32 feudal lords in second category which were followed by the third category in which there
were hundreds of feudal lords known as feudal lords of Gol
• In Marwar there were four categories, namely Rajvi. Sirdar/Sardar, Ginayat and Muttasadi.
Rajvi's were third generation relatives of the Kings and were not liable to pay any taxes to the
King. Relatives after the third generation and other Rathore feudal lords were called as Sardars.
Ginayat's were the Rajput's other than Rathores and Muttasadi were the bureaucrats.

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• In Bikaner there were 3 categories first were the direct descendants of Bika, second category
comprised of other family members such as Beedawats and in third category were the Rajputs
and castes which used to live in Bikaner prior to the ruler of Bika such as Bhati and Godara.
• In Kota there were 30 categories which were called Rajvi and most of the Rajvi's were Hada
Chauhans.
• In Jaisalmer categorization of feudal lords started during the reign of King Harraj and two
categories, namely Daavi(left) and Jeevani(right) were created.
• In Amber, King Prithviraj developed the 12 Kotadi system where he divided his state among
his 12 sons.
Land Revenue and ownership systems
• In Medieval era land revenue was the major source of income to the state. The management of
the land and taxation became an important aspect of the administrative system. Land was
basically of two types i e, agricultural land and pastoral lands.
• Pastoral land was treated as a public property and was used to cultivated feed for the animals
and no taxes were collected on these lands.
• Farmers were also categorized into two types, i.e. Bapidar and Non-Bapidar
Bapidar famers
• They were the legal owners of the agricultural land known as Khud Khastkar
• They had ownership of wood and wells of the farm.
• While fixing the amount of tax the means used by the farmer to increase productivity were
taken into account
• If during a famine, the farmer has left his agricultural land for some time his ownership rights
could not be abolished by the state.
• The official entry of farmers' land ownership in the state records was called Dakhla
Non-Bapidar Farmers
• They were not the owner of the land and would fall into the category of landless laborers also
known as Shikmi Kashtkar.
Factors considered for calculating revenue
Land revenue was known by various names such as Lagan, Bhog, Hasil and Bhoj and there were
various methods of calculating the revenue which are mentioned below
• For the purpose of calculating the revenue land was categorized into two Barani and Unnao.
o Barani: Land irrigated by rain water.
o Unnao: Land irrigated by wells, ponds or step-wells.
• The productivity of land and market value of the crop cultivated was also taken into account.
The rate of tax of Rabi and Kharif crops was also different.
• The caste of the farmer was also a factor in deciding the land revenue Special concessions were
made to the Rajputs, Brahmins and Mahajans. Castes like Patel and Chaudhary acted as
mediators between the state and farmers for the purpose of revenue calculation

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Methods used to collect Revenue
• Lata: In this method the crop was harvested under the supervision of revenue official and after
weighing a certain part of crop was kept aside as tax
• Kunta: Kunta means approximation, in this method rough approximation was made after
looking at the crop and on the basis of that land revenue was fixated. No measurement was
done in this method.
• Other methods included Mukata, Dori and Ghughri
o Mukata : lump sum amount of land revenue was decided which was to be paid in cash
by the farmer.
o Dori :A certain part of the field was measured by the revenue officials and then the revenue
was decided based upon the measurements
o Ghughari: In this method King, feudal lords used to distribute seeds (Ghugan) to the
farmers and in return took the same quantity of harvested crop (1 kg seed-1 kg crop)
• Various other types of taxes are listed below
o Jajam: Tax collected on the sale and purchase of land.
o Daan: Tax collected when goods of one state were sold in other states.
o Sayar: Tax taken from traders while crossing the state.
o Singoti: Tax collected on the sale and purchase of animals

Important Administrative Officers of the State and their functions

1. King
• The highest power of the state, but he was not autocratic or arbitrary in nature All the
administrative, military and judicial powers were vested with King, but he was advised by
feudal lords, Prince and other administrative officials of the state.
• King was under the moral obligation of religious and moral scriptures before executing his
orders. The King was more of a father like figure and state resembled to his family.
2. Pradhan
• It was a very important post of administration and second in rank to the King.
• He gave the King Counsel on administrative and military related subjects.
• In Bundi and Kota he was called Diwan, in Jaipur Musahib, in Bikaner and Bharatpur
Mukhtyar and in Mewar, Marwar and Jaisalmer he was known as Pradhan
• In Marwar and other princely states it was necessary that every land grant must have the seal
or signature of Pradhan, signifying the importance of the post.
• In all the major festivals and processions he used to sit right behind the King.
3. Diwan
• He was the head of the finance and revenue department and advised King on the matters related
to the financial health of the state.
• Revenue collections and maintenance of state coffers were his main duties. In states where
there were no Pradhans, Diwans were entrusted with the responsibility of Pradhans.
• His concurrence was required in appointment, transfer and promotion related matters.

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• He used to maintain the details of each department of the administration.
• In absence of the King he used to manage the affairs of the state and he was called Desh Diwan.
4 Bakshi
• He was the defense minister of the state and tasked with the training, recruitment, discipline
and procurement of the weapons of the army.
5. Nayab Bakshi
• He worked under Bakshi and was responsible for the management of salaries and other
expenses related to the army and forts
6. Khansama
• He was responsible for the fulfillment of the day to day needs of the Royal palace
• His main duties involved construction/repairing work, purchase of items related to palace and
sale-purchase of items manufactured in the state factories. He used to collect the gifts received
by the King and other members of the palace
• He had ties with each member of the palace and departments of the state.
• The most trustworthy person was appointed at this post as the person had to deal with the
affairs of the Royal Palace. He was also the most influential due to his affinity with the royal
family.
7. Shikdar/Kotwal
• He was in-charge of city administration, whose main task was to look after public safety and
peace in the city.
• He was responsible for surveillance and vigilance of the city and important paths leading to
the city.
• To keep the price of goods in check and usage of correct weights and measurements, was also
his responsibility.
8. Kjanchi/Treasurer
• He used to keep account of income and expenses in the treasury. It was his duty to keep some
amount in reserve which can be used during calamities.
9. Meer-Munshi
• He was responsible for diplomatic letter exchanges in the state. He used to maintain all the
records of the information exchange between the King and feudal lords and with other Kings.
• Letter sent by the King to a feudal lord was called Rukka' and letter sent by the King to other
King was known as "Kharita'.
10. Vakeel/Lawyer
• He was the representative of feudal lord in the royal court.
11. Kiledar
• Kilodar used to look after the wellbeing of forts. He was responsible for the fortification and
repair works carried out in the forts
12. Dyodhidar
• He was a receptionist who kept a record of the visitors coming to the royal court to meet with
the King.

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