BIBLIOGRAPHY

There are several books dealing with mathematical modelling at an

introductory level, of which the following are a selection.

Andrews, J. G., and Maclone, R. R., Mathematical Modelling, Butterworths,

1976.
Bender, E. A., An Introduction to Mathematical Modelling, Wiley, 1978.
Burghes, D., Huntley, 1., and McDonald, J., Applying Mathematics: A Course
in Mathematical Modelling, Ellis Horwood, 1982.
Burghes, D. N., and Borrie, M., Modelling with Differential Equations,
Thomes, 1981.
Cross, M., and Moscardini, A., Learning the Art of Mathematical Modelling,
Ellis Horwood, 1984.
Deo, N., Systems Simulation with Digital Computer, Prentice-Hall, 1983.
Dym, C. L., and Ivey, E. S., Principles of Mathematical Modelling, Academic
Press, 1980.
Giordano, F. R., and Weir, M.D., A First Course in Mathematical Modelling,
Wadsworth, 1985.
James D. J. G., and McDonald, J. J. (eds), Case Studies in Mathematical
Mode/ling, Thomes, 1981.
Medley, D. G., An Introduction to Mechanics and Modelling, Heinemann,
1982.
Morgan, B. J. T., Elements of Simulation, Chapman and Hall, 1984.
Neelamkavil, F., Computer Simulation and Modelling, Wiley, 1987.
Saaty, T. L., and Alexander, J. M., Thinking with Models, Pergamon, 1981.
Townend, M. S., Mathematics in Sport, Ellis Horwood, 1984.

268
SOLUTIONS TO
EXERCISES

CHAPTER 4

EXERCISES 4.2
1 1.13DMl- 1 .
2 1.79 m s - 1 .
3 1 N = 10 5 dyn = 7.23 pdl.
1 pdl = 1.38 x 10 4 dyn.
4 1 million ft 3 day- 1 =0.3278 m 3 s- 1 .
5 Milk.
6 The track with a perimeter of 440 yd is longer by 2.34 m.
7 7.27 x 10- 5 rad s- 1 •

EXERCISES 4.4
1 N m 2 kg- 2 .
2 ML -?T- 2 .
3 (a) Correct.
(b) Error.
(c) Correct.
(d) Error.
4 (a) Error.
(b) Correct.
(c) Error.
5 Incorrect.
6 a=t, b=t and c=O. Thus, u=kA112g112pc.

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GUIDE TO MATHEMATICAL MODELLING

CHAPTER 5

EXERCISES 5.2

1 Temperature outside and temperature inside.

Cost.
Heat saving.
2 See chapter 3.
3 Height of thrower.
Angle of projection.
Speed of throw.
4 Number of lifts available.
Correct lift positions, number of other users, speed of operation of lifts.

EXERCISES 5.4

1 (a) (i) No. (ii) Yes. (iii) No. (iv) Yes.

(b) (i) Yes. (ii) No. (iii) No. (iv) No.
(c) (i) No. (ii) No. (iii) Yes. (iv) No.
(d) (i) No. (ii) No. (iii) Yes. (iv) No.
(e) (i) No. (ii) No. (iii) Yes. (iv) No.
(f) (i) Yes. (ii) No. (iii) No. (iv) No.
(g) (i) No. (ii) Yes. (iii) No. (iv) Yes.
(h) (i) No. (ii) Yes. (iii) No. (iv) No.
2 (a) (i) Yes. (ii) No. (iii) Yes.
(b) (i) No. (ii) Yes. (iii) No.
(c) (i) Yes. (ii) Yes. (iii) Yes.
3 (i) a gives a vertical shift.
b affects magnitude of expression.
c affects rate of decay.
(ii) a magnifies the expression.
b shifts maximum point.
c gives a vertical shift.

EXERCISES 5.5

1 (c) is correct.
2 (e) is correct.
3 kLU 2 /D.
[k] = ML - 1•
kg m - 1.

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 SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISES

EXERCISES 5.6

1 A+ B sin(nt/12) + C sin(nt/4380).
2 A(x) = ajx, B(y) = bjy, where ajx + bjy =c.
3 A sin 2 (nt/6) exp( -0.1t).

EXERCISES 5.7

b the largest term.

X
1 ( i) c is the smallest term, and

ax
( ii) ab is the smallest term, and b the largest term.

... - c 2 IS
(m) . t he smaIIest term, an d -bx 3 t he Iargest term.
ax a
2 (i) x 2 +a.
(ii) bx 2 + ~-
x
(iii) aJx.
3 (i) 0.01x 3 .
(ll"") -+
0.2 1.
X

(iii) J0.001x.
4 (i) 0.001 + 0.0001x.
( ii) X.
... 0.1 0.1
(m) -+-.
x2 x

CHAPTER 6

EXERCISES 6.3

1 D = 0.275( Y- 1948) + 13.9 which is valid over a restricted range of Y.

2 26 miles 385 yd is 45 413.77 m.
The result for 1968 could be because the Olympic Games were held at a
high altitude.
T = 2.00 +a exp[ -b( Y- 1948)].
3 Price ::::: i x mass.
5 (a) T 2 = kR 3 • Confirm from logarithmic plot.
(b) R = 14.96 ( 4 + 3 x 2"- 2 ), where n = 2, 3, ... , 8 (the Titus-Bode Law).

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GUIDE TO MATHEMATICAL MODELLING

EXERCISES 6.5

1 X> 1.522.
2 0.314 m 2 .
3 Approximately 50 ft.

EXERCISE 6.6

1 Using the least squares criterion, the second model is more accurate.

CHAPTER 8

EXERCISES 8.2

1 N = 0.02 sin 2 (nt/4)N- 0.1, N(O) = 5. t measured in years, N in thousands.

2 T(t) = 18 + 42 exp( -0.0906t). Cools to 30 oc in 13.82 min. T( 10) = 34.97°.
3 V(t) = ( 1.279- 10.0399t) 3 • Vis in m 3 , tis in h.
4 y = r:x 2 !4/3.

EXERCISES 8.3
1 (a) False.
(b) False.
(c) False.
(d) False.
(e) (i) No. (ii) Velocity zero. (iii) No.
(f) (i) No. (ii) Yes. (iii) Yes. (iv) No.
2 (a) Moment of applied force about hinge axis is required. This is the
product of force and perpendicular distance. So if the distance is
reduced then the force must be increased for the same effect.
(b) Friction opposes motion and is proportional to the normal reaction
between the object and the ground. This reaction is larger when
pushing.
(c) Circular motion has force towards the centre which increases as the
square of the angular velocity.
(d) As capsule moves in an approximately circular orbit, the astronaut
experiences a balance between gravitation and centrifugal force.
3 The differential equation has the form
mx + kx +Ax= A.y(nt) + kny'(nt)
where x is the vertical car body displacement, y is the ramp profile, A. is

272
 SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISES

the spring constant, k is the damper constant, n is the speed of the car at
time t after' the ramp is hit and m is the mass of the car.
4 For case A, the motion can be described by the equations
Tr=-Ili, T cos (() - ¢) = G¢
and
T b
sin <P sin(()- <P) sin()
where T is the force between the arm and the door, G is the spring force,
r = PB, b = BS, I= PS, () is the angle at which the door is open, <P = BSP
and I is the moment of inertia of the door.
[case B-no solution supplied]
5 Variable mass problem. The equations of motion are
d
pgx- T = dt (pxv)
and
d
T- }lg(l- x) = -{p(l- x)v}
dt
where x is length of vertical chain, I the total chain length, T the tension
in the chain at the deck edge, p the mass per unit length of the chain, J1
the coefficient of friction and v the velocity.

EXERCISES 8.4
1 Equations of motion are
horizontally:

.X+ kx + KV = 0; x(O) = 0; x(O) = u cos IX+ u .

vertically: ji + ky + g = 0; y(O) = h; y(O) = u sin IX
where V is the wind speed, u the run-up speed and u the throw speed.
2 Conditions for the ball to enter the basket:
_
3.05-h-4.6taniX-
(g)2 2 sec 1X.
(4.6) ~·
2

where <Pis the angle of path with the horizontal on entry, u the initial throw
speed and angle IX, and h the height of the thrower.

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GUIDE TO MATHEMATICAL MODELLING

EXERCISES 8.5

1 Approximately 53 h.
2 dxjdt= -ay+R 1 , dyjdt= -bx+R 2 •
3 X=aXF, Y=bYF,F=-cX-dY.

274
INDEX

acceleration due to gravity 60 differentiation 29

accuracy 113 dimensions 60
activity 139 discrete random variables 127, 131
air resistance 123, 158, 160, 238 disk pressing 222
approximations 92 drag force 104
art gallery 36
assumptions 73, 144
athletics 106, 110 elastic constant 258
attributes 139 empirical models 102
entities 137
errors 113
basketball 177 estimating animal populations 263
battles 178, 249 evacuations 20
binomial distribution 127 event sequencing 137
blood testing 197 events 137
buses 244 exponential distribution 128, 131

car parking 265 factors 67-68, 98

clocktime 142 family names 263
coin tossing 260 ferries 9
conduction and convection 214 financial units 59
continuous random variables 127, 132 firemen 171
corners 21 first-order differential equations 152
corridors 21, 27 fixtures 7
coupled differential equations 177 flowcharts 44
cranes 163 football 176
crossing the road 23 foxes and rabbits 184
crystals 264

gas flow 42
data 100 getting wet 46
data collection 101 gutters 227
demolition 163
deterministic models 43
difference equations 153, 216 hairdressers 136
differential equations 151-152, hand simulation 140
157-158, 171, 177 health centres 42

275
INDEX

heat energy 214 proportionality 83

heat transfer 213 pseudo-random numbers 130
height and weight 102, 113 pyramid selling 36
highway code 17
home decorating 12
queue discipline 139

ice cream sales 88

initial conditions 144 radiation of heat 214
input-output principle 188 rainfall 46, 69, 84, 227, 233
inputs 68, 71, 99 random numbers 10, 43, 130, 251
integration 32 random variables 125
inverse c.d.f. method 132 rates of change 151
investments 35 rejection method 133
report writing 190
reservoirs 69
jumble sales 84, 89 Reynolds number 63, 104

ladders 27, 35 second-order differential equations

lagging pipes 6 157-158
laws of collision 257 sheep farming 266
least squares 103, 109, 113 shopping trips 218
shot putt 177
S.l. units 55
methodology 39, 43, 46 simulation 41, 134
mileage 259 simulation languages 149
motorways 262 simulation packages 149
snooker 253
snow ploughs 31
needle crystals 264 specific heat 214
Newton's Laws of Motion 157, 238 state variables 136
Normal Distribution 129, 131 steady state 145
stochastic models 43, 125
Stokes' drag 64
O.H.P. 209, 265 sunshine 80
outputs 68, 71, 99

tape width 6
parachute jumps 237 temperature 120
parameters 49, 68, 71, 95, 112, 124, tennis matches 7
144 terminal speed 64, 161, 238
performance measures 145 testing models 121, 124
physical models 157 tide level 104, 111
picture hanging 261 time slicing 137
Poisson distribution 127 trace tables 140-141
population growth 152, 264 traffic 2, 24, 263
presentation 209, 210 traffic lights 14
price war 18 transients 145
prices 81, 91 turf 233
probability function 127
probability density function 127
problem solving 41 uncoupled differential equations 171

276
 INDEX

uniform distribution 128, 131 vehicle merging 262

units 55 video recorders 114
units conversion table 58 viscosity 63

variables 68 washing up 212

vehicle lengths 10-11, 39 water jets 172

277