Name…………………………………… Adm No …………………/…….

School…………………………………… Candidates Signature………………

Date ……………………………….

231/1

BIOLOGY

THEORY

Paper 1

2 Hours MARKING SCHEME

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES

 Sign and write date of examination in the spaces provided above.

 Write your name and Index Number in the spaces provided above.
 Answer ALL questions in the spaces provided.
 All workings MUST be clearly shown where necessary.
For Examiners use only.

Question Maximum Score Candidates Score

1 – 23 80

MARKING A B C D E F G H TOTAL
SECTION

MARKS

1
1.State three activities of the cell that are controlled by the nucleus (3mks)

- cell division
- Cell growth
- Protein synthesis
- Cell respiration
- Cytoplasmic streaming
- Cell secretion/excretion

2.The graph below represents the growth pattern of animals in a certain phylum.

a) Name the type of growth curve shown above. (1mk)

Intermittent growth curve;

b) i) Identify the process represented by X. (1mk)

Growth;
ii) Name the hormone responsible for the process in b(i) above. (1mk)

Ecdysone/ mounting hormone;

c) State the importance of the growth of a pollen tube to a plant. (1mk)

2
Results in fertilization by conveying the male gametes to the female gamete; rej. It
carries/transport/medium
3 .Name the causative agent of the following diseases in human
(3mks)

i. Amoebic dysentery- Entamoeba hystolytica

ii. Bilhazia – Scistosoma mansoni
iii. Typhoid- salmonella typhi

4.Give three reasons why plants do not require specialized excretory organs. (3mks)
-Waste products in plants are mainly made from carbohydrate which are not as harmful as those
from the protein materials.
-Waste products are formed slowly /little accumulation of wastes / plants are less active; wastes
such oxygen and carbon (IV) oxide are re-usable / recycled;
-Some wastes such a gum and resin are stored in insoluble forms in dead tissue;
-Some wastes can be removed by diffusion;

5. Study the table below and answer the questions that follow.

ION CONCENTRATION IN THE CELL CONCENTRATON IN THE

SAP SURROUNDING WATER

Potassium 150 50

Iodine 70 100

a) Name the process by which the ions are absorbed into the cell sap. ( 2 mks)

Potassium- Active transport

Iodine/iodide- Diffusion

b) State two roles of the process identified in the absorption of potassium in animals.
( 2mks)

-Reabsortion of nutrients in the kidney tubules

-Absorption of products of digestion in the ileum

3
6.a)What is the function of Sodium hydrogen Carbonate that is added to test solution of non-
reducing sugar. (1mk)

Neutralise excess acid (Hcl); rej. Without excess.

b)The equation below represents a process X which is controlled by enzymes .

C 6 H 12 O6 + C6 H 12 O6 C12 H 22 O11 + H 2 O

Glucose + Fructose Sucrose + Water

i) Name the process X and enzyme R

Process X - Condensation (1mk)

Enzyme R – Sucrase/ invertase (1mk)

7.a)What is the importance of the counter current flow in the exchange of gases in a fish. (2mks)
Maintains a steep concentration gradient across the respiratory surface; ensuring
maximum extraction of oxygen from water to the blood; rej. Without steep
concentration gradient
b)State two ways in which the tracheoles of an insect are adapted to their functions. (2mks)
Thin epithelium for faster/ rapid diffusion of gases; rej. Without fast/ rapid
Have tracheole fluid/ moist surface to dissolve gases in solution
before diffusing;
Highly branched to increase surface area for gaseous exchange; (mark
first two)
Rej. Highly vascularised
Thin wall for epithelium

8.List down four phenotypic characteristics that have been selected for the production of strains
suitable for modern agricultural purposes. (4mks)
-Resistance to diseases.
-Early maturity
-Adaptations to local conditions
-High yields
-Increased length of production
4
9. State the branch of Biology that deals with: (2 marks)

(a) Study of birds.

Ornithology

(b) Study of the chemical composition of organisms.

Biochemistry

10. A certain mammal has no incisors, no canines, 6 molars and 6 premolars

on the upper jaw. It has 6 incisors, 2 canines, 6 premolars and 6 molars on the
lower jaw.

(a) Write its dental formula (1 mark)

0 0 3 3
i3 c 1 pm 3 m 3

(b) Suggest with reasons the possible mode of feeding of the animal. (2 marks)

Herbivorous/Herbivory; No incisors and canines on the upper jaw;

11. (a)Some herbaceous plants have very little strengthening tissue yet they
remain firm and upright. Give a reason for this observation. (1 mark)

Herbaceous plants absorb water through osmosis, parenchyma cells become turgid
and plants gain support by turgor pressure;

(b) Name the strengthening material in the following tissues. (2 marks)

(i) Collenchyma

Cellulose; Pectin

(ii) Xylem vessels

Lignin

5
12. State two functions of Aerenchyma tissue in plants. (2 marks)

Maintaining buoyancy; Storage tissue;

13. A woman gave birth to a child of blood group B+ (B positive). Name two
antigens that determined the child’s blood group. (2 marks)

Antigen B; Rhesus antigen;

14. In an experiment to investigate an aspect of digestion, two test tubes A and

B were set up as shown below.

(a) The test tubes were left in the warm water bath for 30 minutes. The
contents of the test tubes were tested for starch using Iodine solution.

State the observations in: (2 marks)

Test tube A

Brown colour of iodine solution remains;

Test tube B

Blue -black colour observed;

(b) Account for the results in (a) above. (2 marks)

A.

In test tube A, starch was broken down by action of salivary amylase in saliva to
maltose;

6
B.

In test tube B, the enzyme salivary amylase in saliva was denatured by boiling;

15 Explain each of the following

a) Variegated plants accumulate less food than non-variegated plants under similar
conditions. (1mark)
Variegated leaves have less chlorophyll hence synthesize less food while non-
variegated leaves are entirely green with more chlorophyll hence synthesize more
food;
b) Most leaves are thin with broad leaf surface. (1mark)
Thin membrane enhance easy diffusion of carbon (IV) oxide;
- Broad leaves increases surface area for photosynthesis process;
c) State three importances of photosynthesis in an ecosystem. (3marks)
Production of food;
Production of oxygen;
Removal of carbon (IV) oxide from the air;
3mks
16.Wing of an insect, wing of a bird, hand of a man, flipper of a whale, foreleg of a horse are
locomotory structures in animals. Using the structures listed above state the ones considered as
a) Homologous structures. (1mark)
Wing of a bird, hand of a man, flipper of a whale and foreleg of horse;

Wing of an insect and of a bird;

b)Identify the type of evolution that brings about homologous structures. (1mark)
Divergent;
17. A certain plant was found to have the following features
Parallel venation of leaves
Sheath like petiole
Flower parts in multiple of three
a) Name the class to which the plant belongs. (1mark)
Monocotyledonae
b) Suggest the expected arrangement of vascular bundle in the stem of the plant.
(1mark)

7
Vascular bundles are randomly scattered within the cortex; 1mk

18. Explain the reason for each of the following in flowering plants
i) Wind pollinated flowers produce large number of pollen grains. (1mark)
(i) To increase the chances for pollination; 1mk

ii)Insect pollinated flowers have small sticky stigmas that an firmly attached to the style.
(2marks)
So that the pollen grains on the insect’s bodies stick onto them; firmly attached to avoid any
breakage when the insect makes contact; 2mks

19.The diagram below shows simplified structures of kidneys from two different animals.

Animal N Animal M

(a) Suggest possible habitat in which animal N is found. 1 mark

Desert

(b) Give two reasons for your answer in (a) above. 2 marks

Presence of long loop of Henle

Cortex is small, bowmans capsule is small

(a) What is poikilotherm? 1 mk

Organisms whose body temperature changes with change of that of environment.

20. a) What is seed dormancy (1mk).

Inability of seed to germinate despite all the conditions necessary for germination being provided.
b) State two ways in which seed dormancy can be broken (2mks)

-scarification

- Removing germination inhibitors

8
 - Allow embryo to mature before planting

- Increase concentration of hormones which stimulate germination

21. Explain why several lateral buds sprout when a terminal bud in a young tree is removed.
(3mks)
High auxin concentration produced by terminal bud/ apical meristem,
inhibits lateral buds growing into branches; removal of terminal bud/ apical
bud lowers the concentration of auxins/ lowers the inhibition effect (hence
sprouting of lateral buds; Rej without high concentration

22.Below is a diagram of an organelle that is involved in aerobic respiration.

a) Name the organelle (1mark)

Mitochondrion
b) Name the parts labeled;
A- Outer membrane (1mark)
B-Inner membrane (1mark)
C-Matrix (1mark)
c) What is the purpose of the in-foding labeled D? (1mark)
Increase the surface area over which respiratory enzymes are packed/attached..

d) Give the chemical compound which is formed in the organelle and forms the
immediate source of energy. (1mark)
Adenosinetriphosphate
22.State the function of the following parts of a light microscope
a) Clip (1mark)
Hold the specimen on the slide to keep it in a firm position;

9
 b) Eye piece lens (1mark)
Contributes to the total magnification of the specimen together with the objective lens; 1mk
c) When focusing under high power objective lens the coarse adjustment knob should
never be used for focusing. Explain. (2marks)
The coarse adjustment knob moves the body tube over longer distances; it would easily cause the
objective lens to hit/tough the slide and cause destruction of both slide and lens; 2mks
23a) Name two defects of the circulatory system in humans. (2marks)
-Thrombosis; Accept coronary thrombosis;

-Cerebral thrombosis

- varicose veins;
- High blood pressure/Hypertension;
- Arteriosclerosis;

c) Explain two protective functions of mammalian blood. (3marks)

– Platelets initiates blood clotting on damaged vessel. The clot prevents entry of pathogenic
micro-organisms;

- Some white blood cells (Phagocytes) engulf and digest pathogens thus protecting the body
against pathogens;

- Lymphocytes secretes antibodies that destroy pathogens and their secretions; max 2mks

10